Common Sense | Addressed to the Inhabitants of America: The Complete Edition With Appendix & Epistle To Quakers

by Thomas Paine

It is difficult for us today to grasp just how terrified the American colonies were in the winter of 1776. The war had already begun—blood had been spilled at Lexington and Concord—yet few dared to speak the word "Independence." Most colonists still toasted King George III at dinner, hoping for reconciliation. They saw themselves as wronged British subjects, not as a new nation.

Then, in January, a forty-seven-page pamphlet appeared on the streets of Philadelphia.

It was anonymous. It was cheap. And it was furious.

Common Sense did not argue over tax rates or legal technicalities. Instead, it attacked the very idea of monarchy itself. Thomas Paine, a recent immigrant with little to lose, shattered the psychological bond between the colonies and the Crown. He dared to call the King a "Royal Brute" and argued that it was absurd for an island to govern a continent.

What made Paine’s work revolutionary was not just his anger, but his language. While his contemporaries wrote in dense, Latin-heavy prose meant for lawyers and aristocrats, Paine wrote for the tavern and the town square. He used biblical metaphors and plain English that farmers, blacksmiths, and soldiers could understand immediately. He took the complex philosophy of the Enlightenment and turned it into a weapon for the common man.

Within months, the pamphlet had sold hundreds of thousands of copies. It was read aloud to the Continental Army. It converted the undecided. By July, the Continental Congress had signed the Declaration of Independence, a document that owes its courage, in no small part, to the fire started by these pages.

90 pages, Paperback

Published December 17, 2025

About the author

Thomas Paine was an English-American political activist, author, political theorist and revolutionary. As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, he inspired the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain. His ideas reflected Enlightenment-era rhetoric of transnational human rights. He has been called "a corset maker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination".

Born in Thetford, England, in the county of Norfolk, Paine emigrated to the British American colonies in 1774 with the help of Benjamin Franklin, arriving just in time to participate in the American Revolution. His principal contributions were the powerful, widely read pamphlet Common Sense (1776), the all-time best-selling American book that advocated colonial America's independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and The American Crisis (1776–83), a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series. Common Sense was so influential that John Adams said, "Without the pen of the author of Common Sense, the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain."

Paine lived in France for most of the 1790s, becoming deeply involved in the French Revolution. He wrote the Rights of Man (1791), in part a defence of the French Revolution against its critics. His attacks on British writer Edmund Burke led to a trial and conviction in absentia in 1792 for the crime of seditious libel. In 1792, despite not being able to speak French, he was elected to the French National Convention. The Girondists regarded him as an ally. Consequently, the Montagnards, especially Robespierre, regarded him as an enemy.

In December 1793, he was arrested and imprisoned in Paris, then released in 1794. He became notorious because of his pamphlet The Age of Reason (1793–94), in which he advocated deism, promoted reason and freethinking, and argued against institutionalized religion in general and Christian doctrine in particular. He also wrote the pamphlet Agrarian Justice (1795), discussing the origins of property, and introduced the concept of a guaranteed minimum income. In 1802, he returned to America where he died on June 8, 1809. Only six people attended his funeral as he had been ostracized for his ridicule of Christianity.