Throughout his career, whether as a man of letters, professor, soldier, journalist, novelist, or world traveler, Russell Kirk found himself in the thick of the intellectual controversies of his age. In The Politics of Prudence , his twenty-ninth book (and the last to be published during his lifetime), Kirk endeavors to defend a truly conservative "prudential politics," as opposed to the "ideological politics" now often advanced by self-identified conservatives and those with whom they are allied, including libertarians and neoconservatives. Kirk lays out, in separate chapters, ten principles, events, thinkers, and books that have defined and shaped the American conservative mind and heart. He also examines the difficulties posed for conservatives by increasing political and economic centralization, imprudent foreign policy, educational decline, and other symptoms of cultural decay. This edition of The Politics of Prudence includes an illuminating introduction by Mark C. Henrie.
For more than forty years, Russell Kirk was in the thick of the intellectual controversies of his time. He is the author of some thirty-two books, hundreds of periodical essays, and many short stories. Both Time and Newsweek have described him as one of America’s leading thinkers, and The New York Times acknowledged the scale of his influence when in 1998 it wrote that Kirk’s 1953 book The Conservative Mind “gave American conservatives an identity and a genealogy and catalyzed the postwar movement.”
Dr. Kirk wrote and spoke on modern culture, political thought and practice, educational theory, literary criticism, ethical questions, and social themes. He addressed audiences on hundreds of American campuses and appeared often on television and radio.
He edited the educational quarterly journal The University Bookman and was founder and first editor of the quarterly Modern Age. He contributed articles to numerous serious periodicals on either side of the Atlantic. For a quarter of a century he wrote a page on education for National Review, and for thirteen years published, through the Los Angeles Times Syndicate, a nationally syndicated newspaper column. Over the years he contributed to more than a hundred serious periodicals in the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, Austria, Germany, Italy, Spain, Bulgaria, and Poland, among them Sewanee Review, Yale Review, Fortune, Humanitas, The Contemporary Review, The Journal of the History of Ideas, World Review, Crisis, History Today, Policy Review, Commonweal, Kenyon Review, The Review of Politics, and The World and I.
He is the only American to hold the highest arts degree (earned) of the senior Scottish university—doctor of letters of St. Andrews. He received his bachelor’s degree from Michigan State University and his master’s degree from Duke University. He received honorary doctorates from twelve American universities and colleges.
He was a Guggenheim Fellow, a senior fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies, a Constitutional Fellow of the National Endowment for the Humanities, and a Fulbright Lecturer in Scotland. The Christopher Award was conferred upon him for his book Eliot and His Age, and he received the Ann Radcliffe Award of the Count Dracula Society for his Gothic Fiction. The Third World Fantasy Convention gave him its award for best short fiction for his short story, “There’s a Long, Long Trail a-Winding.” In 1984 he received the Weaver Award of the Ingersoll Prizes for his scholarly writing. For several years he was a Distinguished Scholar of the Heritage Foundation. In 1989, President Reagan conferred on him the Presidential Citizens Medal. In 1991, he was awarded the Salvatori Prize for historical writing.
More than a million copies of Kirk’s books have been sold, and several have been translated in German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Korean, and other languages. His second book, The Conservative Mind (1953), is one of the most widely reviewed and discussed studies of political ideas in this century and has gone through seven editions. Seventeen of his books are in print at present, and he has written prefaces to many other books, contributed essays to them, or edited them.
Dr. Kirk debated with such well-known speakers as Norman Thomas, Frank Mankiewicz, Carey McWilliams, John Roche, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Michael Harrington, Max Lerner, Michael Novak, Sidney Lens, William Kunstler, Hubert Humphrey, F. A. Hayek, Karl Hess, Clifford Case, Ayn Rand, Eugene McCarthy, Leonard Weinglass, Louis Lomax, Harold Taylor, Clark Kerr, Saul Alinsky, Staughton Lynd, Malcolm X, Dick Gregory, and Tom Hayden. Several of his public lectures have been broadcast nationally on C-SPAN.
Among Kirk’s literary and scholarly friends were T. S. Eliot, Roy Campbell, Wyndham Lewis, Donald Davidson, George Scott-Moncrieff, Richard Weaver, Max Picard, Ray Bradbury, Bernard Iddings Bell, Paul Roche, James McAuley, Thomas Howard, Wilhem Roepke, Robert Speaight
In 2019, when the elected officials who still call themselves conservatives opportunistically embrace the brash showmanship, mendacity, and chaotic iconoclasm of Trump, it is instructive to remember what the term "conservative" once stood for.
In 1992, when he was in his '70's, Russell Kirk, the intellectual father of modern American conservatism--and, no, I haven't forgotten about Buckley and Goldwater--published this collection of essays, almost forty years after his seminal work The Conservative Mind.
Among other things, he makes the point that conservatism is not an ideology, but the art of the possible, that it does not seek radical change, but respects existing institutions and strives to preserve what is best in them. He reserves some of his harshest criticisms for the neoconservatives, whom he fears may soon transform conservatism into an ideology, and who, by their naive advocacy of the enforced exportation of "democratic capitalism," may enmire the USA in military conflicts just as deadly and debilitating as Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam.
