Reasonable defense of presuppositionalism. I am intrigued by the arguments about circularity and the need for the Bible to be the criterion of truth for the Christian. Some weak positive arguments for the truth of Christianity.
Summary:
Chapter 1, Apologetics: The Basics
- Apologetics is the discipline that teaches Christians how to give a reason for their hope.
- Three aspects of apologetics: proof, offense, and defense.
- Presuppositions: The apologist must presuppose the word of God, since it is his ultimate commitment by virtue of his Christian faith. This presupposition determines our interpretation of the evidence we experience in life. It is futile and unbiblical to find a neutral criteria by which we measure the truth of different worldview. We ought to presuppose the criteria offered by Scripture, even as we communicate the gospel with unbelievers. The Word of God is our ultimate standard and basic criteria for truth. There is no neutrality.
- Circular Argument: God’s rationality is the rational basis for human faith, which is the rational basis for human reasoning. Human reasoning is not autonomous, but is dependent on God’s reasoning as revealed in Scripture. Evidence is appropriate in apologetics if it is applied to the criteria offered by Scripture. We use scriptural standards to prove scriptural conclusions. This is circular, but in a broad sense. All worldviews are circular in this same sense. When arguing for a worldview, one must use the criteria offered by that worldview or else face the reality of being inconsistent. To use the criteria from another worldview to verify one’s proclaimed worldview is inconsistent. Does this end conversation between worldviews? No, for several reasons: 1) The unbeliever already knows the truth (Rom. 1:21). 2) Our witness is not alone. The Holy Spirit witnesses alongside us. 3) We do this in other circumstances (when helping someone who is paranoid, for example). 4) There is a huge variety of possible topics for apologetics. When proof isn’t working, do offense. 5) Not all circularity is the same.
- God’s Responsibility and Ours: Apologetics and preaching are different perspectives on the same act.
- Sola Scriptura: It is consistent with sola scripture to use extra-biblical data. Theology is the application of scripture to reality. This requires the use of extra-biblical data. Still, this data is measured against the standard of scripture.
- Sola Scriptura and Natural Revelation: Natural revelation is legitimate, but scripture has priority. This is because scripture helps us correctly interpret natural revelation. The two books of nature and Scripture do not carry equal weight in every respect, since scripture is meant to correct our view of natural revelation. There are times when nature needs to adapt our interpretation of scripture, but even here, scripture must give its consent somehow.
- Values: Apologetics helps both the believer and the unbeliever. For the believer, it helps their faith and displays the rationality of scripture. For the unbeliever, it confronts his suppression of the knowledge of God.
- Dangers: Holiness is necessary for the apologist.
Chapter 2, The Message of the Apologist:
- The apologist presents the whole bible, but in two different perspectives. Christianity as a philosophy, and Christianity as gospel.
- Philosophy: Christianity as a philosophy is simply the biblical worldview.
- Christian Metaphysics: God is the absolute personality. What is more ultimate, personality or impersonality? God alone is the creator, all else is creation. He is immanent and transcendent. God is sovereign. God is trinity.
- Epistemology: If God is sovereign, human thought ought not be autonomous.
- Ethics: Moral reasoning is not autonomous.
- Good News: Christianity is unique in its gracious gospel offer.
Chapter 3, Apologetics as Proof: Some Methodological Considerations:
- Faith, Scripture, and Evidence: Faith is trust that rests on evidence. Biblical faith honors God’s Word as sufficient evidence.
- The Concept of Proof: It is fatal to settle for probability. How important is persuasiveness in apologetics? A pragmatic response.
- The Need for Proof: There should be objective evidence to support faith, but there is no need for this evidence to be articulated in a syllogism. Objective evidence vs. subjective evidence. The folly of unbelief. Openness to creation.
- Point of Contact: The point of contact is the suppressed knowledge of God.
Chapter 4, Apologetics as Proof: Transcendental Argument:
- Background: History of transcendental thinking. What are the necessary conditions of human knowledge?
- TAG in Outline: God is the necessary condition of human knowledge. God must exist if there is to be any meaning to the world. Frame explains this in terms of logic, ethics, and science.
