One of the more curious quotes in Easy Riders, Raging Bulls comes from Terry Southern, the principal screenwriter of Easy Rider: “In my mind, the ending (of Easy Rider) was to be an indictment of blue-collar America, the people I thought were responsible for the Vietnam War.”*
O.K.—hold on. That’s a nutty thing to say, Terry. It wasn’t “blue-collar America” that was running the military-industrial Cold War economy, conspiring to invade and destroy Vietnam and injure Americans in body and soul.
Terry, are you saying blue-collar Americans are to blame because they were drafted to fight in Uncle Sam’s war and followed orders and committed atrocities? Are you suggesting they should have instead marched against the invasion and burned down the White House—and because they didn’t, they’re “responsible” for the war?
Terry, are you proposing that the murders of drug-dealing hippies and their drunk ACLU lawyer friend by poor redneck slobs, as shown in Easy Rider, is somehow a metaphor for the Vietnam War?
Blue-collar Americans were responsible for their actions in Vietnam—but they were pawns in the rich man’s obscene military-industrial con. They were no more responsible for the war than you were, Terry Southern, sitting it out with your rich and famous celeb pals in Hollywood and New York. Hell, Terry, your crony-capitalist whoring bunch was far more responsible for the war than “blue-collar America.” Hey, Terry—why you wanna blame the victim?
Easy Rider director and actor Dennis Hopper is quoted: “When we were making the movie, we could feel the whole country burning up—Negroes, hippies, students. . . . At the start of the movie, Peter [Fonda] and I do a very American thing—we commit a crime, we go for the easy money. That’s one of the big problems with the country right now: everybody’s going for the easy money. Not just obvious simple crimes, but big corporations committing corporate crimes.”
Hold on just a minute, Dennis Hopper—are you saying you used nominally antiwar, peace-loving hippies as surrogates for the big, evil corporations? What? Am I understanding that correctly? Well, that just blows my mind.
Easy Rider, obviously, did no favors for hippies and the antiwar movement with its portrayal of dope-running, dope-taking, numbskull hippies draping themselves in the stars-n-stripes and roaring around on flashy motorcycles, acting all arrogant and jackassy. And the movie’s portrayal of “ordinary American rednecks” set a gold standard for making such folk seem ignorant, idiotic and sinister—a mass media tradition that hit another peak in Deliverance and has only matured over the decades.
Well—it’s interesting, isn’t it? One suspects that Southern and Hopper are perhaps giving away too much of the “hidden hand” plan. “Coincidence researchers” are likely to regard Easy Rider as just one piece of a much broader setup: Easy Rider was still in theaters, reverberating through American culture, when the Charlie Manson murder case exploded across the world’s media in August 1969, shortly before the Woodstock Music & Art Fair.
From the viewpoint of the gangsters who rule America and the rest of the world, something had to be done to kill off, once and for all, the antiwar movement and any other resistance to their way of running things. What better way than to transform hippies from flower-hugging antiwar protesters into arrogant, murderous, Nazi dopeheads? If you wanted to further drive a wedge between already traumatized Americans, this would be a good way to do it.
(Another insight into the operation is this quote from Nixon confidante and top Watergate henchman John Erlichman, quoted in Harper’s magazine in 2016: “The Nixon campaign in 1968, and the Nixon White House after that, had two enemies: the antiwar left and black people. You understand what I’m saying? We knew we couldn’t make it illegal to be either against the war or black, but by getting the public to associate the hippies with marijuana and blacks with heroin, and then criminalizing both heavily, we could disrupt those communities. We could arrest their leaders, raid their homes, break up their meetings, and vilify them night after night on the evening news. Did we know we were lying about the drugs? Of course we did.”)
The summer before, at the 1968 Democratic Party Convention, police fought antiwar protesters in the streets, leaving hundreds injured. And in the months before that, the nation had seen two of its major “left” leaders, Martin Luther King and Senator Robert Kennedy, gunned down in suspicious circumstances, to say the least. Those assassinations followed the murders of President John F. Kennedy in 1963 and Malcolm X in 1965. By the time the shooting was over, four of the leading “left” American leaders had been removed from the scene in less than five years. All four of those famous murders, of course, are still unsolved. The authorities have never seemed too interested in getting to the bottom of what really happened. Odd to see that—in America of all places, the valiant do-gooding nation attacked for no reason on 9/11/2001—the greatest democracy that ever existed!
And, lest we forget—during the same era, there’s good evidence the CIA was behind the marketing and distribution of LSD to young people, to damage their brains and cause general chaos amongst their families and friends. And federal agents were busy conducting the government’s COINTELPRO program to infiltrate, surveil and disrupt antiwar and other antiauthority groups (a program that no doubt continues to this day under some other name).
Assassinations, cultural domination, drugging, spying, provocation: Talk about taking the fight to your opponents—the American people—and crippling them for generations! Kerpow, suckers!