This book is prophetic, almost a prediction of the post-9/11 quagmire from which our 21st century problems have sprung. Even more important, though, is what is tells us about the origins of today's so-called "conservatives," and how very far these reactionaries have strayed from their intellectual home.
There is nothing, however, in Kirk's writings which predicts anything comparable to Trump. As smart as he was, the old man could not conceive the degenerate, dishonest thing his movement would on day become.
"A pobreza nunca me incomodou; posso viver com $400 por ano, se for preciso. Tempo para pensar e liberdade de ação são-me muito mais importantes no presente que qualquer possível vantagem econômica. Sempre tive de viver à custa de meus esforços, sofrendo a oposição, e não tendo amparo, dos tempos e dos homens que conduzem as coisas, e não me importo de continuar desta maneira". - Russell Kirk.
Nascido em 19 de outubro de 1918 em Plymouth, Michigan, EUA, Russell Amos Kirk, filho do maquinista de trem Russell Andrew Kirk e da garçonete Marjorie Rachel Pierce Kirk, era graduado e Mestre em história, filósofo político e crítico social e literário. Serviu nas Forças Armadas dos EUA, durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, e em seguida frequentou a University of St. Andrews na Escócia, onde tornou-se o primeiro americano a receber o título de Ph.D por aquela universidade em 1952.
Morreu aos 75 anos em 24 de abril de 1994, deixando uma vasta obra literária, com destaque para o livro, "The Conservative Mind" de 1953, que deu forma ao movimento conservador americano pós-guerra.
Viveu de forma simples em uma pequena vila de Mecosta, longe da agitação das grandes cidades, onde se dedicou à família (esposa e quatro filhas), e à atividade intelectual. Influenciado pelas escolas burkeana e elioteana, é considerado o “pai" do pensamento conservador contemporâneo dos EUA e seu livro The Conservative Mind, é considerado o "Gênesis" desse pensamento.
Dono de um caráter tímido, humilde, sincero e gentil, foi firme e enérgico "defensor das verdades que apreendeu". Lutou contra os erros ideológicos da modernidade alegando que o cenário político-intelectual era marcado pelo conflito entre três posturas distintas: a reacionária, a liberal ou progressista e a mentalidade conservadora.
A presente obra aborda “os princípios do conservadorismo, a luta contra o progressismo, a caracterização da doutrina através de obras e personalidades, os problemas nas relações externas, a centralização estatal, a deterioração do sistema de ensino, a proletarização da sociedade e da ideologia do democratismo". O objetivo do autor, além de defender “a política prudencial, em oposição à política ideológica", é persuadir o leitor contra o fanatismo político e utopias.
As ideologias, fundamentadas nas ideias, sonhos e abstrações, se apresentam como uma "verdade salvífica", prometendo paraíso terreno à humanidade, contudo “criaram uma série de infernos na Terra. Dentre as mais conhecidas destacam-se: nacionalismo, fascismo, nazismo, feminismo, negritude, anarquismo, sindicalismo etc.”. Karl Marx dizia que a ideologia (ciência das ideias) é a “apologia das demandas de uma classe. [...] O marxismo prega a revolução do proletariado, para alcançar o comunismo"
"Conservadorismo é a negação da ideologia: é um estado de espírito, um tipo de caráter, um modo de ver a ordem civil e social". Preza pelos costumes, convenções e a experiência dos antepassados. Defende o agir judicioso, cauto e sagaz. Entende que a "política é a arte do possível. [...] visando a natureza humana, defendendo a ordem, justiça e liberdade", e que uma mudança saudável e gradual é o meio de nossa preservação".
Dentre os acontecimentos favoráveis à causa conservadora mencionados por Kirk, destaco: assinatura da Constituição dos Estados Unidos em 1787 - tratando-se do "documento genuinamente mais conservador das histórias das nações"; exortação de Edmund Burke aos seus amigos, para que continuassem a luta contra a "doutrina armada", mesmo que isso lhes custasse a própria vida; conversão do primeiro marxista norte-americano que refutou energicamente tanto Karl Marx quanto Friedrich Engels, após a publicação do Manifesto do Partido Comunista; o aniquilamento dos nazistas na Segunda Guerra Mundial; a eleição do polonês Karol Wojtyla para o papado, sob nome de João Paulo II; e a eleição de Ronald Reagan para presidente dos EUA em 1980, restaurando a confiança e esperanças do povo americano.
Não existe uma cartilha ou manual do conservadorismo, nem tão pouco um equivalente conservador ao "Das Kapital", porém alguns livros servem como bússola do conjunto de sentimentos que os conservadores compartilham, pois o conservador: "acredita que há uma ordem moral duradoura; adere aos costumes, à convenção e à continuidade; acredita no princípio da consagração pelo uso; é guiado pelo princípio da prudência; preza pelo princípio da variedade; é disciplinado pelo princípio da imperfectibilidade; defende que liberdade e propriedade estão intimamente ligadas; defende comunidades voluntárias, se opondo ao coletivismo involuntário; prega limites prudentes sobre as paixões humanas; e reconhece que permanência e mudança devem ser reconhecidas e reconciliadas."
