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Записки Видока, начальника Парижской тайной полиции.
Мало кому на долю выпадало столько невероятных приключений, сколько их выпало Эжену-Франсуа Видоку - бывшему каторжнику, а впоследствии начальнику Парижской тайной полиции.
316 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 1828
61 people are currently reading
646 people want to read
About the author
Eugène François Vidocq
130 books10 followersEugène François Vidocq (French pronunciation: [øʒɛn fʁɑ̃swa viˈdɔk) was a French criminal and criminalist whose life story inspired several writers, including Victor Hugo and Honoré de Balzac. A former crook who subsequently became the founder and first director of the crime-fighting Sûreté Nationale as well as the head of the first known private detective agency, he is today considered by historians to be the father of modern criminology and of the French police. He is also regarded as the first private detective.
Eugène-François Vidocq est un aventurier français, successivement délinquant, bagnard, indicateur puis policier et enfin détective privé.
Forçat évadé du bagne, il devient chef de l'officieuse « brigade de sûreté » de la préfecture de police de Paris, puis fonde une agence de détectives privés.
Eugène-François Vidocq est un aventurier français, successivement délinquant, bagnard, indicateur puis policier et enfin détective privé.
Forçat évadé du bagne, il devient chef de l'officieuse « brigade de sûreté » de la préfecture de police de Paris, puis fonde une agence de détectives privés.
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March 17, 2018
An abridged version of the original written in French in 1832, it is actually the first of four novels by the author. The others being Thieves: A Psysiology of their Customs and Habits; The True Mysteries of Paris; and The Rural Bandits of the North.
Seemingly forgotten the name of Vidocq carried great weight in post-revolutionary France and England. In a sense, he was the original police detective and inspired the entire genre of fiction. Hugo, who was aquainted with them man, took him as inspiration for both Jan Valjean and Inspector Javert in Les Misérables, the first character being on Vidocq the criminal, and the later when he switched teams. Balzac’s Valtean is openly based on the man, as is Gaboriau’s Lecoq. Charles Dickens consulted with him when writing Great Expectations. Edgar Allen Poe and Arthur Conan Doyle were both influenced by the memoirs when creating their famous detectives and the man is mentioned by name in Moby Dick.
Some notable real life lawmen took inspiration and copied techniques described by Vidocq in the Memoirs. Both Allan Pinkerton, founder of the famous (or infamous, depending on your political bent) Pinkerton Detective Agency, and J. Edgar Hoover of FBI fame, praised the work and read it religiously.
He refers to himself as the Master of Crime, I assume due to his ability to root out criminals, as his career as a felon seems to mostly consist of womanizing, petty thievery, drunken brawls, desertion of duty, and escapes from prison- rather than big scores. And while he did break out of a number of prisons, he kept getting caught.
The book doesn’t get interesting until halfway through when he begins his vocation as a professional snitch (or police spy, as he calls it). Already familiar with French criminal underworld and its argot, he launched into his he job with a hungry appetite. Soon he became too well known to operate effectively, so he began to master the art of disguise and affecting different accents. This lead him to eventually be inducted into the police as an inspector and then be given his own semi-autonomous squad. There he help to pioneer or champion various techniques to cut down on counterfeiting (a large problem at the time), crime scene investigations, and rudimentary ballistic testing.
His success brought on many enemies both inside the police and out. Jealousy of his achievements caused many on his side of the fence to view him as a threat. At least according to him. In his writing he doesn’t fail at every opportunity to demonstrate or comment on his own brilliance and acumen. So I have no doubt that this arrogance helped to garner him a vast number of professional detractors.
Several critics have attacked them, claiming that they were “spurious”, or at least exaggerated, that he had them ghost written, and so on. But I have to point out here that most of the cases he discusses as a police detective were well known at the time and the facts could easy be check up on, even if now they have wallowed into obscurity. And in a sense the accuracy of the memoirs is unimportant. Like those who argue about the historical existence of King Arthur, the stories themselves have shaped our culture much more than any truth could have. Look at the list above again and see what it inspired, then think on how much else was inspired by those works and you will see, exaggerated or not, the Memoirs of Vidocq are extremely culturally valuable.
