The Inner Game of Tennis: The Ultimate Guide to the Mental Side of Peak Performance

Inner Game

by W. Timothy Gallwey

How to improve your game and discover your true potential by increasing your concentration, willpower and confidence.

The Inner Game of tennis is that which takes place in our mind, played against such elusive opponents as nervousness, self-doubt and lapses of concentration. It is a game played by our mind against its own bad habits. Replacing one pattern of behaviour with a new, more positive one is the purpose of the "Inner Game".

Peak performance at tennis, like any sport, only comes when our mind is so focused that it is still and at one with what our body is doing. The key to the "Inner Game" and better tennis is achieving this state of relaxed concentration so that we are playing "out of our mind" and therefore no worrying about how, when or where to hit the ball.

In The Inner Game of Tennis, Tim Gallwey, a professional player and instructor who has produced dramatic results among the amateurs and pros he has trained, explores how to overcome mental obstacles, improve concentration and reduce anxiety for better performance at every level. There is no physical reason why any of us should not more consistently serve aces or hit perfect returns. The Inner Games approach makes all the difference.

Genres: Nonfiction, Psychology, Sports, Self Help, Personal Development, Philosophy, Business

161 pages, Kindle Edition

First published January 1, 1974

About the author

W. Timothy Gallwey is an author who has written a series of books in which he has set forth a methodology for coaching and for the development of personal and professional excellence in a variety of fields that he calls "the Inner Game". Since he began writing in the 1970s, his books include The Inner Game of Tennis, The Inner Game of Golf, The Inner Game of Music (with Barry Green), Inner Skiing and The Inner Game of Work. Gallwey's seminal work is The Inner Game of Tennis, with more than one million copies in print.

Reviews

[Jake Taylor · Rating 5 out of 5]

This was one of those books that I will never regret reading. The Inner Game of Tennis is well written, engaging, and probably the most practical and applicable book to my own life that I have ever read. I don't even play tennis and this book has helped my mental and physical approach to and performance in sports, namely basketball. I have always hindered my own performance by doing all the wrong things: trying too hard, criticizing myself, always trying to correct things but never actually performing any better. After reading this enlightening and empowering book, I have definitively changed my state of mind.

Gallwey's theory of the two selves and how to master them has taught me both why I judged myself so heavily, and also how to replace this self-destructing behavior with the natural process of learning used by self 2. Gallwey also teaches how to break bad habits. I am looking forward to trying this out on my bad habit of chewing my nails! Not the same as a weak forehand, but it's worth a shot.

Tim Gallwey's non-judgmental view of sport errors and mistakes in general is refreshing, especially to me, a scrutinizing perfectionist. My mom recommended this book to me, and boy has it helped me out! I would recommend this book to anyone and everyone, especially fellow athletes. Even if you don't play tennis or even sports in general, this book and its principles of letting go of mistakes and moving forward with knowledge and experience but not self-judgment are wonderfully helpful in this grand game we call life. I hope you read this book too, because it's a game-changer.

[Urban Sedlar · Rating 4 out of 5]

By reading the title you'd think it's about tennis, but it only touches it. It talks more about the inner game of *everything*. First, it breaks down the Self into Self 1, which is basically your thinking brain (always analyzing and judging), and Self 2, which is your "feeling and doing" brain. The book gives ample evidence (that's also quite easy to relate to) that Self 2 can master almost everything in a short amount of time, while being "in the flow", if only Self 1 doesn't interfere. Thus, the inner game mostly deals with quieting your thinking brain; there seems to be a bunch of strategies, the simplest one simply being "focusing your attention on something, so your thinking brain is occupied and can't interfere".
Author also gives an interesting perspective on winning, derived from surfers. Surfers want to ride the biggest wave not to beat it, but to prove to themselves they've done their absolute best. Same should be true of any game, and instead of hoping your opponent will make a mistake, you should be hoping they won't, so you'll be faced with the greatest challenge that will allow you to grow the most. If only this book were as easy to apply as it was to read :)

[Mehrsa · Rating 4 out of 5]

I don't play tennis or really any sport at all, but I picked up this book because it was recommended for everyone. I think I agree that this book is for everyone. There's probably 1/2 of the book that is specifically tennis-focused, but the rest is mindfulness and allowing your body and mind to learn without judgement or commentary. To shut the internal voice and just focus on the task at hand.

