A Missed Opportunity for a More Peaceful Marxism?
Overall Rating: 3.25/5.0
The Civil War in France contains three addresses by Karl Marx to the International Workingmen's Association regarding the Franco-Prussian War and the subsequent Civil War in France, which arose from the Paris Commune of 1871. The book also includes an introduction by Fredrich Engels on the 20th anniversary of The Commune. As the speeches were given as the events were in progress or just days after they ended, they provide valuable primary source material regarding how Socialists reacted at the time.
Reconsidering Germany's War-Obsessed Image
Before reading this book, I knew almost nothing about the Franco-Prussian War other than "Germany won." Given that Germany started WWII and the consensus view when I was in school that Germany also shouldered primary responsibility for starting WWI, I was surprised to learn from reading this book that France was, in fact, primarily responsible for the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. Indeed, although the pattern of who was the aggressor shifted as the French Revolution progressed, by the time Napoleon took over, it became clear that, between France and Germany, France was the more militarily aggressive nation during the 19th century.
Although the notion that Germany was primarily responsible for WWI has been challenged, primarily under the notion that the complex system of alliances made the situation a powder keg in search of a match, learning more about the Franco-Prussian from this book led me to have more sympathy for why Germany, before 1914, may have thought it wise to have a plan to pre-emptively against France to try and knock it out of a two-front war early.
Given the war-obsessed image Imperial Germany now has, other surprising information from the book is Marx's recount of Prussia's reluctance to occupy more than a token amount of Paris. (Indeed, looking more into Prussian history after Waterloo, after reading this book, it seems Prussia certainly did not relish its role as a sentinel to French aggression in the 19th century and took on, for example, reclaiming the Rhineland quite cognizant of the difficulty the developments, especially legal, during the French Revolution and Napoleonic era posed.)
Broader Context
In addition to recounting the proximate history of the Franco-Prussian war, Marx considers it in the broader context of class antagonism, which often turned violent in 19th-century France, including in 1830, 1848, and the 1860s. Marx describes the Second Empire as not representing the people's will but rather suppressing it, serving the bourgeoisie's interest and ripe with corruption. To further his point, Marx cites several statements by socialist organizations in both France and Germany stating united working-class opposition to the war.
The Commune
Marx's recount of the history of The Commune is broadly accurate. Of course, only a fool would expect Marx to give a completely dispassionate account, so it is wise to cross-check his history against other sources.
An example of the not-completely-objective perspective is that although Marx mentions that The Commune intended to seize Church property, he only briefly mentions this before quickly moving on. Marx fails to consider whether this was a repeat of a critical failure of the French Revolution: its leaders' personal disdain for religion leading them to underappreciate how important religion remained in French life.
Still, overall, Marx's broad picture is accurate. The Commune was acting relatively restrained. There were some, but not large-scale seizures of property and no Reign of Terror resulting in reprisals against prior enemies.
Marx's key point that there was excessive brutality in putting down The Commune is accurate. He is also correct that The Commune posed little military threat to Prussia. The real concern was that establishing a Communist society would provide an example likely to lead to domestic unrest elsewhere. Thus, the Prussians stood by, allowed a French army to reband, and brutally put down the threat.
Marx's Speaking Style
Marx, of course, was one of history's most highly skilled propagandists and polemicists, and he was given much material to work with by the war and the suppression of The Commune. Thus, the book is valuable for those interested in studying propaganda and how persuasive polemics are written. (Here, I am using a definition of propaganda that does not exclude it from being largely accurate. Indeed, some of the best propaganda is highly accurate. Further, even the ultimate conclusions of the propaganda may also be largely accurate.)
Foreshadowing Future Marxist Themes
Marx's recount of the brutal and international nature of the suppression of the Commune provides some insight into future Marxist history. Indeed, the Bolshevists would remember The Commune as they seized power in 1917. There would, indeed, be an international effort to try and crush the Russian Revolution in its cradle by giving aid to domestic opposition so that the example would not spread. Bolshevists used this fear to further their notion that a Vanguard Party must be formed to protect the Revolution, although such a notion was a significant departure from Marx.
From the book, we can also see early indications of what would become a key future concern among Marxists. Specifically, Marx recounts that the lack of rural support for urban Parisians was a critical factor in the failure of The Commune, although he, of course, feels that rural, poorer areas would have been important beneficiaries of a Communist revolution. The poor seeming to work against their interest by opposing Communism would puzzle, and to this day still does, many Marxist theorists who have come up with a myriad of theories to explain why.
Conclusion and Contemporary Relevance
The Civil War in France, being transcriptions of Marx's speeches, does not get deeply into Marxist theory. Instead, it is a largely accurate account of the Franco-Prussian War and the suppression of the Paris Commune. The emphasis is on the relative restraint of The Commune, juxtaposed with the viciousness and international cooperative nature of the response. It is a warning that future Marxists, especially the Russian Bolshevists, took seriously.
Unfortunately, the book did not contain what I read it hoping to learn: Marx's own words on why he initially opposed the Commune. From other sources, we know that he thought violence at this stage would be counterproductive. More could be achieved peacefully in advanced capitalist countries. Marx also believed that the presence of the Prussian army just outside Paris made success highly unlikely, as did the lack of requisite organization by the leaders at the time. All this turned out to be highly prescient.
Apparently, Marx decided not to play "told-you-so," but rather to seize on the opportunity presented by the martyrs. Thus, one wonders if he had instead emphasized both the brutality of suppression and why he initially opposed the Commune, Marxism could have evolved along a more peaceful path, especially in Russia and Eastern countries.
Today, it is fascinating to ponder the fact that populist movements in the West are primarily conservative, while the established powers are more left-leaning—a reversal a little over 150 after The Commune. Although there is no evidence that it has happened yet, it is fascinating to wonder if these populist movements ever were to threaten Western left-leaning governments if there would be multinational efforts to crackdown. Thus, the reversal of the political situation leads to the rather amusing conclusion that modern-day conservatives may find Marx's speeches more applicable to them in the present-day situation than those on the political left.