Seemingly forgotten the name of Vidocq carried great weight in post-revolutionary France and England. In a sense, he was the original police detective and inspired the entire genre of fiction. Hugo, who was aquainted with them man, took him as inspiration for both Jan Valjean and Inspector Javert in Les Misérables, the first character being on Vidocq the criminal, and the later when he switched teams. Balzac’s Valtean is openly based on the man, as is Gaboriau’s Lecoq. Charles Dickens consulted with him when writing Great Expectations. Edgar Allen Poe and Arthur Conan Doyle were both influenced by the memoirs when creating their famous detectives and the man is mentioned by name in Moby Dick.
Some notable real life lawmen took inspiration and copied techniques described by Vidocq in the Memoirs. Both Allan Pinkerton, founder of the famous (or infamous, depending on your political bent) Pinkerton Detective Agency, and J. Edgar Hoover of FBI fame, praised the work and read it religiously.
He refers to himself as the Master of Crime, I assume due to his ability to root out criminals, as his career as a felon seems to mostly consist of womanizing, petty thievery, drunken brawls, desertion of duty, and escapes from prison- rather than big scores. And while he did break out of a number of prisons, he kept getting caught.
The book doesn’t get interesting until halfway through when he begins his vocation as a professional snitch (or police spy, as he calls it). Already familiar with French criminal underworld and its argot, he launched into his he job with a hungry appetite. Soon he became too well known to operate effectively, so he began to master the art of disguise and affecting different accents. This lead him to eventually be inducted into the police as an inspector and then be given his own semi-autonomous squad. There he help to pioneer or champion various techniques to cut down on counterfeiting (a large problem at the time), crime scene investigations, and rudimentary ballistic testing.
His success brought on many enemies both inside the police and out. Jealousy of his achievements caused many on his side of the fence to view him as a threat. At least according to him. In his writing he doesn’t fail at every opportunity to demonstrate or comment on his own brilliance and acumen. So I have no doubt that this arrogance helped to garner him a vast number of professional detractors.
Several critics have attacked them, claiming that they were “spurious”, or at least exaggerated, that he had them ghost written, and so on. But I have to point out here that most of the cases he discusses as a police detective were well known at the time and the facts could easy be check up on, even if now they have wallowed into obscurity. And in a sense the accuracy of the memoirs is unimportant. Like those who argue about the historical existence of King Arthur, the stories themselves have shaped our culture much more than any truth could have. Look at the list above again and see what it inspired, then think on how much else was inspired by those works and you will see, exaggerated or not, the Memoirs of Vidocq are extremely culturally valuable.
May 1, 2018
This is a strange sort of memoir. In part, I think, this is because Vidocq's life was a strange and fantastical thing, and whatever embellishment there might be in his own account of it, even the bare bones of his biography is difficult to believe. He was a soldier, a prisoner, a criminal, a businessman, a spy, a chief of police, a publisher and an author. He arrested thousands of criminals, and later employed a significant number of them.
Some housekeeping. Vidocq first published his Memoirs in four volumes, of which the item I read was a collection in translation. The translator of this version seems to be unknown. He finished writing them in January 1828, before handing them over to an editor-cum-ghostwriter of sorts, who Vidocq alleges mangled the first and second volumes, producing a difference in tone between those and the latter. Frankly, his account of the publication process is confusing and hard to believe, which sort of sets the tone.
Vidocq begins with his early life, in which he was a violent and unruly child, eventually fleeing home to join the circus, leaves to join a puppet show (where he sleeps with the puppeteer's wife), becomes a merchant's assistant, then joins the army, fights a bunch of soldiers in duels, helps a friend escape prison, becomes a corporal, gets court-martialled, escapes, rejoins as a cavalryman, goes to war, is found as a deserter, goes over to the Austrians (on the other side of the war), becomes a duelling instructor there, eventually deserts again (he deserts both sides of this war at least three times)... Tired yet? Yeah, that was just Chapter 1. Of 78.
The narrative does settle down a little, and in fact becomes somewhat repetitive. Vidocq eventually finds himself imprisoned, for reasons I cannot now really recall (I think he was there for desertion, and then got embroiled in someone else's attempt at forging a pardon), and this sets up the script for approximately the first half of the collected volume: Vidocq is imprisoned, becomes either feared or loved by his fellow-prisoners, guards, etc., effects an escape (by means as diverse as jumping out of a window, digging a tunnel, disguising himself -- a large, intimidating man -- as a woman), and then eludes the authorities across France for some time, finding himself some new and possibly criminal employment before bad fortune finally catches up with him and he is again apprehended. Vidocq has no qualms about spinning out these stories to great length. In one notable chapter, where we set out with Vidocq helping a drunk companion find his way to a brothel, the story does not end until months later, having covered police raids, pirates, sea voyages, shipwreck and mutiny.