3 livros mencionados despertaram meu interesse para uma futura leitura: Reflexões sobre a Revolução na França, de Edmund Burke; A Democracia na América, de Alexis de Tocqueville; e Notas Para Definição de Cultura, de T. S. Eliot.
Além de Burk e Eliot, outros conservadores o ajudaram a formar sua mentalidade, e sua lista apresenta: "um orador e um Imperador Romanos, um lexicógrafo inglês, um romancista escocês, um político da Virgínia, um pirata desossado da nova Inglaterra, um presidente norte-americano durão, um romancista Capitão-do-mar polonês, um recluso sulista da Universidade de Chicago e uma viajante de terras antigas! No entanto, foram tipos como esses que formaram a minha mentalidade conservadora; e essa mesma diversidade demonstra que o conservadorismo não é uma ideologia, mas sim um complexo de pensamento e sentimento, um profundo apego às coisas permanentes. [...] e nós, pessoas do final do século XX, devemo-nos desembaraçar da apatia da terra dos lótus, informando-nos sobre como podemos defender as coisas permanentes contra a ira dos inimigos da ordem, tão ferozes e clamorosos em nosso tempo; ou como, na pior das hipóteses, manter de pé alguns fragmentos diante da ruína."
Na sequência, apresenta o pensamento de 4 "eminentes homens de letras conservadores": T. S. Eliot, Donald Davidson, Wilhelm Ropke e Malcolm Muggeridge.
T. S. Eliot apoiava a coroa inglesa, e "monarquias tradicionalmente estabelecidas em outros lugares", sobreviventes dos ataques dos movimentos revolucionários pós guerras. Era crítico e imparcial com os líderes de todas as facções políticas da Inglaterra. Fundou a revista The Criterion, cujo objetivo era "salvar o mundo do suicídio", ratificando e incrementando o tradicional, em forte oposição ao Marxismo e outras ideologias, junto à Intelligentsia. Posicionava-se contra o poder centralizado, buscava preservar uma sociedade humana que partilhasse as mesmas convicções religiosas, pois entendia que qualquer cultura depende de tais crenças: "Não acredito que a cultura na Europa possa sobreviver ao completo desaparecimento da fé cristã. E estou convencido disso, não apenas porque eu mesmo sou cristão, mas como estudioso da biologia social. Se o cristianismo se for, toda nossa cultura irá com ele. Então será preciso começar de novo, dolorosamente, e não se pode vestir uma nova cultura pronta. É preciso esperar que a grama cresça para alimentar as ovelhas que darão a lã de que seu novo casaco será feito. É preciso passar por muitos séculos de barbárie. Provavelmente, não viveremos para ver a nova cultura, tampouco a verão nossos tataranetos: e se víssemos, nenhum de nós seria feliz nela".
Já em relação aos EUA, Eliot acreditava que as soluções para a democracia se encontram na restauração da educação, sem interferência alguma na estrutura constitucional.
Entrando no mundo do conservadorismo sulista, Donald Davison, um agrariano defensor das coisas permanentes, opunha-se energicamente ao "enorme Estado de Bem-estar social, que devora o espírito". Nesse mesmo propósito, 12 escritores se reuniram e escreveram o livro I'll take my stand: the south and the agrarian tradition (manterei firme a posição: o Sul e a tradição agrária), exaltando o humanismo cristão e o apego aos costumes do Velho Sul na bravura, exercendo severas críticas à sociedade industrial de massas, ojeriza ao comunismo e outras formas de coletivismo.
Nas palavras de Kirk, o conservadorismo desses sulistas tinha o propósito de "abrir-nos os olhos às ilusões do modernismo [...] nossas cidades grandes, uma centena de ruas longas, encontram-se quase arruinadas, devastadas pelo crime, com a população corrompida ou exposta ao perigo por narcóticos letais, com todo senso de comunidade destruído. A nossa alardeada afluência é desmentida pelo crescimento rápido e sinistro de um genuíno proletariado, voraz e desregrado, subsistindo à custa do público. Os estratos da burocracia governamental são cada vez mais ineficientes e opressivos. As legislaturas, nacionais e estaduais, parecem dispostas a ceder a toda a exigência de qualquer grupo de pressão, não obstante o verdadeiro interesse público. Os juízes, ou muitos deles, viraram demagogos. O ar está muitíssimo poluído; a zona rural, enfeiada; o gosto público, corrompido. As crianças são educadas de modo indulgente, em meio a imagem de terrível violência e sexualidade grosseira. A educação escolar em todos os níveis foi reduzida a tomar conta das crianças, pajear os adolescentes e a acasalar os universitários: o ensino das Humanidades e da História é desprezado. Enquanto falamos futilmente de livre empresa, os conglomerados industriais e comerciais se movem rumo ao oligopólio em uma escalada crescente. A crença e a observância religiosas foram, primeiramente, reduzidas ao ethos da sociabilidade e, posteriormente, aos discursos ignorantes sobre a revolução. Leviatã, a sociedade monstruosa, engoliu as multidões. [...] Estudai o que os 12 sulistas escreveram, e vireis a descobrir que tais homens não são meros arcaístas".
