The Maxims & Reflections of Francesco Guicciardini, His Ricordi, Provide Fascinating Insight On The History Of 16th Century Renaissance Thought.
Francesco Guicciardini was a prominent Renaissance-era diplomat & statesman who lived from 1483 - 1540, & was born into an economically powerful, patrician-class Florentine family with ties to the Medici clan. The Medici were the dominant power in Florence during that period in Italian history, at times alternating with brief republican forms of government before the advent of Grand Ducal Tuscany in 1569. Guicciardini received a formal education in law at the Universities of Ferrera & Padua, & after graduating, went on to serve as Florence's ambassador to the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon in 1511, followed by prestigious appointments as Papal governor of Modena in 1516, & then Reggio in 1517, under the Medici Pope Leo X. He also authored numerous political writings & treatises which were enriched by his successful career in politics, including the Discourse on Logorno, the Observations on Machiavelli's Discourses, also called the Considerations, & the unfinished History of Florence, which is also known as the Cose Fiorentine.
In the years which followed his retirement from politics Guicciardini took up the historian's craft, composing his monumental multi-volume chronicle of the Habsburg-Valois Wars, The History of Italy. Sydney Alexander's 1969 English translation is the most well-rounded & accessible to modern readers, & is accompanied by a breathtaking array of Renaissance maps & artwork as well as an assortment of fascinating expanded notes that provide interesting background & considerable depth to an already-impressive history. Nicholai Rubenstein's eloquent introduction to Maxims & Reflections describes Guicciardini as "..an Italian statesman & diplomatist who for many years had been in close touch with the inner counsels of Italian politics, & who more than once had taken a leading part in shaping them." He proceeds to discuss in poignant terms the effect that Francesco's decades of experience in the political sphere likely had upon his writing, namely, on The History of Italy : "But while the years spent in high office & in the midst of far-reaching political & military events had immeasurably widened & deepened Guicciardini's experience of public affairs, they had also brought him many disappointments; & the pessimistic overtones of his 'History of Italy' bear witness to the impact of Italy's misfortunes on the intellectual development of an Italian historian & patriot in an age of crisis."
This 1965 Mario Domandi translation of Francesco Guicciardini's Maxims & Reflections was first published by the University of Pennsylvania Press in 1972, & features a 25-page introduction by the historian Nicolai Rubenstein as well as a 5-page translator's preface at the beginning of the volume. The 431 maxims themselves are divided into 3 sections : Series C is the largest section, containing 221 maxims, or 'Ricordi', followed by Series B, which contains 181 'Ricordi', & lastly, Notebook 2 (the first notebook contained 13 maxims that are also featured in the second), which contains the final 29 Ricordi. There is also a Table of Correspondence that explains in a chart format the relationships between the Ricordi in the different subsections, as a good deal of them are either repeated or related to the same primary subject.
Later in his introduction, Rubenstein postulates on Guicciardini's possible methods used in composing the now-famous collection of maxims & reflections : "In the process some 'ricordi' might be ruthlessly omitted, new ones added, or several 'ricordi' fused into one. It is not always easy to determine whether, in a given case, changes are caused by this striving after concise & lucid formulation or by Guicciardini's having modified his views on the subject." The Ricordi themselves are a series of proverbs & adages that Guicciardini composed at different periods throughout his professional career in an effort to provide future generations with a template of sorts in order to live a fruitful, honorable, & profitable life. They are not believed to have been intended for general publication, & certain references found in the last collection, written in 1530, leads historians to posit that the Ricordi were meant for the Guicciardini family members & their descendants. Many of the axioms possess an underlying cynicism which render the finding of inspirational examples a challenge; however, there are rays of sunshine to be found in Guicciardini's bitter political commentaries if the reader searches hard enough.
Many of Francesco Guicciardini's Ricordi speak of noble republics & nefarious tyrants, & could be paired with the subject matter of Niccolò Machiavelli's treatise on autocratic rule, The Prince. In Rubenstein's introduction he briefly discusses the two men's fascinatingly complex relationship, & how Machiavelli's republican views were both similar to & different from Guicciardini's more oligarchist political philosophy, in the following passage : "The development of Guicciardini's views on Italy coincides largely with the time of his friendship with Machiavelli. The two men shared the same views on a number of subjects; yet this went hand in hand with fundamental disagreements. Their intellectual relationship was of the nature of a long debate between equals, rather than of one-sided or mutual influence; while Guicciardini accepted some of the ideas which Machiavelli had put forward in his political works, The Prince & The Discourses, he strongly rejected others."