The movement in the narrative comes slowly, but it is appreciated when it does arrive. Vidocq from quite early on professes a distaste for spending time with criminals, because it brutalises him -- it is in prison that he learns many of his more disreputable skills, and becomes entangled with characters who will pull him down in the outside world. He does not cease to escape prison, and accumulates something of a reputation for his abilities in that regard, but his exploits become slowly bent more toward him finding gainful employment of some kind -- under a false identity, usually. This comes to its head when, having met and married the woman he would call his wife at the time of publication, and running a warehouse business with some success, he finds himself entrapped by three ex-cons who extort him with the threat of reporting him to the police. He is eventually captured again, and this time he resolves on another way out: working for the police.
This begins roughly the third quarter of the collected volume: Vidocq the spy and policeman. He demonstrates his worth in prison by reporting on the particulars of crimes he extracts from fellows there -- a dangerous occupation he manages to carry off because of his own celebrity amongst criminals (and his general-purpose social engineering skills). He is then permitted to 'escape' and runs for a while in Paris amongst the criminals, helping police find the more notorious of such. This sort of 'setting a thief' was, it later becomes clear, the S.O.P for French authorities of the day. Vidocq protests rather strongly that he never did what most of said agents did, and entrap thieves by leading them to commit a particular crime and then catching them in the act of it. Make of that what you will.
Vidoqc is rather too effective, however, and quickly raises the ire of the thieves and policemen both, by catching the former more effectively than the latter. He becomes head of the Bureau de Suretie, a sort of public-safety police. This gives rise to the new script for a significant proportion of the Memoirs, which is Vidocq in disguise engineering himself into the good graces of some criminals, being invited along to commit crime with them, sending warning to the police, passing time with the criminals by drinking and talking about that 'damned Vidoqc', and then arresting them in the act while he was meant to be standing watch. These accounts lose the strict chronology of the earlier half of the book, so the sequence of events becomes somewhat confused.
The final quarter of the Memoirs goes decidedly off-script. Vidoqc promises us that he will provide a reveal of the entirety of the operations of the police, but quite conspicuously fails to do that -- a note in the appendices of this version suggests this might be down to interventions from his successor in office, who if so somehow failed to notice all of Vidocq's unflattering references to him personally. Instead, Vidocq regales us with a sort of typography of criminals, according to the names they use themselves to delineate their trade, and punctuates this with some stories of example criminals. One of these, the story of Adele, is notable for its social commentary -- Vidocq points out the extreme conditions that poverty can force people to, in an undoubtedly fictional but imaginative biography over several chapters.
The concluding note, however, is strangely limp. The actual autobiography petered out well before the end of the text, and if it were not for the editorial notes you would not even understand that Vidocq left his office in Paris. The criminal typography is interesting, but hardly a memoir, and seems almost spun out to fill an engagement with a bookseller. The mystery, frustratingly, seems unanswered.
For those looking to read of Vidocq's life, this is not necessarily a good source. To be true, a great deal of detail is preserved about his early exploits, but the verity of these accounts is open to question -- certainly the unnamed Translator catches him in a fabrication regarding one account of London, with which Vidocq was obviously unfamiliar -- and there is very little material about Vidocq's later life, which seems to have been when all his most notable accomplishments took place. The establishment of the French National Police, and the first detective agency, are all beyond these memoirs' timeframe. The memoirs are probably best read for entertainment value, where the exact truth is less important than the adventure, occasional wit, and rare glimpses of social commentary.
Some housekeeping. Vidocq first published his Memoirs in four volumes, of which the item I read was a collection in translation. The translator of this version seems to be unknown. He finished writing them in January 1828, before handing them over to an editor-cum-ghostwriter of sorts, who Vidocq alleges mangled the first and second volumes, producing a difference in tone between those and the latter. Frankly, his account of the publication process is confusing and hard to believe, which sort of sets the tone.