- Questions: Can TAG function without subsidiary arguments? Do traditional arguments conclude with something less than the biblical God?
- TAG and the Trinity
- Negative and Positive Arguments: Van Til stresses negative arguments (reduction ad absurdum). Frame says that we will eventually need positive arguments.
- Absolute Certainty and Probability: God’s evidence is certain. There is no excuse for disbelief. However, an argument is not an infallible carrier of that certainty. Therefore, arguments can be described as probably, even though God’s evidence is so obvious it can be the grounds of certainty.
Chapter 5, Apologetics as Proof: Theistic Arguments:
- Atheism and Agnosticism: Agnostics don’t often live out their agnosticism consistently.
- The Moral Argument: We think and act as if moral values are objective. Truth has an ethical obligation aspect to it. Ethical values are hierarchically structured. Ethical obligations are either from personal or impersonal sources. If impersonal, there is no sense of obligation. But we experience obligation, so it must be from a personal source. If one tries to deny this positive argument, they must face the negative consequences of lacking objective moral values.
- The Epistemological Argument: The biblical God explains human rationality.
- Metaphysical Arguments: Teleology - If God made the world, we would expect analogy and dis analogy between the world and products o human design; teleology is reduced to epistemological argument, which is reduced to moral argument. Cosmological: Causes and reasons are roughly the same thing; to deny causes is to embrace irrationalism. Ontological: God has all perfections; existence is a perfections; therefore, God exists.
Chapter 6, Apologetics as Proof: Proving the Gospel:
- We do not accept the Bible on blind faith. The Bible presents its own rationale to evidence its claims.
- Scripture’s Doctrine of Scripture: God rules his people by a written constitution. If one wants to be committed to the Christian tradition, they must accept the Bible as the Word of God. “Faithfulness to that tradition renounces autonomy.”
- But What about Biblical Criticism: “On the conventional wisdom, the biblical doctrine of Scripture is implausible; but if you presuppose a Christian worldview, no other doctrine of revelation is conceivable.”
- Argument from Prophecy: Spirit-created faith is not blind. This is not to say that Jesus fulfills many specific predictions, but that Jesus is the center of the entire biblical narrative.
- The New Testament Witness to Christ: The impression Christ left on his followers is evident in the New Testament. This impression has to be accounted for.
- Miracle and Resurrection: “One cannot deny [the resurrection], save by a radical skepticism that calls all knowledge into question.”
- We are persuaded of the certainty of the Bible by the witness of the Holy Spirit as he reinforces the credibility inherent in the text itself.
Chapter 7, Apologetics as Defense: The Problem of Evil, Part 1 - Questions, General Principles, and Blind Alleys:
- Is There a Problem of Evil? Is There an Answer?: Difference between defense and theodicy. Difference between moral and natural evil. Natural evil is due to the curse of Gen. 3. Review of Jay Adams and The Grand Demonstration.
- Focus on the Bible: Revisions of biblical teaching lose more than they gain.
- What the Bible Does Not Say: Unreality of Evil Defense. Best Possible World Defense. Free Will Defense. Character Building Defense. Stable Environment Defense. Divine Weakness Defense. Indirect Cause Defense. Ex Lex Defense. Ad Hominem Defense.
Chapter 8, Apologetics as Defense: The Problem of Evil, Part 2 - A Biblical Response:
- Three perspectives on the biblical defense. 1. Normative Defense (God sets the standards). 2. Situational Defense (Greater good). Existential Defense (A new heart).
- God is the Standard for His Actions. God is not subject to our judgements, but sets the norms for all judgements in his Word.
- Scripture Gives Us a New Historical Perspective. The cross transforms our view of the past. It shows God’s faithfulness to resolve suffering.
Chapter 9, Apologetics as Offense: Critique of Unbelief:
- The Unbeliever’s Twin Strategies. Rationalism and irrationalism, or atheism and idolatry.
- Rationalism and Irrationalism. Attempt to trust human reasoning over divine reasoning (rationalism) while also failing to account for ultimate presuppositions (irrationalism).
- Atheism. Theoretical and practical atheism. Loss of objective values.
- Idolatry. “Giving one’s ultimate allegiance to some being other than the God of Scripture.”