[Thomas · Rating 4 out of 5]

A wholesome read about tennis! Great book about the mental game in tennis and draws a lot from Eastern spiritual ideas around non-attachment and mindfulness (though the author doesn’t really credit Eastern spirituality). For my fellow psychology folks, the advice and perspective shifts in this book reminded me a lot of cognitive defusion in ACT, focusing more on the process instead of the outcome in ACT, as well as the mindfulness module/techniques in DBT. Overall wonderful ideas about how to treat yourself with gentle and compassionate self-awareness during tennis and how to recognize self-destructive negative thought patterns. Even though my mental game in tennis is already decently strong – a benefit of being in the mental health field, I suppose – this book was a nice refresher. It also provided just a few more concrete strategies for playing tennis in terms of gameplay and mechanics.

I’ve been a solid 3.5 since high school and now that I recently turned 30 I may strive toward upping my level closer to 4.0… I generally get past the first or second round in more competitive tournaments but haven’t won one or got runner-up, and I’ve rarely advanced super close to the final. So if anyone who plays has tips, feel free to let me know! I’m in the process of trying to find a coach though it’s harder to find a solid fit than I thought, maybe because I’m still pretty recreational. Anyway, who knows, maybe I won’t try to up my level and just enjoy my solid 3.5-ness lol. Anyway, I’m putting Winning Ugly on hold at the library next, and feel free to let me know if you have any other tennis-related book recommendations!

[Jeremy · Rating 5 out of 5]

Quotes:

Images are better than words, showing better than telling, too much instruction worse than none, and… trying often produces negative results.

The “hot streak” usually continues until he starts thinking about it and tries to maintain it; as soon as he attempts to exercise control, he loses it.

The first skill to learn is the art of letting go the human inclination to judge ourselves and our performance as either good or bad.

Judgmental labels usually lead to emotional reactions and then to tightness, trying too hard, self-condemnation, etc. This process can be slowed by using descriptive but nonjudgmental words to describe the events you see.

Slumps are part of the process. They are not “bad” events, but they seem to endure endlessly as long as we call them bad and identify with them.

The first step is to see your strokes as they are. They must be perceived clearly. This can be done only when personal judgment is absent.

Ending judgment means you neither add nor subtract from the facts before your eyes. Things appear as they are—undistorted. In this way, the mind becomes more calm.

Acknowledgment of one’s own or another’s strengths, efforts, accomplishments, etc., can facilitate natural learning, whereas judgments interfere.

Often when we are rallying we trust our bodies and let it happen because the ego-mind tells itself that it doesn’t really count.

To Self 2, a picture is worth a thousand words. It learns by watching the actions of others, as well as by performing actions itself.

Getting the clearest possible image of your desired outcomes is a most useful method for communicating with Self 2, especially when playing a match.

Having provided yourself with an image and a feeling, you are ready to hit some balls. Now focus your eyes and mind on the seams of the ball and let it happen. Then observe what happened. Once again, don’t analyze; simply see how close Self 2 came to doing what you wanted it to.

Letting go of judgments, the art of creating images and “letting it happen” are three of the basic skills involved in the Inner Game.

Step 1: Nonjudgmental Observation
Step 2: Picture the Desired Outcome
Step 3: Trust Self 2
Step 4: Nonjudgmental Observation of Change and Results

To still the mind one must learn to put it somewhere. It cannot just be let go; it must be focused.

To the extent that the mind is preoccupied with the seams, it tends not to interfere with the natural movements of the body.

Say the word bounce out loud the instant you see the ball hit the court and the word hit the instant the ball makes contact with the racket—either racket.