Vidocq begins with his early life, in which he was a violent and unruly child, eventually fleeing home to join the circus, leaves to join a puppet show (where he sleeps with the puppeteer's wife), becomes a merchant's assistant, then joins the army, fights a bunch of soldiers in duels, helps a friend escape prison, becomes a corporal, gets court-martialled, escapes, rejoins as a cavalryman, goes to war, is found as a deserter, goes over to the Austrians (on the other side of the war), becomes a duelling instructor there, eventually deserts again (he deserts both sides of this war at least three times)... Tired yet? Yeah, that was just Chapter 1. Of 78.
The narrative does settle down a little, and in fact becomes somewhat repetitive. Vidocq eventually finds himself imprisoned, for reasons I cannot now really recall (I think he was there for desertion, and then got embroiled in someone else's attempt at forging a pardon), and this sets up the script for approximately the first half of the collected volume: Vidocq is imprisoned, becomes either feared or loved by his fellow-prisoners, guards, etc., effects an escape (by means as diverse as jumping out of a window, digging a tunnel, disguising himself -- a large, intimidating man -- as a woman), and then eludes the authorities across France for some time, finding himself some new and possibly criminal employment before bad fortune finally catches up with him and he is again apprehended. Vidocq has no qualms about spinning out these stories to great length. In one notable chapter, where we set out with Vidocq helping a drunk companion find his way to a brothel, the story does not end until months later, having covered police raids, pirates, sea voyages, shipwreck and mutiny.
The movement in the narrative comes slowly, but it is appreciated when it does arrive. Vidocq from quite early on professes a distaste for spending time with criminals, because it brutalises him -- it is in prison that he learns many of his more disreputable skills, and becomes entangled with characters who will pull him down in the outside world. He does not cease to escape prison, and accumulates something of a reputation for his abilities in that regard, but his exploits become slowly bent more toward him finding gainful employment of some kind -- under a false identity, usually. This comes to its head when, having met and married the woman he would call his wife at the time of publication, and running a warehouse business with some success, he finds himself entrapped by three ex-cons who extort him with the threat of reporting him to the police. He is eventually captured again, and this time he resolves on another way out: working for the police.
This begins roughly the third quarter of the collected volume: Vidocq the spy and policeman. He demonstrates his worth in prison by reporting on the particulars of crimes he extracts from fellows there -- a dangerous occupation he manages to carry off because of his own celebrity amongst criminals (and his general-purpose social engineering skills). He is then permitted to 'escape' and runs for a while in Paris amongst the criminals, helping police find the more notorious of such. This sort of 'setting a thief' was, it later becomes clear, the S.O.P for French authorities of the day. Vidocq protests rather strongly that he never did what most of said agents did, and entrap thieves by leading them to commit a particular crime and then catching them in the act of it. Make of that what you will.
Vidoqc is rather too effective, however, and quickly raises the ire of the thieves and policemen both, by catching the former more effectively than the latter. He becomes head of the Bureau de Suretie, a sort of public-safety police. This gives rise to the new script for a significant proportion of the Memoirs, which is Vidocq in disguise engineering himself into the good graces of some criminals, being invited along to commit crime with them, sending warning to the police, passing time with the criminals by drinking and talking about that 'damned Vidoqc', and then arresting them in the act while he was meant to be standing watch. These accounts lose the strict chronology of the earlier half of the book, so the sequence of events becomes somewhat confused.
The final quarter of the Memoirs goes decidedly off-script. Vidoqc promises us that he will provide a reveal of the entirety of the operations of the police, but quite conspicuously fails to do that -- a note in the appendices of this version suggests this might be down to interventions from his successor in office, who if so somehow failed to notice all of Vidocq's unflattering references to him personally. Instead, Vidocq regales us with a sort of typography of criminals, according to the names they use themselves to delineate their trade, and punctuates this with some stories of example criminals. One of these, the story of Adele, is notable for its social commentary -- Vidocq points out the extreme conditions that poverty can force people to, in an undoubtedly fictional but imaginative biography over several chapters.
The concluding note, however, is strangely limp. The actual autobiography petered out well before the end of the text, and if it were not for the editorial notes you would not even understand that Vidocq left his office in Paris. The criminal typography is interesting, but hardly a memoir, and seems almost spun out to fill an engagement with a bookseller. The mystery, frustratingly, seems unanswered.