Wilhelm Ropke opunha-se às economias socialistas ou de "comando", como o nazismo, pregando o conceito de um sistema econômico adequado à natureza humana, como observado na Suíça, onde viveu até o fim de sua vida. Kirk narra um relato de Ropke que: após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, Genebra disponibilizou lotes para que trabalhadores pudessem cultivar seus próprios alimentos, o projeto foi tão bem aceito, que o governo deu continuidade. Feliz com o sucesso das hortas, "Ropke convidou Mises para ver os trabalhadores cavando e capinando os terrenos. Mises, entretanto, abanou a cabeça, com pesar: "Um modo muito ineficiente de produzir alimentos!", lamentou. "Talvez seja", respondeu Ropke, "mas talvez seja um modo muito eficiente de gerar felicidade humana".
Kirk complementa: " a não ser que comecemos a pensar em humanizar a economia norte-americana, as cidades continuarão a se desintegrar, e o povo norte-americano ficará cada vez mais entediado e violento. [...] Se o desenvolvimento material é o principal objetivo de um povo, não resta mais nenhum controle moral sobre os meios empregados na aquisição de riqueza: a violência e a fraude tornam-se práticas comuns".
Malcolm Muggeridge, de formação socialista, foi morar na Rússia, e em apenas seis meses viu todas as mazelas da ditadura do proletariado, mudando seu posicionamento. Criticou de forma incisiva e severa as ideologias progressistas, por ter visto toda brutalidade e miséria por trás do regime bem de perto. Denunciava as políticas contraceptivas e abortistas, e suas consequências e anomalia social. Demitiu-se do jornal Manchester Guardian, diante da omissão da boa e velha mídia, que se recusava publicar seus relatos nas edições daquele jornal. Foi firme em seu propósito.
O conservadorismo popular não deve ser confundido com populismo, visto que este pode levar à estagnação da sociedade sendo comparado ao conservadorismo democrático das massas (medíocre e complacente), ao passo que aquele defende os princípios conservadores já aqui mencionados. O modelo padrão do conservador norte-americano, é aquele sujeito que deseja uma sociedade livre de traficantes, drogas e assaltantes, deseja limitação do poder do Estado, deseja ver o filho na universidade, frequenta ou encoraja os filhos a frequentarem igrejas, trabalha com afinco, despreza as abstrações marxistas, deseja a livre concorrência, e quer tomar conta da própria vida, sem interferir na vida do próximo.
Exemplo de dois grandes nomes de líderes conservadores norte-americanos são: Abraham Lincoln, que definiu o conservadorismo como "a preferência pelo antigo e testado ao novo e não testado"; e o queridíssimo 40º presidente americano, conhecido como Mr President, Ronald Reagan, "um modelo de conservador na vida pública: audacioso, intrépido, alegre, honesto - especialista no agir rápido e preciso, ainda que fosse necessário improvisar. [...] Aos olhos do conservador típico norte-americano, suas falhas ocasionais foram eclipsadas pelas grandes realizações em oito anos de governo... Foi ajudado pela compreensão conservadora de que a política é a arte do possível... Pode ser que nunca mais vejamos alguém como ele, que represente de modo tão perfeito o conservadorismo popular norte-americano". ❤️
Kirk criticava os libertários, afirmando que seu radicalismo ideológico, os colocava lado a lado com a utopia marxista, principalmente no que diz respeito à abolição total do Estado, considerado o "grande opressor". Para o conservador, o Estado, embora mínimo, deve ordenar as relações: "ordem é a primeira necessidade. A liberdade e a justiça só podem ser estabelecidas depois que a ordem esteja razoavelmente assegurada".
O conservador acredita numa ordem moral transcendente, ao passo que o libertário confunde a "existência efêmera dos indivíduos com a origem e o fim de tudo". Fechando esse pensamento da divergência entre conservadores e libertários, uma reflexão de Edmund Burke: "Homens imoderados nunca podem ser livres. As paixões lhes forjam os grilhões".
Com relação aos neoconservadores, quer seja o esquerdista que virou a casaca, ou alguém em busca de poder e oportunidades, eles surgiram num momento em que a nação se encontrava enfraquecida devido aos erros do governo Lyndon B. Johnson. Jornalistas e professores usavam o termo neoconservador de forma pejorativa, o associando à praga reacionária, inimiga do progresso, opressora dos pobres e aduladores do capitalismo e dos barões feudais.
Os neoconservadores proclamaram que a política é a arte do possível e fizeram bastante pela causa do bom senso. Colocaram-se contra o sentimentalismo dos liberais esquerdistas e o fanatismo radical dos marxistas. Fundaram periódicos sérios e inteligentes com artigos valiosos sobre políticas públicas, educação e outras questões contemporâneas importantes. Iniciaram uma discussão de alternativas práticas à mera ação social e se opuseram aos projetos e ameaças da União Soviética, pois entenderam que não se tratava apenas de combater um rival nacional, mas combater uma "doutrina armada".