Focus is not achieved by staring hard at something. It is not trying to force focus, nor does it mean thinking hard about something. Natural focus occurs when the mind is interested. When this occurs, the mind is drawn irresistibly toward the object (or subject) of interest. It is effortless and relaxed, not tense and overly controlled. When watching the tennis ball, allow yourself to fall into focus. If your eyes are squinting or straining, you are trying too hard. If you find yourself chastising yourself for losing focus, then you may be overcontrolling. Let the ball attract your mind, and both it and your muscles will stay appropriately relaxed.

Some players find the sound of the ball more mind-absorbing than watching the seams because it is something they’ve never done before.

Remember: it is almost impossible to feel or see anything well if you are thinking about how you should be moving. Forget should’s and experience is.

So after a point has ended and I’m returning to position or going to pick up a ball, I place my mind on my breathing.

Most of our suffering takes place when we allow our minds to imagine the future or mull over the past. Nonetheless, few people are ever satisfied with what is before them at the moment.

What I really wanted, I realized, was to overcome the nervousness that was preventing me from playing my best and enjoying myself. I wanted to overcome the inner obstacle that had plagued me for so much of my life. I wanted to win the inner game.

Winning is overcoming obstacles to reach a goal, but the value in winning is only as great as the value of the goal reached. Reaching the goal itself may not be as valuable as the experience that can come in making a supreme effort to overcome the obstacles involved. The process can be more rewarding than the victory itself.

In tennis who is it that provides a person with the obstacles he needs in order to experience his highest limits? His opponent, of course! Then is your opponent a friend or an enemy?

It isn't the other person we are defeating; it is simply a matter of overcoming the obstacles he presents. In true competition no person is defeated. Both players benefit by their efforts to overcome the obstacles presented by the other.

One can control the effort he puts into winning. One can always do the best he can at any given moment. Since it is impossible to feel anxiety about an event that one can control, the mere awareness that you are using maximum effort to win each point will carry you past the problem of anxiety.

For the player of the Inner Game, it is the moment-by-moment effort to let go and to stay centered in the here-and-now action which offers the real winning and losing, and this game never ends.

As tennis players we tend to think too much before and during our shots; we try too hard to control our movements; and we are too concerned about the results of our actions and how they might reflect on our self-image. In short, we worry too much and don’t concentrate very well.

The longer I live, the greater my appreciation of the gift that life itself is. This gift is much greater than I could have imagined, and therefore time spent living it in a state of stress means I am missing a lot — on or off the court.

Freedom from stress does not necessarily involve giving up anything, but rather being able to let go of anything, when necessary, and know that one will still be all right. It comes from being more independent—not necessarily more solitary, but more reliant on one’s own inner resources for stability.

[Anthony Mazzorana · Rating 4 out of 5]

It’s Buddhism, secularized and westernized and applied to sports. Bloody brilliant if you ask me.

[Yevgeniy Brikman · Rating 5 out of 5]

A fantastic read that's far less about tennis and far more about how to learn any skill or ability. It is remarkably well written; concise and straight to the point, without the filler material you find in most business books; and a useful read for just about everyone.

Here are some of the key insights I got:

Self1 and Self2

- When you're learning something, you typically have an inner voice: you might be telling yourself things like, "keep your eyes on the ball" or "you fool, how did you mess that up again?" Here's an important question: who is talking to whom? You might say, "I'm talking to myself." Well, in that case, you could look at it as a conversation between two people: in this book, the "I" telling you what to do is "self1" and the "myself" receiving instructions is "self2."

- Self1 is your talkative, conscious side; self2 is your more quiet, unconscious, automated side. The thesis of this book is that self2 is remarkably good at learning—so long as you can trust it and let it do its thing by stopping interference from self1. If you can quiet self1, then self2 will, almost magically, do the rest.

- Side note: there's a lot of overlap here with the "system 1" and "system 2" proposed by Daniel Kahneman (as summarized in Thinking, Fast and Slow), but The Inner Game of Tennis was written several decades earlier!