For those looking to read of Vidocq's life, this is not necessarily a good source. To be true, a great deal of detail is preserved about his early exploits, but the verity of these accounts is open to question -- certainly the unnamed Translator catches him in a fabrication regarding one account of London, with which Vidocq was obviously unfamiliar -- and there is very little material about Vidocq's later life, which seems to have been when all his most notable accomplishments took place. The establishment of the French National Police, and the first detective agency, are all beyond these memoirs' timeframe. The memoirs are probably best read for entertainment value, where the exact truth is less important than the adventure, occasional wit, and rare glimpses of social commentary.
April 8, 2021
Видок - персонаж одновременно и необычный, и типичный для своего времени. Человек, создавший тайную полицию "Сюрте", бывший преступник, смелый и хитрый, активный, на первый взгляд, беспринципный и жестокий. Каким он был на самом деле, по этим воспоминаниям мы вряд ли сможем понять. Видок (а точнее, записывающий его воспоминания литератор) хвастается своими юношескими приключениями, успехом у женщин, потом с удовлетворением говорит о том, как разоблачал своих вчерашних "коллег". Его самолюбование меня утомило и пришлось сделать перерыв в чтении, но книга, все-таки, достаточно интересная и я с удовольствием ее дочитала.
Как приз за упорство, в финале книги - полезное руководство о том, как не быть ограбленным и обманутым мошенниками, какие были специализации у парижских преступников. Это действительно очень любопытно и вполне компенсировало мне небольшое раздражение от хвастовства автора. Тем более, гордиться ему было чем: он заложил основы полицейской работы, внёс большой вклад в зарождение и становление криминологии, первым стал прибегать у услугам технической экспертизы, разработал систему оперативного учёта правонарушителей, которая стала основой современной системы.
Его жизнь - очевидный пример, что нельзя оперировать только категориями "белое-черное" или "хорошо-плохо", необходимо помнить о полутонах.
Как приз за упорство, в финале книги - полезное руководство о том, как не быть ограбленным и обманутым мошенниками, какие были специализации у парижских преступников. Это действительно очень любопытно и вполне компенсировало мне небольшое раздражение от хвастовства автора. Тем более, гордиться ему было чем: он заложил основы полицейской работы, внёс большой вклад в зарождение и становление криминологии, первым стал прибегать у услугам технической экспертизы, разработал систему оперативного учёта правонарушителей, которая стала основой современной системы.
Его жизнь - очевидный пример, что нельзя оперировать только категориями "белое-черное" или "хорошо-плохо", необходимо помнить о полутонах.
March 11, 2008
Very similar to Fantomas and Lupin, but all true! Master criminal who becomes super cop in the mid-1800's. Inspiration for the above two as well as to Poe among others. Sort of the essential true-crime book to own.
November 12, 2007
Compared to "You Can't Win". . . not nearly as engrossing. Where Jack Black recounts his exploits with a good dose of self effacement and folksy charm, Vidocq loves to toot his own horn. It just got kind of boring after a little while. I finished it anyway because I am O.C.D..
April 12, 2012
Like meeting one of those people who has a seemingly endless trove of amazing stories, at first you're enthralled, but after a while, you're kind of ready for the guy to shut up. That being said, this book is a great window into the criminal classes of France at the turn of the 19th century. And what's really fascinating is speculating on the motives for the way Vidocq presents himself. I'm not sure how much of the style is standard braggadaccio of the era, how much of it is an indictment of the standards of justice at the time, and how much of it is a desperate attempt to justify his evolution from fugitive to police spy.
Sometimes, he seems fully justified in the tricks he plays to arrest criminals, and you can sympathize with his desire to rid society of the kind of people who roped him into the fugitive life. Other times, his methods just seem like outrageous entrapment. His stories often involve disguising himself as a close friend of a certain criminal, tricking the criminal's family into believing that he is trying to help so and so escape justice, and then arresting the whole family. He occassionally seems regretful of tricks like these, but mostly dismissive.
And how much of it is true? When a public official says something along the lines of "Oh, all those people who are accusing me of setting up crimes so I can take kickbacks and get credit for arresting the criminals are just jealous of my success," your first question for that official is probably going to be, "Are you lying?"
I believe him, though. Mostly.