Kirk criticava a paixão dos neoconservadores pela ideologia, lembrando que se trata de fanatismo político, não sendo monopólio de comunistas ou fascistas. Sentiu-se desapontado, pois se mostraram mais preocupados com o PIB, com a uniformidade e padronização americanizada, do que com os desafios sociais que assolavam a nação. Embora fossem inteligentes, raramente eram sábios.
Por outro lado, existe um grupo de pessoas que se preocupa e envida todos os esforços para preservar costumes, instituições, maneiras, comportamentos e cultura de uma sociedade: são os conservadores culturais. A civilização que eles tentam preservar e/ou salvar, é a cultura ocidental, ou civilização cristã, "filha da cultura da Igreja".
"Cultura de uma nação é o complexo de convicções, usos populares, hábitos, técnicas, métodos econômicos, leis, moral, estruturas políticas e todos os modos de vida em comunidade desenvolvidos ao longo dos séculos. [...]procede de culto que é uma reunião para adoração - isto é, uma tentativa das pessoas de comungar com um poder transcendente. É da associação no culto, do conjunto dos adoradores, que cresce a comunidade humana... uma vez reunidas no culto, torna-se possível a cooperação para várias outras coisas... E, particularmente, a rede de normas morais, de regras para a conduta humana, é produto das crenças religiosas".
O racionalismo religioso, o crescimento do cientificismo e do anticulto, a indiferença e hostilidade à religião transcendente, estão pavimentando o caminho para a ruína da cultura, cujo principal pilar é a fé, que começa a ruir. C. Northcote Parkinson afirmou que existem seis estágios no caminho da dissolução de uma civilização: supercentralização política; crescimento imoderado dos tributos; grande e disforme máquina política; promoção das pessoas erradas; ímpeto de esbanjar; e sentimentalismo fraco.
O trabalho dos conservadores culturais tem sido árduo, para restaurar essa cultura, e dentre as medidas necessárias, estão: restaurar ordem moral e o saber, humano e científico; reformar políticas públicas progressistas; focar no revigoramento cultural do que nos problemas econômicos; ter um propósito de vida.
Referente à política externa prudente, assim como na política doméstica, o exercício da política externa é a arte do possível. Uma política externa prudente tem por base o ideal da não intervenção. Portanto, a ideologia da americanização universal pode ser desastrosa, tornando os EUA ainda mais detestados do que o fora o Império soviético. Intervenções bélicas, para uma americanização forçada em nome do "capitalismo democrático" seriam recebidas muito mais cordialmente ao redor do mundo do que a russificação forçada em nome da "ditadura proletária"?
Ronald Reagan teve sucesso na política externa, pois restaurou o vigor da economia norte-americana e foi combativo cada vez que uma ameaça real aos EUA era posta em prática. Desenvolveu o programa militar de proteção contra mísseis nucleares, aumentou o poderio bélico, e quando necessário, aplicou o uso das forças armadas para neutralizar e parar o avanço do inimigo. Reagan não temia os governantes do "Império do Mal". Sua demonstração de força e combatividade fez Mikhail Gorbachev e seus camaradas repensarem suas ambições e diminuírem seus gastos, pois "o velho ator proveniente de um rancho na Califórnia, rápido no gatilho nos filmes, os havia superado em poder de fogo".
I have always considered myself a conservative-though I must admit, I may not have always been sure what it truly meant to be a conservative. Oh, sure, I thought I knew. Of course, being a conservative means that you love America, you value freedom and liberty, you are against the government, (unless it's run by republicans), you are for the promotion of democracy abroad, you loathe taxes, (after all you worked hard for that money!), God is good, and America is His "shining city upon a hill". O' the sweet naivety of youthful innocence!
In The Politics of Prudence, Russell Kirk, the great thinker of the modern conservative movement, (extra emphasis on the word 'thinker') outlines a list of suggestions for the young men and women of the rising generation how they might renew American politics and society. In short, rescue the country and the world from suicide.
Above all, Kirk states that conservatism is a state of mind. It adheres to the principles of "custom, conviction, and continuity," and prudence, one of the classic "Four Cardinal Virtues". Conservatism is not to be confused with ideology, for the latter is political fanaticism. An ideologue works towards the "earthly paradise", because for him, this material life is the be all, end all. His sights are always fixated on utopian visions and he believes that we can shape and mold human nature to fit that vision and remake man's image anew. A conservative, au contraire, believes that human nature is fixed and imperfect, (perfection being unattainable), that this life is not all that there is. The conservative believes in an enduring moral order, and that we should conform as best as possible to it. He does not envision the earthly paradise, because he knows that all visions of utopia lead not to 'paradise' but to a very real, "earthy hell." One need only look so far as to the rise of communism in Russia and its satellite states in eastern Europe, and parts of far Asia to see this. Also, even if the utopia was attainable, we should not want to achieve it. For as Kirk puts it, "in such a utopia, no freedom at all would survive, and humanity would expire of boredom and license."