Stop judging, start observing

- One of the keys to quieting self1 is to get it to stop making judgments, such as "you fool, how did you mess that up again?" Note that not making judgments is not the same as ignoring the truth or deluding yourself. You absolutely want to see the truth, but the goal is to see events as they are without adding anything to them. "I hit 50% of my first serves into the net" is an observation. Saying "I hit 50% of my first serves into the net so I'm bad at tennis" is a judgment. Observing is essential; adding labels like "bad" to your observations isn't.

- Learning is a process of constant growth and change, and there's no good or bad about it. Not only do labels and judgments like "good" and "bad" not help, they actively interfere with self2's natural ability to learn, so learning how to observe without judging is essential.

- Side note: being able to observe and state facts without judgment or labels was also one of the key ingredients to successful communication in Nonviolent Communication.

- Side note: make sure to check out the rose analogy in the quotes section below. It's remarkably well written and does a far better job of explaining this concept.

- Note that not being judgmental is also NOT about "positive thinking." Positive labels (e.g., "good") interfere with self2 just as much as negative labels. That's because you can't hear a compliment (positive label) without being aware of it's opposite, so you get one compliment, start hoping for another, and if you don't get it, you assume the opposite is true, and you're back to the negative labels. So it's not about replacing bad judgments with good judgments, but about removing judgments altogether and solely observing.

Stop giving instructions, start visualizing

- Another key to quieting self1 is to get it to stop giving instructions to self2. It's very common for self1 to be constantly telling self2 how how to do something: e.g., "keep your wrist straight and follow through." However, these instructions are in language, which self2 doesn't really speak; and besides, much gets lost in translation from actions to words.

- It's more effective to visualize the result you want, and self2 will figure out the how all by itself.

- Therefore, the key to learning is to (a) visualize what you want, without giving instructions and (b) observing what you're actually doing, without judgments. Repeat this again and again, and self2 will figure things out remarkably quickly.

Habits and focus

- Stopping old habits is very hard. Starting new ones is easier.

- Most of us have a habit where self1 judges and gives instructions all the time. Instead of merely trying to stop this habit, you should try to replace it.

- One of the best ways to replace self1's habits is through focus. For example, focus your attention on the seams of the ball as it spins. Focus on the sound the ball is making. Focus on how the racket feels in your hand. Focus on your breath (a big technique in yoga and meditation!). It's not about controlling your breathing; it's about taking self1 and giving it something to focus on—giving it a new habit—so it doesn't spend all its time judging or instructing.

The role of competition

- The value of winning is directly proportional to the difficulty of everything you had to overcome to win. The harder the goal, the more obstacles you have to overcome, the more skill you have to use, the more satisfying the victory.

- The point of competing is to give each competitor the biggest obstacles. It's not about ego or showing off. It's about the fact that the better the competition, the more it draws the best out of you.

- Side note: see the (long) quote I copied about this in the quotes section, as it's quite brilliantly written and explained.

Quotes

I saved some of my favorite quotes from the book. It's very, very well written, so it was a challenge not to copy down half the book :)

“Perhaps this is why it is said that great poetry is born in silence. Great music and art are said to arise from the quiet depths of the unconscious, and true expressions of love are said to come from a source which lies beneath words and thoughts. So it is with the greatest efforts in sports; they come when the mind is as still as a glass lake.”

“When we plant a rose seed in the earth, we notice that it is small, but we do not criticize it as "rootless and stemless”. We treat it as a seed, giving it the water and nourishment required of a seed. When it first shoots up out of the earth, we don't condemn it as immature and underdeveloped; nor do we criticize the buds for not being open when they appear. We stand in wonder at the process taking place and give the plant the care it needs at each stage of its development. The rose is a rose from the time it is a seed to the time it dies. Within it, at all times, it contains its whole potential. It seems to be constantly in the process of change; yet at each state, at each moment, it is perfectly all right as it is.”

