Nancy Pearcey, a former agnostic, writes “Finding Truth” with a heart to walk alongside those who are questioning faith. “Finding Truth” is Pearcey’s attempt to demonstrate the flaws in a materialist, determinist, or relativist worldview and demonstrate the believability of the Christian faith.
Pearcey utilizes five principles to demonstrate how all non-Christian philosophies are unsatisfactory. The final three of these are probably the most important: demonstrating the leaps of faith these philosophies take; demonstrating how these philosophies fall in on themselves; and demonstrating how these philosophies borrow from Christianity.
She begins, “Materialists thereby deny the reality of mind (while they use their minds to advance materialism), determinists deny the reality of human choice (while they choose determinism), and relativists deny the fact of right and wrong (while they judge you if you disagree).”
One issue is how the earth is so precisely fine-tuned for life. This Goldilocks dilemma ought to make one pause as there is no cause one can point to explain it. Similar questions remain for the coding of our DNA. Pearcey concludes that, “The existence of personal beings constitutes evidence that they were created by a personal God, not by any non-personal cause.” From this she draws these conclusions, “Because humans are capable of knowing, the first cause that produced them must have a mind. Because humans are capable of choosing, the first cause must have a will. And so on.” And again, “Philosopher Étienne Gilson captures the argument neatly: because a human is a someone and not a something, the source of human life must be also a Someone.”
Pearcey believes the Christian doctrine of sin is a powerful explanation for the distortion and not-rightness in the world we all experience.
Pearcey similarly believes that the human conviction of freedom is an ever-present challenge to materialistic determinism. As the philosopher Searle says, “we can’t just give it up. If we tried to, we couldn’t live with it.” Pearcey notes, “It is ironic that people who reject Christianity—who think that without God they can finally be free—end up with philosophies that deny human freedom.”
Pearcey’s book is a great starting place to understand some of the basic schools of contemporary philosophy. She gives credit to each school for understanding a part of the whole. “Rationalism gets something right because God did create the world with a rationally knowable structure.” “Empiricism gets some things right because God did create a world with a sensory dimension, and he equipped humans with their five senses.” “Romanticism was right to oppose Enlightenment worldviews that reduce humans to complex mechanisms. It was right to assert human freedom and creativity.”
Pearcey points out that contemporary ethics all flow from a Christian fountainhead. But one cannot arise at the ethical principles without the source. She shares, “it can often be effective to walk people through the implications of their worldview to show that it provides no basis for their own highest moral and humanitarian ideals.” “Postmodernism gets some things right. It has done good service in countering the lonely individualism of the Enlightenment’s autonomous self.”
She deploys the analogy of a two story building: the physical universe being the lower story and the upper story being the moral and spiritual story. One cannot demolish the second story and then maintain the same ethics.
Pearcey explains how Christianity speaks to the truths founds in the various streams of contemporary philosophy. “Christianity offers an answer that is surprising and unique. It teaches that the human race was created in the image of a God who is a tri-unity—three Persons so intimately related as to constitute one Godhead. God’s own nature consists in reciprocal love and communication among the Persons of the Trinity (Father, Son, and Spirit). Both the one and the many, both individuality and relationship, exist within the divine nature.” She continues, “Against postmodernism’s dissolution of the self, the Trinity implies the dignity of the individual self.”
Pearcey admonishes Christians to not just pull down the empty philosophies this world has to offer, but to offer something better. She says, “As we topple idols, it is imperative that we replace it with something better.” She suggests that, “Christianity imparts greater value to the material realm than any version of materialism.” And, “To counter empiricism, Christians can show that a biblical worldview offers a better basis for trusting our senses.” She continues, “To counter rationalism, we can show that Christianity honors human rationality as part of the image of God.” And finally, “To counter postmodernism, Christianity offers an even more radical insight into the contingency of human knowledge.”
Pearcey encourages Christians to be thoughtful listeners. “One of the best ways to craft biblical answers is to listen more closely to the questions.” “No matter how skeptical someone is, some things are virtually impossible to doubt—at least in practice.”
Pearcey believes that Christians can be confident. The truth is satisfying in the way the world’s philosophies will never be. Rorty “cheerfully admits that he reaches over and borrows the concept of universal rights from Christianity.” Further, “We could say that humanists do not want to live within the confines of their own materialist box. So they smuggle in ladders from a Christian worldview to climb out of the box.”
My only minor critique with “Finding Truth” is that Pearcey doesn’t properly navigate the reality that there isn’t a pure Christian philosophy that can be separated from the philosophies that have arisen. In other words, a question she dodges is, what philosophy best articulates a biblical understanding of the universe? I understand that is not the primary objective of “Finding Truth,” but I think that she can lead the reader to believe that Christianity can stay above the philosophical fray in relation to some of the basic questions it asks. That is a bit disingenuous.
The famous atheist Bertrand Russell once conceded that atheists must build their philosophy on the unrelenting reality of despair. How true is it that the we are those who bear good news? Let us not despair over the questions the world asks. Let us not fear the competing philosophies of the world. Let us offer the truth of God with confidence. I’m grateful for Nancy Pearcey’s significant contribution to this in “Finding Truth.”
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