Kirk is ever warning of the dangers of letting oneself fall into the traps of ideology, for politics is the art of the possible, and an ideologue renders it impossible. Ideologues are incapable of compromise, because they cannot see outside of their own narrow view. Anything outside their ideology is considered darn near heresy. Take for example our current political climate in Washington. On the left, if you are against abortion, then you must be a woman-hating, sexist. If you hold views contrary to the advocates for same-sex marriage, then you are obviously a homophobe and a bigot. This sort of ideology is not confined to the left, though. For conservatives are very susceptible to the traps of ideology as well.
In fact, the entire book is written for conservatives, especially the "new conservatives", or neo-cons, whom Kirk reserves the harshest of his criticisms for. Neo-conservatives are conservatives, who Kirk says often confuse the U.S. capital for Tel Aviv rather than Washington. Many are also disenchanted radicals from the 1960's. Neo-con David Horowitz springs to mind. Their insistence on exporting the doctrine of "democratic-capitalism", a system that is a contradiction in terms, to every point of the globe runs the risk of making America hated everywhere. The U.S. Constitution is not for export and so-called democracy does not always work for every walk of life and culture, especially in places where no history of such government has ever been known. Further, the 'Wilsonian' doctrine of using America's troops to make the world "safe for democracy" will no sooner have the United States with a sole trading partner of Switzerland. Kirk says that with the fall of the Soviet Union, America stands the chance to become a good power in the world, provided we don't swagger about the globe waving our "flag" in everyone else's face, and attempting to replace a Soviet hegemony with an American one.
In retrospect, we can see we didn't heed his words. One wonders what Kirk's assessment of both the Bush and Obama administrations would be like.
Another of Kirk's "victims" are the little factions known as Libertarians, who are really more like libertines. He praises some of them, but they are libertarians who are really conservatives at heart. Libertarians have bought into the ruinous ideas of J.S. Mill, and Jeremy Bentham, who advanced a doctrine of utilitarianism, and are really the disciples of radicals like Rousseau. While some of their causes may be admirable, a true union of conservatives and libertarians is wishful thinking at best.
Throughout the book Kirk offers us detailed descriptions on various "conservative minds" in history such as; the poet T.S. Eliot, the southern agrarians, like Donald Davidson, the former communist Malcolm Muggeridge, and the economist Wilhelm Roepke. We are introduced to their ideas like Eliot's defense of the "Permanent Things", Davidson's attack on leviathan, and Roepke's humane economy.
Kirk also suggests for conservatives, 10 books to read that will help, those who endeavor to do so gain a better understanding of conservatism. He serves up a selection from Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, to Donald Davidson's Attack on Leviathan, (also published as 'Regionalism and Nationalism in the United States'), Is Life Worth Living? by W.H. Mallock, Wilhelm Roepke's Social Crisis of Our Time, and many more. Some are out of print, but can be found with a little searching in used bookstores, or gotten through sites like ISIbooks, and The Imaginative Conservative. Others are in the public domain and available through Google Books and Project Gutenberg, those free sites for old book lovers.
Kirk takes on such topics as foreign policy, education, culture, and government, and how conservatives should approach each. He reminds us that the purposes of higher education for example, is to develop a philosophical habit of mind and instill in oneself wisdom and truth, and not to obtain "job skills", distinguishes the differences between the proletarian and the "working man", and warns of government overreach, (with a few comedic anecdotes I might add).
The final chapter is an epilogue, which is a plea to the rising generation to "redeem the time". He instructs how young men and women can in fact save the world from suicide and it starts by first changing themselves.
"What can you do, young men and women of the rising generation...to raise up the human condition to a level no less unworthy of what Pico della Mirandola called "the dignity of man"? Why, begin by brightening the corner where you are, by improving one human unit, yourself, and by helping your neighbor." (Kirk, 287)
Amen to that!
The Politics of Prudence is a 'nugget' of a book from one of the greatest conservative minds in history, (of course I have not forgotten about Buckley). It is full of a vast array of knowledge, wisdom, and truth, and should be read by anyone who calls themselves a conservative, especially the younger variety. If I had to say anything critical, I would only say that it was written in the early 1990's, so some things may seem dated now, but that is something that I am willing to forgive. It may seem the period of renewal that Kirk talked about has passed us by, but we must remember that it is never too late for those who prefer to defend the "Permanent Things" from their enemies to rise up and as Kirk put it, "redeem the time" and save the world from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. Read it and which is more...learn.
An essential book for anyone who is, wishes to be, or wishes to understand real conservatism. A powerful antidote to mere ideology, and a brilliant explanation of prudence and principle.
1994 was a different world. Something like 9/11 and the rise of social media make some of his predictions look pretty bad. In any case, he has this interesting blend of believing we are inches from doom but also on the verge of a great revival. I know the latter hasn't happened; we'll see about the former.
Perhaps the most helpful thing about this book is by 'defining' (if that's possible) what it means to be a conservative. The distinction between the conservative and the ideologue makes sense of so many things. Does the dichotomy break down? Probably under enough scrutiny. But it would be especially helpful for us evangelicals to think through before we utter our thoughts about politics.