“The surfer waits for the big wave because he values the challenge it presents. He values the obstacles the wave puts between him and his goal of riding the wave to the beach. Why? Because it is those very obstacles, the size and churning power of the wave, which draw from the surfer his greatest effort. It is only against the big waves that he is required to use all his skill, all his courage and concentration to overcome; only then can he realize the true limits of his capacities. At that point he often slips into a superconscious state and attains his peak. In other words, the more challenging the obstacle he faces, the greater the opportunity for the surfer to discover and extend his true potential. The potential may have always been within him, but until it is manifested in action, it remains a secret hidden from himself. The obstacles are a very necessary ingredient to this process of self-discovery. Note that the surfer in this example is not out to prove himself; he is not out to show himself or the world how great he is, but is simply involved in the exploration of his latent capacities. He directly and intimately experiences his own resources and thereby increases his self-knowledge.

From this example the basic meaning of winning became clear to me. Winning is overcoming obstacles to reach a goal, but the value in winning is only as great as the value of the goal reached. Reaching the goal itself may not be as valuable as the experience that can come in making a supreme effort to overcome the obstacles involved. The process can be more rewarding than the victory itself. Once one recognizes the value of having difficult obstacles to overcome, it is a simple matter to see the true benefit that can be gained from competitive sports. In tennis who is it that provides a person with the obstacles he needs in order to experience his highest limits? His opponent, of course! Then is your opponent a friend or an enemy? He is a friend to the extent that he does his best to make things difficult for you. Only by playing the role of your enemy does he become your true friend. Only by competing with you does he in fact cooperate! No one wants to stand around on the court waiting for the big wave. In this use of competition it is the duty of your opponent to create the greatest possible difficulties for you, just as it is yours to try to create obstacles for him. Only by doing this do you give each other the opportunity to find out to what heights each can rise.

So we arrive at the startling conclusion that true competition is identical with true cooperation. Each player tries his hardest to defeat the other, but in this use of competition it isn't the other person we are defeating; it is simply a matter of overcoming the obstacles he presents. In true competition no person is defeated. Both players benefit by their efforts to overcome the obstacles presented by the other. Like two bulls butting their heads against one another, both grow stronger and each participates in the development of the other.

This attitude can make a lot of changes in the way you approach a tennis match. In the first place, instead of hoping your opponent is going to double-fault, you actually wish that he'll get his first serve in. This desire for the ball to land inside the line helps you to achieve a better mental state for returning it. You tend to react faster and move better, and by doing so, you make it more challenging for your opponent. You tend to build confidence in your opponent as well as in yourself and this greatly aids your sense of anticipation. Then at the end you shake hands with your opponent, and regardless of who won you thank him for the fight he put up, and you mean it.”

“Thus, there are two games involved in tennis: one the outer game played against the obstacles presented by an external opponent and played for one or more external prizes; the other, the Inner Game, played against internal mental and emotional obstacles for the reward of increasing self-realization-that is, knowledge of one's true potential. It should be recognized that both the inner and outer games go on simultaneously, so the choice is not which one to play, but which deserves priority.”

[Emma Scott · Rating 5 out of 5]

ETA: My husband's Goodreads account is inexplicably linked to mine. So when he finishes a book, his review shows up here. I have not read this book but I trust the reviewer. He's pretty keen. ;)

His review:


An enlightened view

Some simple and profound insights. Practical and theoretical guidance on the power of attention and focus, and the pivotal role these essential skills play in the game of tennis and the game of life. Highly recommend. A swift and engrossing read with lasting value.

[Nicolay Hvidsten · Rating 5 out of 5]

I bought this book twice. If that isn't a testament to its quality I don't know what is.

After I finished listening to the audio book version, I immediately gave amazon my money again in exchange for a physical copy. 'Why?' you ask? Because, quite frankly, it contains so much wisdom that it needs to be absorbed over time, and audio books aren't well suited for that purpose.

'But it's about tennis!' you might quibble, imaginary reader. 'How much wisdom could there possibly be?'

Ah, therein lies the trick! It actually isn't.

This book pretends to be about tennis, but is in reality about something else entirely. It's about connecting with your unconscious. Gallwey names this state of being self two (David Brooks names it Adam Two in the interesting, yet unsatisfactory The Road to Character, and many other thinkers have called it many other things throughout the ages), and uses the medium of tennis as a canvas for his ideas.

