Not enough is known about Chandler’s life; not a single letter survives from the first thirty years of it. He has always been barren territory for biographers. But Chandler’s route into hardboiled fiction – of which he is the Shakespeare – is reasonably well chronicled, and fascinating.
For reasons known only to himself, Chandler – who had been a high-earning oil-company executive before losing his job in the Depression – decided, at close on forty-five years of age, to give up drink (he was acutely alcoholic) and become a professional writer. He cocooned himself in cheap lodgings with his wife Cissy – a woman old enough to be his mother – he married her not long after his mother’s death, who seems, nobly, to have gone along with their sudden change in circumstances. For several years Chandler imposed a gruelling writer’s apprenticeship on himself. He chose crime writing, he said, because it was ‘honest’. Poverty, too, was ‘purifying’. Chandler had set his sights on Black Mask – the magazine which had launched Dashiell Hammett. It pioneered in its pages ‘hardboiled’ detective fiction: a classier product than was purveyed in the pulps, and a tougher one than was produced by British ‘tea-cosy’ crime writers. Chandler realised there was space in this new crime-fiction genre to establish a whole other style. Over the latter years of the 1930s he created a niche for himself as a regular contributor to Black Mask, cultivating a specialism in the Los Angeles-based ‘private eye’ story. What Chandler perfected was ‘voice’. His favoured narrative mode is autobiographical – the tone is laconic, wisecracking, seen-it-all, world-weary. Above all, he aimed at what he called ‘cadence’ – a quality which American crime writing sadly lacked.
The great novels are all well known. Less visited are his early trial runs perfecting the ‘voice’ – tuning it as a musician tunes his instrument before an important performance. Notable among these exercises is the long short story ‘Red Wind’, which centres on private investigator John Dalmas (who would eventually mutate into Philip Marlowe). It’s the first Chandler I ever read (as a schoolboy), in its Penguin green livery. On the strength of it I went out and splurged 16/- on the Hamish Hamilton Marlowe quartet. It’s looking down on me, battered by time and re-readings, at this moment.
‘Red Wind’ opens with a paragraph of pure Chandlerian ‘cadence’:
There was a desert wind blowing that night. It was one of those hot dry Santa Anas that come down through the mountain passes and curl your hair and make your nerves jump and your skin itch. On nights like that every booze party ends in a fight. Meek little wives feel the edge of the carving knife and study their husbands’ necks. Anything can happen. You can even get a full glass of beer at a cocktail lounge.
This overture leads into a Nighthawks-esque scene in an LA bar (a favourite opening in Chandler narratives). Dalmas, who has an apartment nearby, has drifted in for a nightcap. The bar is empty, apart from a drunk who is sitting sodden in the corner, a pile of dimes in front of him (a ‘shot’ only cost a quarter, twenty-five cents, in those days). It emerges that the drunk is no drunk but a contract killer, waiting patiently for his prey. That prey is the customer who has just walked through the door. He gets two expertly directed .22 rounds to the chest and falls to the floor. ‘He might have been poured concrete for all the fuss he made,’ Dalmas comments, laconically. As is usual with Chandler, the plot thereafter goes haywire. Famously, he himself never understood what was happening in his narratives. ‘Who knows?’ was his customary riddling response when asked about some peculiarly baffling twist. Dalmas, as the formula requires, cracks the case (and a few heads in the process). But no one reads Chandler for the story – it’s the voice, stupid.