This was a short book about King Arthur that I purchased at a used bookshop for a dollar. First published over 50 years ago, it's probably not entirely up-to-date regarding Arthur scholarship, which as a field is admittedly less dynamic that astrophysics or machine learning, but nevertheless must have had its share of discoveries in the intervening decades.
A while back I listened to a course on King Arthur from the Teaching Company, and I thought it was going to be fascinating but it wasn't my thing. I always think I'm going to enjoy the legends of King Arthur simply because I loved The Sword In The Stone as a child. I read Chrétien de Troyes and Steinbeck's translation and they were okay but I don't remember too much. I attempted The Once and Future King but gave up after one interminable chapter after another where the young Arthur transmutes into a fish or a hawk.
The thing that surprised me about the Arthur legends when I began to read them is that there is no canonical version. It's not Star Wars. It's more like the Marvel Universe with continual reboots, different actors, new characters and plotlines and themes added along the way. The earliest Arthur legends made no mention of Merlin, for instance. I find this lack of consistency frustrating. It makes Arthur more like a folk tale than a literary protagonist.
The early Arthur stories were heavy on the gore. European literature was at a primitive stage. Niceties such as character development were still in their infancy, superseded by endless battle scenes. This was the golden age for graphic depictions of spearing and beheadings and enemies cleaved from skull to navel by a broadsword. It's mechanical and repetitive: perfect for an audience of 10th-century warriors or 21st-century eight-year-old boys.
Later Arthur stories focus on chivalry, emphasizing Arthur as a figure of justice and nobility. Also there's a lot of dragon questing and the wooing of pretty ladies, including Arthur's wife Guenevere who gets wooed hard by Lancelot.
This book recounts the evolution of the Arthur legend, retells the highlights such as the sword in the stone and the round table and strange ladies lying in ponds distributing swords, which is admittedly no basis for a system of government.
But most of the book is concerned with the historicity of Arthur. Was he real? If so, who was he?
The author of this book is convinced that Arthur was a real person, born around 475 in the English Christian kingdom of Ambrosius, one of the last outposts of Roman culture as the isle of Britain succumbed to Saxon invasion. Arthur himself may have been the child of Roman nobles. Anyway, the theory goes, Arthur formed an army, (temporarily) defeated the Saxon horde, attained overlordship of other British tribes, and went down in history as a brilliant warrior king.
The only problem with this theory is there is absolutely zero contemporary evidence for it. However, there's very little contemporary evidence for much of anything in this period of British history. With the decline of Roman civilization and Christianity went literacy, and records are sparse for the entire era from 500 AD to 1000. So the fact that the earliest mention of Arthur comes hundreds of years after he supposedly lived doesn't necessarily disprove his existence. The stories that came later were, of course, complete fabrications. Even the dragons, probably.
Overall, short and informative book, but honestly it reads like an extended Wikipedia article. Like, if you were to actually read the Wikipedia entry on King Arthur you will learn everything this book has to tell you in less time.