Babylon: The Mother of All Cities

by Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones

Babylon often appears more myth than history. Purportedly the site of the Hanging Gardens and the Tower of Babel, its infamous presence in the Bible has made it a byword for sinful decadence. But Babylon was a real place teeming with life, a bustling mega-city on the Euphrates where schoolteachers, artisans, priests, slaves, prostitutes and soldiers rubbed shoulders in maze-like streets and busy marketplaces.

The city was home to some extraordinary rulers, from Hammurabi the great lawgiver to Nebuchadnezzar II, the conqueror-king, under whose reign the city glistened in gold and lapis lazuli.

In Babylon, Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones brings the city vividly to life, tracing its foundation through to its world domination, and subsequent decline, fall and ruin into dust. From ribald drinking songs to acerbic letters between rival kings, the extraordinary ancient sources help inform what is both a stunning work of scholarship and a fascinating evocation of a long-lost world.

Genres: History, Nonfiction, Ancient History, Middle East, Audiobook, Archaeology, Historical

528 pages, Hardcover

First published May 21, 2026

About the author

Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones is Professor of Ancient History at Cardiff University and a specialist in the histories and cultures of ancient Iran and Greece. He also works on dress and gender in antiquity and on the ancient world in popular culture, especially Hollywood cinema.

Reviews

[Erik Champenois · Rating 5 out of 5]

A wonderful biography of a city, "Babylon" covers both the city itself and the empire. The book alternates between chapters covering the chronology of the different Babylonian dynasties and chapters covering life, culture, mythology, and architecture. The book focuses on the older Babylonian dynasties including the Kassite dynasty, but also covers the Neo-Babylonian dynasty down to the Persian destruction of Babylon - and briefly the after-lives of Babylon. This book gives you a good feel for both the history and the culture and people who lived it. Highly recommended to anyone interested in ancient history.

[Tanner Sousley · Rating 5 out of 5]

So far, one of my favorite Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones publications. Descriptions of the city from various sides, including recently analyzed tablets from the British Museums helps create a visual that former sources (Greek and Hebrew) failed to bring to life. Separating various propagandized traditions, we are taken through a semi chronological timeline of the city, up to its modern Instagram-ed fame.

[Brian Allen · Rating 5 out of 5]

Babylon by Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones is an easy read loaded with historical information about the titular metropolis. Babylon was a relatively minor city on the Euphrates before the Amorite king Hammurabi made it the center of his kingdom in the 18th century BCE. Think of this book as the history of Babylon’s many rises and falls. Hammurabi’s successors eventually saw Babylon sacked by the Hittite king Mursili I, who did not remain to rule it. The Kassites subsequently filled the power vacuum, followed eventually by the Assyrians, the Persians, and Alexander the Great. Even the Roman emperor Trajan made a point of visiting Babylon during his eastern campaign.

If you’re like me—and probably most people—Babylon has primarily had a pejorative meaning because of the Bible and classical writers such as Herodotus. What makes the actual history of Babylon so fascinating is how dramatically that image has changed. It wasn’t until the 19th century, when cuneiform tablets were deciphered and Akkadian was reconstructed, that Babylon could begin to speak for itself and provide a history independent of the accounts of its later enemies and critics.

What I enjoyed most about this book was the mythology and religious material. Ziggurats are fascinating, and Llewellyn-Jones does a great job showing how deeply religion was woven into Babylonian culture. He also follows the widely held scholarly view that significant portions of the Hebrew Bible took shape in the aftermath of the Babylonian exile, in dialogue with—and perhaps partly in response to—the Babylonian world. The Babylonian mythological environment provides an especially fascinating context for understanding the mythology of Genesis.

I had the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Enūma Eliš, and Ronald Hendel’s Genesis 1–11 commentary by my side as I read, which greatly enhanced the experience. Seeing the biblical texts alongside their broader ancient Near Eastern context made this book particularly enjoyable for me.

All in all, this is an excellent introduction to Babylon and to the changing ways Babylon has been remembered and represented throughout history. It also serves as a great companion to Amanda Podany’s slightly more academic and broader Weavers, Scribes, and Kings. If Podany gives you a wider view of the ancient Near East, Llewellyn-Jones gives Babylon itself a starring role.

