I expected a certain level of unseriousness from the title alone, but I also thought the author would have been able to make funnier jokes than “Tiamat should have had social media”.
Despite bringing up some interesting texts, and working with the indisputable fact that the portrayals of many of these figures are misogynistic, Johnson commits the schoolboy error (or, perhaps more accurately, mid-to-late twentieth-century error; I was entirely unsurprised to see the many citations from articles written in the 80s) of amalgamating the diverse folkloric and religious traditions of different cultures into one universal ideology; thus, Euripides’ Medea is the natural descendant of Lamashtu in her telling, even though she herself highlights the important differences between them. Johnson’s attempts to flatten the evolution of monstrous female figures extends to overusing the term “infanticide”, even when the deaths are not of babies. Some of the figures’ other characteristics, like Lamashtu causing fevers, are downplayed to better make her case. More problems arise from her myopically interpreting everything through the lens of an eternal patriarchy (she frequently capitalizes “patriarchy”, apparently to portray it as an active agent), with the explicit intent of using the history of mythological female monstrosity to defend women’s rights and determine how patriarchy arises. Because of this, she reaches a lot in her analyses, sometimes quite spectacularly– one notable instance being the linking of Lamashtu to modern American abortion debates. She also ignores other commonly discussed origins for the “monstrous bitch” figure, such as being a soothing mechanism for the tragedies that often befell premodern people– it’s not your fault you had a miscarriage or your baby suddenly died, it was a demon.
While Johnson views patriarchy as being an agentic force, one notable group that emerges from this book with little agency is women. It is clear that she is much more comfortable in the present than the past– and, as such, the chapters on movies are the best and make the strongest cases for historical continuity, although they’re still not free of error, as her take on the ending of The Witch shows– and historical context is often missing, reducing discussion of women’s lives to ideology instead of reality. In fact, her bitter tone, while partially justified given the subject matter, makes me wonder if she even likes history, despite being a historian; this is made even worse by the fact that the movie chapters show that her main issue with the “monstrous bitch” archetype isn’t that she exists, but that she wasn’t being girlbossified enough. While she emphasizes that these mythological figures were not real, when real women appear in the book it is often for the purpose of making reductive, oversimplified, and sometimes downright wrong statements about their status (in the ancient Rome chapter, for instance, the main text never mentions that patria potestas applied equally to sons and daughters, a fear of lesbians that legislation does not show is assumed, and Erichtho is discussed as though she were the main villain of the Pharsalia, when Lucan really wanted to strike fear into his readers’ hearts via autocracy and the monstrous Caesar). While Lamashtu is positioned as the precursor of every other figure in the book, non-western cultures are promptly abandoned after her chapter, save for a frankly embarrassing postscript about Enheduanna that compares her to modern pro-choice activists and attributes the fact that American high schools aren’t teaching the (disputed) works of an ancient Mesopotamian poet to a patriarchal conspiracy. One of the attributes of the “monstrous bitch” that makes her so dangerous is said to be her voice, but Johnson is uninterested in the fact that many accusers of witches were women and girls whose voices were heard and believed. Even though it pops up so often, that the female monsters primarily attack women and children instead of adult men never gets in the way of her patriarchy thesis; the role that women may have played in spreading these legends is left unprobed. Johnson has an irritating (and troubling) tendency to call the killing of babies and children “reproductive crimes”, even “reproductive power”, and is unconcerned about the reality that many people, both mothers and fathers, would have grieved the deaths of their children as personal losses, not just the loss of property or patrilineal inheritance transmission. It’s hard to believe that premodern women would empathize more with the monster who kills babies than the mother whose baby was killed.
Ultimately, this book can be recommended to people wanting to discover new plays and movies to read and watch, and perhaps for mythology novices who have never heard of many of these figures, but it is not a history of women, terrifying or otherwise.