A handful of the Ricordi explore strategies for acquiring wealth, conducting business affairs & propositions, & even managing large groups of people, albeit with a generous helping of Guicciardini's trademark pessimism that seems to manifest more in some than in others. Ricordo 56 in Series C appears in multiple iterations throughout the collection, & concerns the spending of available funds : "Wise economy consists not so much in avoiding spending - for that is often necessary - as in knowing how to spend well; that is, to spend a grosso, & get twenty-four quattrini's worth." Domandi's translation notes inform the reader that this maxim's basic meaning is that it is a wise man indeed who can generate double profit on his business expenditures.
In Ricordo 178 Series C, Guicciardini stresses the importance in matters of business to choose trades with a minimum of established competition to minimize the chance of failure : "Industries & trades are at their best before many people recognize how profitable they are. As soon as that happens, they decline, for strong competition makes them less profitable. Thus, in all matters, it is wise to get up very early." Although Guicciardini was a statesman, he was from a very well-connected family & was likely acquainted with successful entrepreneurs & other high-profile men of affairs, giving him a unique perspective which made him in all likelihood a valuable source of counsel for business-minded men & women from all strata of society.
In Ricordo 59 Series B, Francesco imparts to his readers some valuable wisdom that the grass is perhaps not as green on his side of the street as they might believe it to be : "Like other men, I have pursued honor & profit. And hitherto, thanks be to God & my good fortune, I have attained them beyond my hopes. But I never found in any of those things the satisfaction I had imagined. A good reason, if it is well considered, for men to still much of their thirst." Guicciardini's family was very wealthy & he enjoyed a successful career in Florentine politics as part of the Medici's inner circle, but, as this maxim demonstrates, there were definitely aspects of his life he would have liked to have seen improved.
Francesco even composed one of the Ricordi which discusses the difficulty of writing the proverbs themselves! Ricordo 100 in Series B laments Guicciardini's brainstorming difficulties, & provides his readers with advice on how to achieve balance by pursuing a path of self-maintenance : "It is hard enough to think up these ricordi, it is even harder to put them into practice. For very often men will not act on their knowledge. And so, if you want to make use of them, work on yourself. Develop good habits, by means of which you will be able not only to use the ricordi but also to do what reason commands without difficulty." While the Ricordi should probably be viewed from a historical standpoint & not a philosophical one, there are a few relating to basic human kindness that are admirable for the positive message they communicate, such as the one which follows.
In Ricordo 11 Series C Guicciardini advises his readers who walk the path of being kind to others not to become discouraged should they run into roadblocks, & this makes it among the more inspiring maxims in the entire set : "Do not let the ingratitude of many men deter you from doing good to others. To do good without ulterior motive is a generous & almost divine thing in itself. Moreover, while doing good, you may come across someone so grateful that he makes up for all the ingratitude of others." According to WikiPedia, Guicciardini was the 3rd child in a large family of 11 & received an excellent humanist education, with his godfather being the famous Florentine scholar Marsilio Ficino, & after attending law school at the Universities of Ferrara & Padua, Francesco was appointed at the age of 23 by the Florentine Signoria to teach legal studies at the city's famous Law Studio.
Overall, the Maxims & Reflections of Francesco Guicciardini are a fantastic way to gain perspective on the way people who lived during the 16th century thought about their values, their culture, & their government, & Nicolai Rubenstein's world-class introduction does an exceptional job of providing background information on the author's diplomatic & political career, his other writings, & even his nuanced relationship with his professional contemporary, Niccolò Machiavelli. This is an outstanding collection, & is highly recommended. For the reader who is seeking quality editions of Francesco Guicciardini's other, more substantial written works, in addition to the Princeton Press issue of Sydney Alexander's translation of The History of Italy, James B. Atkinson & David Sices' The Sweetness of Power duology contains exceptional translations of Niccolò Machiavelli's Discourses on Titus Livius as well as Guicciardini's Considerations.