[Ernest Spoon · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is the second book, the first being Persians: The Age of the Great Kings, by Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones that I have read. And, as with the previous book, Llewellyn-Jones' writing is captivating, humorous and informative.

There are thousands of years of history in these 448 pages, and if we did not have the cuneiform inscribed clay tablets, by the thousands, our only impressions of the once powerful, magnificent city of Babylon would be thought the jaundiced eyes of the Hebrew Bible, and extant Greco-Roman histories. Luckily Babylonians, and the rest of the cuneiform using ancient Mideast, were a gossipy, reportorial bunch. And clay tablets, unlike papyrus and parchment, do not decay, they merely crack, break and sometimes crumble. But we have thousands of tablets and more are found yearly.

And even though Babylon's preeminence as a powerful nation ended in a whimper its cultural significance is yet with us. Unfortunately that is usually as a synonym for decadence and tyranny, even though the tablets tell a different story.

[Kolt A · Rating 4 out of 5]

Babylon, the city who’s reputation precedes it as one of sin and decadence, of horror and violence, turns out to be much more than what the victors have written about it.

The city had no definitive beginning, rising out of the mud bricks and sand of modern day Iraq, becoming one of the ancient world’s greatest cities and religious centers. The city is responsible for many ideas and achievements that those empires that overtook and succeeded it adopted as their own and should be remembered for its highly dedicated kings and their religious fervor, who brought the little known village into its own right and established an empire around it.

Babylon is typically remembered most as the city of Hammurabi, known for his code of laws or for Nebuchadnezzar II, who built the Ishtar Gate and those that know it for that would be correct, but the city had a strong culture of literature, mythology and a high turnover of leadership as well that should not be discounted.

[Jessica · Rating 4 out of 5]

Very enjoyable.

I am impressed by Llewellyn-Jones' decisions on how to structure the book: chapters are both thematic and broadly chronological, which is no mean feat for several thousand years of history.

Very interesting to see history through the perspective of a city, rather than a family, dynasty or culture.

More political than anticipated, and pleasantly so - the author dedicates a fair amount of time to explaining why texts were written and thus how they should be interpreted. Hammurabi's Code is the prime example (not laws as we might imagine, but more likely to be propoganda extolling Hammurabi's piousness) but there are many others.

I was also very interested to read about the forced migration of the Jews and how this is reflected in the Old Testament. I would have loved to have more content / exploration of how Sumerian myths have wound up in the Bible, but that could be a whole book in itself!

[Paul · Rating 4 out of 5]

Excellent book about babylon, from history all the way to modern cultural relevance. Unlike the author I think it sounds like a horrible culture and I don't mind the negative connotations today.

Even though it mentions Jews it glosses over the plagiarism of the Babylonian myths, when I learned about it from a different book I found it fascinating so was disappointed it's barely mentioned. I know that the book can't cover everything but I wish it spent more that on religion and daily life and less on sex.

[Phillip Sawyer · Rating 5 out of 5]

Excellent history of Babylon and you learn of how this great city thrived through the ages and how it finally vanished. For all lovers of history!

[David Dunlap · Rating 4 out of 5]

Practically everything one might wish to know about the ancient city and its empire, which the author claims to be the first multicultural metropolis -- lies within the pages of this book. Customs, mythology, laws, architecture – all of this is here…and much, much more. The figures of Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II (the Biblical one) cast long shadows, as one might expect. Some fascinating and fun things emerge. It was considered good luck if a snake dropped from the thatched straw roofing of a private home. We have the Babylonians to thank for the introduction of fractions. And did Nebuchadnezzar really build the famed Hanging Gardens? – The author has clearly mastered the primary and secondary sources of his material and presented them in clear, direct prose. Sometimes, however, Llewellyn-Jones tries to inject humor/wit in ways that this reader found intrusive, and interjects himself and his conjectures into the writing. Nevertheless, this book can be heartily recommended to any reader interest in the subject.