Have I only five stars to offer? Robert Duncan liked Two Rivulets best among the nine successive editions Walt Whitman prepared of his Leaves of Grass, so perhaps I should simply encourage the enterprising poetry publisher to put that one together, it's all public domain, but these editions emerging (the 1860 edition, from University of Iowa -- beautiful; the Dover November Boughs, a pleasant surprise) from various hands, here the Fordham musicologist Lawrence Kramer, make me very happy: they recognize, as it has taken too long to impress upon the American poetic consciousness, that Leaves of Grass is a single, open-form poem, which Whitman took away from, and added to, over the years, and these occasions are themselves miracles of the American imagination, worth studying in their own right, as well as for their ultimate contribution to the ongoing Leaves of Grass. Kramer's argument, that Whitman had prepared Drum Taps as a work separate from the longer work, finds confirmation in my own supposition that perhaps Whitman hoped that the appropriateness of that project would bring him a recognition thus-far denied him; however Lincoln's assassination no doubt altered the calculation, and following a second thought, which included the poems written around the Lincoln elegy, "When Lilacs last in the dooryard bloom'd," Whitman seems to have lost faith in the separate volume. At that point Drum Taps was rendered back into the larger volume. (About the half the poems were discarded.) Kramer's editing is studious; his students' notes are a little windy, but in the spirit of the thing; the use of footnotes in the text proper is a missed call, but O well; and the small format is handy indeed. Let's get to the good stuff: Why is it that, among recent poet-critics putting together their Selected Whitmans, not one in my possession (Harold Bloom; Robert Hass; Robert Creeley) include "By the bivouac's fitful flame"? To me it's one of Whitman's great short poems. Here 'tis:
By the bivouac's fitful flame,
A procession winds around me, solemn and sweet and slow; -- but first I note,
The tents of the sleeping army, the fields' and woods' dim outline,
The darkness, lit spots of kindled fire -- the silence;
Like a phantom far or near an occasional figure moving;
The shrubs and trees, (as I lift my eyes they seem to be stealthily watching me;)
While wind in procession thoughts, O tender and wondrous thoughts,
Of life and death -- of home and the past and loved, and of those that are far away;
A solemn and slow procession there as I sit on the ground,
By the bivouac's fitful flame.
Could this be improved? The "fitful flame," fitful in that it's subject to being blown out, makes the second line's use of the rhetorical figure of syllepsis on "wind" (used to indicate a line of soldiers in long queue, and not, as we anticipate, the climate condition) all the more surprising, and pleasing, and troped at the end of the second line, where, having started with this figure of the flame's fitfulness, the poet creates, in that "but first I note," his own queue: for the trope, he's telling us, came to him in thought after he had observed those "tents of the sleeping army" -- bivouacs over the valley in the dusk as the lights come up, and the figures in his head and the figures he's not quite willing to admit to "process" around him. They are nothing more than the "shrubs and trees," other bivouacs, a landscape he can no more admit than he can "lift my eyes."
"Nothing more can be certain," Nietzsche would write five years later, in The Birth of Tragedy (1871), "than that the poet is the poet only insofar as he sees himself surrounded by forms which live and act before him, and into whose innermost being he penetrates." Whitman figures himself here as that fitful flame, and the fragility of it is unbearable ("unbearable immediacy" Nietzsche uses to characterize the Dionysian), and yet witnessed. Innermost.