With the war-protesting hippies successfully neutralized, demonized and suspected by a substantial proportion of Americans, the Hollywood psychological operation moved on to films that would drive the country toward “trickle-down economics,” dumb it down further, and deepen public support for the military-industrial complex. Anybody with eyes can see that this “psy-op” has been a wild success. It continues to manufacture consent for the funneling of billions of public funds to military-surveillance budgets, enabling military-industrial profits to soar to new levels of all-time grotesqueness.
Biskind on The Godfather: “Despite Coppola’s school boy Marxism (he always equated the mob with capitalism), The Godfatherlooked forward to the conservative family values of the Reagan era. . . . In its emphasis on generational reconciliation, on ethnicity, and on the Mafia as, in effect, a privatized government of organized vigilantes that performs functions the government can’t or won’t, it foreshadows the Reagan right’s attack on the Washington establishment in the next decade.”
Screenwriter Robert Towne, who did uncredited work on The Godfather: “Here was this role model of a family that stuck together, who’d die for one another. . . . It was really kind of reactionary in that sense—a perverse expression of a desirable and lost cultural tradition.”
Former U.S. Information Agency contractor George Lucas on American Graffiti: “Before American Graffiti, I was working on basically negative movies—Apocalypse Now and THX, both very angry. We all know, as every movie in the last ten years has pointed out, how terrible we are, how wrong we were in Vietnam, how we have ruined the world, what schmucks we are and how rotten everything is. It had become depressing to go to the movies. I decided it was time to make a movie where people felt better coming out of the theater than when they went in. I became really aware of the fact that the kids were really lost. . . . I wanted to preserve what a certain generation of Americans thought being a teenager was really about—from about 1945 to 1962.”
Biskind on The Exorcist (written by William Peter Blatty, former head of the Policy Branch of the U.S. Air Force’s Psychological Warfare Division): “It presents a male nightmare of female puberty. Emergent female sexuality is equated with demonic possession, and the men in the picture – almost all celibate priests – unite to abuse and torture Regan . . . in their efforts to return her to a presexual innocence. . . . The Exorcist turned its back on the liberal therapeutic framework of the postwar period. (The psychiatrist in the movie is just befuddled, clearly inadequate to the task, and Burstyn has no choice but to call on the Church.) . . . Like The Godfather, The Exorcist looked ahead to the coming Manichean revolution of the right, to Reagan nattering about the godless Evil Empire. Satan is the bad dad who takes up residence in the household of the divorced MacNeil in the stead of the absent father-husband. Families who pray together and stay together don’t have unseemly encounters with the devil.”
Biskind on Jaws: “Although Jaws deftly uses the Us/Them formula deployed by films like Bonnie and Clyde, Easy Rider, and M*A*S*H, ‘Us’ is no longer narrowly and tendentiously defined as the hip counterculture, but is expansive and inclusive, a new community comprised of just about everyone—all food, so far as the shark is concerned. It transcended the political and demographic divisions between the Easy Rider counterculture audience and Nixon’s Towering Inferno middle-Americans.”
Biskind on Taxi Driver: “By darkening and deglamorizing Bonnie and Clyde, by putting Bickle and Betsy into a sleazy, contemporary, urban environment and frustrating the love affair altogether, Scorsese and Schrader stripped the Depression-era outlaws of their aura of populist romance and turned their story into one of simple brutality redeemed only by Schrader’s Calvinist fascination with the cleansing violence of the Manson figure. Taxi Driver was a picture completely in keeping with the new centrist administration of Jimmy Carter, who turned his back on the left wing of his party, the McGovernites. . . . The only part of Bonnie and Clyde that survived was the violence.”
Biskind reports that Brian De Palma savaged an early screening of Star Wars like a “crazed dog,” saying the film was a disaster. De Palma is quoted: “You gotta drop the Jedi Bendu shit, nobody’s gonna know what you’re talking about.” Only Spielberg seemed to understand the genius of Star Wars, saying “George, it’s great. It’s gonna make $100 million.”
To sum up: Add in Dirty Harry, Rocky and Apocalypse Now, and the floodgates had been opened by the end of the 1970s for an endless stream of puerile, inane, hyper-violent, rah-rah movies like Top Gun, Commando, Aliens, the Mad Max, Rambo, Death Wish and Lethal Weapon series, De Palma’s Scarface, Die Hard, Stripes and many others (according to Wikipedia, the Stripes filmmakers “were involved in a detailed negotiation with the Department of Defense to make the film conducive to the recruiting needs of the military, in exchange for subsidies in the form of free labor and location and equipment access.”)
Biskind gives George Lucas an opportunity to rebut charges that “Star Wars ruined American movies” by ushering in an era of simplistic “blockbuster” conservative propaganda films that rarely challenged the viewer and usually offered generous support for the status quo and military spending/recruitment.