Sometimes, he seems fully justified in the tricks he plays to arrest criminals, and you can sympathize with his desire to rid society of the kind of people who roped him into the fugitive life. Other times, his methods just seem like outrageous entrapment. His stories often involve disguising himself as a close friend of a certain criminal, tricking the criminal's family into believing that he is trying to help so and so escape justice, and then arresting the whole family. He occassionally seems regretful of tricks like these, but mostly dismissive.
And how much of it is true? When a public official says something along the lines of "Oh, all those people who are accusing me of setting up crimes so I can take kickbacks and get credit for arresting the criminals are just jealous of my success," your first question for that official is probably going to be, "Are you lying?"
I believe him, though. Mostly.
August 6, 2012
Equal parts fascinating and long-in-the-tooth. Vidocq recounts his life of crime that transforms into his becoming one of the most celebrated and feared members of the Paris Police force in the early 1800s. No doubt that Vidocq can tell a tale, but the one problem with the book is that it reads more like a series of anecdotes and episodes, rather than a memoir with a conventional arc. Vidocq is a transformed man by the end, but you never really feel that transformation. It happens as a matter of course. The book just bulldozers on with one anecdote following the other. After awhile, none seem more important than the next. A hundred pages shorter and I would have loved it, but at its length, I was kind of waiting to be done with it. And I imagine I could have just stopped reading it and not missed a thing.
December 9, 2014
Die Memoiren von Eugène Francois Vidocq wurden 1820 herausgegeben. Die deutsche Fassung beruht auf einer Übersetzung aus dem Jahr 1920. Der weit überwiegende Teil des Buches folgt dem immer selben Muster: Verbrechen - Verhaftung - Ausbruch - Verbrechen... Das macht das Buch ziemlich langatmig. Interessanter wird es letztlich erst mit der Rückkehr Vidocqs in die Gesellschaft, zunächst als Polizeispitzel, dann als Chef der Sicherheitspolizei. Die bei Autobiographien fast zwangsläufig vorhandenen Übertreibungen lassen sich deutlich erkennen. Letzlich trägt der etwas altertümliche Sprachstil nicht zur Lesbarkeit des Buches bei.
September 4, 2008
This abridged memoir of the man who was the true founder of detective fiction starts as an interminable series of clever escapes, followed by dunderheaded blunders which lead our hero right back into stir, repeated over and over again. Only when Vidocq finds his vocation as a police agent, or rat fink, if you prefer, does the narrative gain any momentum. Curiously, it is only when he is throwing thousands(!) of them into jail that Vidocq expresses any sympathy for the thieves and brigands he is arresting.
Read
January 19, 2009This guy was a stage-actor,circus clown,disguise master,thief,con artist,lock pick master,lover,who became one of Paris' most celebrated and controversial police chiefs.He was the inspiration for Victor Hugo's Valjean and in his life he really did believe in rehabilitation of criminals and in economic opportunities for those like himself who were largely reactives to a crumbling and corrupt society.
May 12, 2011
The autobiography of Vidocq, one of France's most famous criminals and Inspectors, is an entertaining collection of criminal tales (mainly his own prison breaks and his entrapment and double crossing of other thieves) from the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Unfortunately, Vidocq is no Voltaire, and it's repetitiveness makes it a bit tough to get through.
October 15, 2010
Important and historic memoir from the master crook and detective. Vidocq was a pioneer in law enforcement. Although derivative at times due to the author's ego and questionable narrative, the book is a fascinating glimpse into the world of crime and Napoleonic-Second Empire France.
June 14, 2007
Could have been an interesting story but way to long, also I suspect this isn't the best translation.
Read
July 19, 2011According to the Haycraft-Queen list, the Grandfather of the detective story.
October 4, 2013
Useful insight into how criminology started. This guy makes Sherlock look like a part-timer.
October 31, 2015
Llegué a este libro por una amiga, y una vez lo tuve lo amé. Me atrevería a decir que con él nació el policial y otro tipo de detective.
Want to read
December 11, 2020Synopsis: criminals, secret agents, and clever disguises fill the pages of Vidocq’s fascinating memoirs.
January 16, 2015
A new favourite for me.
June 24, 2017
This guy was a sociopath. It's hard reading. As it says somewhere, he betrayed everybody he ever knew. But it's good background if you're interested in detectives or detective stories.
Displaying 1 - 20 of 20 reviews