One of the most interesting things in this work was Kirk's assertion that the ideologue cannot handle dissent (since they hold to the Absolute Politic Truth) while (true) conservatives live in that tension (in fact, he has to since no one person holds all the wisdom and knowledge!). The conservative understands that the primary purpose of the state is to keep the peace. Thus, a toleration and tension of the great interests in a society is tolerated and maintained. By labeling every political issue a 'gospel' or 'biblical' issue, we turn dissenting opinions into questioning one's faith. Any kind of political discussions immediately delves into discussions over who is abiding by orthodoxy and who isn't. Kirk demonstrates how this thinking not only betrays a conservative paradigm, but it cannot work. Yes, there are some issues Christians should stand together on, but agreeing on an issue and figuring out the best way to solve it are not the same thing. Embrace the suck.
A third edition of The Politics of Prudence was published by Regnery Gateway in 2023. Michael P. Federici wrote the introduction. You may read his introduction here: https://kirkcenter.org/reviews/the-po...
Federici’s introduction is a splendid introduction to the nineteen chapters that comprise The Politics of Prudence. In the flurry of reviews that accompanied the publication of the third edition, I read that if one wants to learn about Kirk’s foundational understanding of conservativism, the place to start is not the 1953 edition of The Conservative Mind, nor the subsequent six editions. As one reviewer pointed out, The Conservative Mind is intellectually hefty. He makes his students read The Politics of Prudence as their entree into Kirk’s ideas.
Federici’s introduction focuses on the chapters within The Politics of Prudence and provides a concise introduction and orientation to their contents. I own and read the second edition which is introduced by Mark C. Henrie. The gift of Henrie’s introduction is that he introduces us to the significance of Kirk’s writings and thought in general. He explains why Kirk is important to America’s literary, political, and economic landscape in 1953 and 2004. Frankly, I think Kirk has important things to say to us now in 2024. Many commentators say that our country is deeply divided, and that people are talking right past each other. Henrie points out, and Kirk says several times in the chapters of The Politics of Prudence, that a conservative “dines regularly with the opposition” and that politics is the “art of the possible.” In my opinion, America could use much more engagement than the current display of entrenchment into immovable positions. No social, economic, or political solution is perfect, nor can a complex society such as America ever have permanent perfect solutions. We only have what is possible for now. We remain in need of all sides choosing to work together for the good of the future.
The Politics of Prudence is a collection and re-working of seventeen lectures that Kirk gave to the Heritage Foundation over the course of five years. It also includes one lecture delivered at Hillsdale College and an epilogue. The purpose of the book is to define conservativism. His definition comes through several means: by contrasting it with ideologies such as libertarianism, neoconservatism, and populism and by introducing the reader to intellectuals, books, principles, and historical events that reflect conservative thinking, culture, and politics. Kirk’s lectures, and to a certain extent the whole of the book, is aimed at young conservatives who will soon shape the future of American public life. Kirk is concerned about America’s future and wants a true and reasonable conservativism to help shape that future.
I found Kirk’s prose easy and pleasant to read. As this is an introduction, four of the chapters use the device of “tens”: ten conservative principles, ten events, ten conservative books, ten exemplary conservatives. After the “tens” he introduces us to T. S. Eliot, Donald Davidson, Wilhelm Roepke, and Malcolm Muggeridge.
So, what exactly is a conservative? The challenge of Kirk is that his thought on the matter cannot be condensed into one or two lines or even a succinct paragraph. That is what you can do with an ideology, not so, with the kind of conservative that Kirk is and espouses. However, there are useful descriptions.
For example, in his first chapter, The Errors of Ideology, on page 13 he provides this nugget: “… ideology is founded merely upon ‘ideas’ – that is, upon abstractions, fancies, for the most part unrelated to personal and social reality; while conservative views are founded upon custom, convention, the long experience of the human species. He finds himself confronted, from time to time, by young people, calling themselves conservative, who have no notion of prudence, temperance, compromise, the traditions of civility, or cultural patrimony.”
In his 1953 The Conservative Movement, Kirk offered the six canons of a conservative. In chapter 2, he expands the six into ten principles. I find this chapter most helpful as the go to explanation for Kirk’s brand of conservative. I list the headings below to give you, the reader, a flavor of Kirk’s core thought.
“First, the conservative believes that there exists an enduring moral order. (p17) “Second, the conservative adheres to custom, convention, and continuity. (p18) “Third, conservatives believe in what may be called the principle of prescription. (p19) “Fourth, conservatives are guided by their principle of prudence. (p20) “Fifth, conservatives pay attention to the principle of variety. (p20) “Sixth, conservatives are chastened by their principle of imperfectability. (p21) “Seventh, conservatives are persuaded that freedom and property are closely linked. (p21) “Eighth, conservatives uphold voluntary community, quite as they oppose involuntary collectivism. (p22) “Ninth, the conservative perceives the need for prudent restraints upon power and upon human passions. (p23) “Tenth, the thinking conservative understands that permanence and change must be recognized and reconciled in a vigorous society.” (p24)
In chapter 2, Kirk flushes these principles out. We see these principles in use in his other chapters.