Lucas: “Popcorn pictures have always ruled. Why do people go see these popcorn pictures when they’re not good? Why is the public so stupid? That’s not my fault. I just understood what people like to go see, and Steven [Spielberg] has too.” Lucas goes on to argue that blockbusters subsidize serious smaller films. He makes the curious claim that theater owners built multiplexes to show “art films.”
Indeed, Lucas credits himself with helping pave the way to a “really thriving American art film industry,” saying: “So in a way, I did destroy the Hollywood film industry, only I destroyed it by making films more intelligent, not by making film infantile.”
This is rejected by almost everybody who claims to know something about Hollywood movies.
Scorsese: “They’re not subsidizing everything else. They (blockbusters) are it. That’s all. The person who has something to say in a movie has got to make a picture for $50. They’re smothering everything.”
Director Robert Altman: “It’s become one big amusement park. It’s the death of film.”
Easy Riders, Raging Bulls draws to close with director John Boorman’s tale of going to see Brandon Tartikoff, the head of Paramount. Boorman says Tartikoff told him: “Tell me what the 30-second TV commercial is (for the proposed film).” When Boorman said his idea couldn’t be boiled down in that way, Tartikoff replied, “Then I can’t make the picture. How am I going to sell it?”
Other gems in the book include Dennis Hopper’s claim that he simply waltzed into the courthouse in L.A. and spoke to Charles Manson, who wanted Hopper to play him in a movie (exactly—because anyone can just walk into supposedly heavily guarded courthouse and have a chat with an accused mass murdering cult leader. Or is Hopper just underlining that something continues to smell horrendously fishy about the whole Manson tale?)
Biskind makes the case that the artistic sensibility of cinematographer Gordon Willis was at least as responsible as Coppola for the success of The Godfather. He also shows how editor Verna Fields rescued Jaws from the cock-up that the young Steven Spielberg was making of that ultimately tremendous film.
Biskind reports that George Lucas was out of his depth and losing control of the crew during the production of Star Wars. The crew reportedly openly made fun of Lucas’ taciturn demeanor and the story, with a cameraman calling Chewbacca a “dawg.” Lucas reportedly gave points to uncredited Star Wars writers Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz, stars Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher and Mark Hamill, and sound man Ben Burtt to ensure their support for completing the movie.
Biskind also delivers a full-body tarring and feathering of Exorcist director William Friedkin, who is portrayed as a dictatorial figure who abused actors, was quick to go on a rant, and prevailed on his girlfriends to get multiple abortions. Actress Ellen Burstyn claims to have had chronic back trouble after she was jerked to the floor by a rig tied around her midriff during the filming of The Exorcist. Friedkin moved in his camera to capture her very real pain. Friedkin also used a real priest, Father William O’Malley, for the scene in which Father Karras receives absolution. When O’Malley, who was not a professional actor, failed to provide the drama required by Friedkin, the director “belted him across the face with his open hand.” O’Malley said: “When I did the next take, my hand was shaking. Sheer adrenalin.” Friedkin put it up on the silver screen.
Roger Corman supposedly offered Scorsese $150,000 to make Mean Streets a blaxploitation movie in the mold of Shaft. Scorsese is portrayed as an insecure, petulant, frightened addict man-child, “popping ‘ludes and drinking Dom Perignon in the cutting room.”
Taxi Driver writer Paul Schrader is depicted dressing up in combat boots and an army surplus jacket (like Travis Bickle in the film), and writing with a handgun on the table next to his typewriter. Biskind lets loose with tales about Schrader going fashionably gay, becoming a cokehead, and having an affair with Nastassja Kinski on the set of Cat People. After Kinski (who’s quoted as saying, “I always fuck my directors”) dumped him, a “furious” Schrader refused to speak to her and, on at least one occasion, “directed her by proxy from his limousine.”
In what’s got to be some kind ultimate diva behavior, Biskind reports that during the filming of Chinatown Faye Dunaway refused to flush her trailer toilet, instead calling in a teamster to do it for her. Dunaway is also said to have thrown a cup of pee in Roman Polanski’s face after the director refused to take a break in filming to let her use the toilet. Polanski: “You cunt, that’s piss!” Dunaway: “Yes, you little putz.”
This is a satisfyingly dark, nasty and illuminating book. It matters little what Biskind “got right” or “got wrong” in terms of the blur of coke, violence and blowjobs (and he’s been called a “lying, conniving bastard who tried to make me look bad,” or variations thereof, by some of the big-timers profiled in this book). It offers a glimpse of the monsters and madmen whose visions continue to pollute and enliven our collective dreams and nightmares. It’s juicy, gripping entertainment in its own right. Biskind has mined a load of diamonds that dazzle and disgust.
* Biskind says Southern said this to him in 1994, shortly before Southern’s death.