Kirk also joins other American Conservatives who are wary of centralization of all kinds, especially governmental. He is particularly critical of the language of “new world order” that was often articulated by the forty-first President. His conservativism prefers that foreign policy be executed through diplomacy rather than military. He questions the necessity of a strong American military presence throughout the globe. One of the insights I was struck by is Kirk’s assertion that democracy is a social condition. “For democracy is neither a political philosophy nor a plan of political organization: rather it is a social condition that may have political consequences.” (p275) He argues against the urge of some who identify themselves as conservative that want all countries in the world to be democracies, just like America. Kirk says that some cultures and countries simply will not accept or work with a democracy. Our American democracy comes out of our history would not be what it is without the influence of England and the French Revolution. One name the surfaces regularly in Kirk’s book is Edmund Burke. Kirk draws much from Edmund Burke, especially his “Reflections on the Revolution in France.”
Russell Kirk (1918-1994) has much to say in this book on culture, education, literature, politics, economics and the significance of Christianity. Most of it is relevant in 2024. If you are not familiar with Kirk’s work and influence, this is a great place to begin.
Book Journal 67 “The Politics of Prudence” by Russell Kirk
I would rather view this book as a wonderful guide to conservatism, delineating important Conservative books, influential people, significant historical events, and basic principles.
One interesting part for me is Kirk’s criticism of Ideology. Before, I thought that ideology was just a neutral noun, but Kirk argued that “Ideology...is a political formula that promises mankind an earthly paradise; but in cruel fact, what ideology has created is a series of terrestrial hells.” In fact, the end of this book was a defense of prudential politics, as opposed to ideological politics. He viewed conservatism as “a state of mind, a type of character, a way of looking at the civil social order” rather than an ideology. However, I think it is difficult to reverse the present cognition of ideology as neutral.
Another is Kirk’s separation of Popular Conservatism from Populist Conservatism. The latter, in his view, intended to cure democracy by a purer democracy, which would inevitably lead to stagnation, mediocrity, and complacency. I have always found Populist Conservatism confusing, for I believe that the distrust and suspicion of democracy is a basic idea in conservatism.
His view on foreign policy is also curious. Kirk was against pushing capitalism and democracy into every country, regardless of the practical circumstances. “Successful foreign policy, like political success generally, is produced through the art of the possible—not through ideological rigidity.” A country’s institution is shaped by its unique history and culture, meaning that it is impossible to require every nation to follow one pattern of politics and economy.
Despite the fact that I disagree with Kirk on many issues, such as minority rights and education, I have still learned a lot from this book and his politics of prudence. In an age of numerous fanciful innovations, I prefer the devil I know to the devil I don’t know.
Written in 1994 it's Kirk's case for an American form of conservativism. In many ways it's aged quite badly and is decidedly more optimistic about the future than was warranted.
Prudence being the application of wisdom, Kirk treats this synonymous with the conservative mind. Whilst conservatives take pride in the absence of a creed this arguably makes it hard to make a positive claim in the public sphere. As a result it's hard not to see this as a rear guard in practice. It also highlights that modern conservativism, with its fear of being tied to a public confession, is arguably a subset or type of classical liberalism. Kirk I think admits as such and I think his argumentation is the weaker as a result.
He does however speak favourable of TS Eliot on this subject and Eliot is much more confessional and explicit in his own argumentation for 'Permanent Things' although saw the delivery vehicle for his cause as a form of aristocratic elite. Kirk I think recognised that culture needs to be valued by the majority and there needs to be a way to make high culture worthwhile to the masses if one wants to fight off more rampant forms of liberalism. You need elites but the masses have an active role to play too. In this area I think Kirk was more 'prudent' than Eliot. Atleast in writing.
Thought-proving book by a leading conservative writer, published at the beginning of the Clinton administration. Excellent criticism of the radical ideologies that seem so prevalent these days, plus provides an important distinction between libertarian and conservative principles
I read this after having read Kirk's the Conservative Mind. This is a shorter and easier book to read because each chapter was a lecture. I enjoyed reading it, though I still don't agree with the politics.
Excelent recommendations, some poor analysis, some blind faith on the "common man", but still has some profound advices, some beautiful ideas exposed and is worth reading, even if not too thoroughly.
Edição fantástica com excelentes comentários e textos de Alex Catharino e outros. Excelente livro para quem quer uma introdução ao pensamento conservador.
Russel Kirk me surpreendeu. Não há muito que se possa comentar sobre o livro em tão pouco espaço.
Acredito que qualquer comentário deve começar com um elogio para a primorosa edição da É Realizações, realmente fantástica.
O Mago de Mecosta é de fato um dos maiores pensadores do século XX. Pouco importa que espectro político tenha escolhido defender, assim como outros grandes ele está acima disso. Russel Kirk se colocou ao lado da verdade, essa era sua aliada.
Kirk não tráz um pensamento reacionário, traz uma renovação daquilo que deu base ao único país que nunca cedeu ao totalitarismo, a tirania.
Reitero, Kirk não falou em nome da política, falou em nome da verdade.