I find it incredibly fascinating how confusing these topics can be to the intellectual mind before it finally clicks and everything seems so obvious you cannot fathom how concepts like "letting go" and "non-judgement" didn't really mean anything to you before. This transition unfailingly comes through experience rather than logical reasoning, which I'm betting is the reason why it's so elusive.

I've read read Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, Lao Tzu, Frankl, and many less illustrious authors - but it was a book about tennis which finally made me stumble over the edge of understanding. Fancy that. Undoubtably, the mentioned authors pointed out to me that there was an edge in the first place, but I still find it remarkable.

Gallwey, much like Herrigel does in the magnificent Zen in the Art of Archery, discusses the familiar Buddhist concepts of letting go of judgement and negativity and observing thoughts and emotions, but through the lens of sport, which somehow finally made it make sense to me. If you've ever practiced a sport and truly felt 'in the zone' then this experience will be the anchor you need.

I'll be forever grateful for finding this book, and I suspect it'll be on my nightstand for many years to come.

[Mario Tomic · Rating 5 out of 5]

Honestly this is one of the best book I've ever read, it really spoke to me on so many different levels. If you've played any sports or games you know what it feels like to be In The Zone, everything is flowing and you play the best you've ever played. This state is familiar to most of us but what is preventing us from being in the zone every game? Well, this book addresses that exact issue and I found it extremely valuable to help me reach a new level for my gym workouts. One other thing I really like about this book is that it speaks about the importance of natural effortless learning which is so much powerful than consciously trying to learn a new skill. Definitely check out this book, it's loaded with value.

[Tyus Welter · Rating 4 out of 5]

This was somewhat repetitive, and the evidence was a little more anecdotal than I would have liked, but I think there’s a good bit of wisdom to be found here.

Side note: the author mentioned that he played one of his best tennis matches right after a girl dumped him on the phone, so if any beautiful women are out there reading this, my league championships are in two weeks, and I’m ready to get hurt. My goodreads dms are open!

[casey · Rating 4 out of 5]

Added this to my tbr last year after dfw had recommended it in one of his books (lol) so i went into this with pretty decent expectations but the usual reservations i have for optimizer books.

I think any type of self-writing is insanely subjective in how effective it can be for the reader- i'm definitely in the camp of not finding usual self help “ra-ra” “fake it till you make it” esc platitudes motivating or inspiring. What's cool about this is that since the focus is on tennis, there’s a bit of distance and a tangibility to what Gallwey talks about that made this super engaging. The way he reframes a lot of things was really thought provoking as well, almost felt a bit like dbt-for-dudes lol. Definitely feels like the type of book I’ll return back to often.

[JC · Rating 1 out of 5]

This book could have been a short essay. While I believe in the idea presented there are better books on the same topic such as "Flow". This might have be a popular and original book when it first came out but it is no longer.

[Valeriia Arnaud · Rating 5 out of 5]

Я с большим скепсисом отношусь к американскому селф-хелпу, и честно приготовилась перечитывать одну и ту же фразу с разной расстановкой слов на каждой из 100+ страниц, но охрана отмена.

Если начать с начала, то эту книгу прочесть мне поручила ортофонистка, с которой я работаю над произношением. Казалось бы, при чем здесь теннис к моему акценту? На самом деле теннис здесь ничто иное как контекст, такая себе декорация, которую можно заменить чем угодно - любым видом спорта или же каким-либо процессом, включающим в себя обучение.

Во "Внутренней игре" без воды объясняется о ментальном настрое, с которым получится веселее и эффективнее освоить нужный навык, и описанные в ней тезисы очень перекликаются с техниками как самосострадания, так и медитации (?). Будь добрее к себе, помни о своей истинной цели, дай себе время, не ругай и не захваливай себя, обучайся играть в теннис (или нужное вставить) так же, как ребенок, который учится ходить - наблюдая и повторяя увиденное. Это максимально сжатые идеи изложенные во "Внутренней игре". Даже не верится, что книга с таким добрым посылом была написана в годы, когда достигаторство было единственной религией.

Словом, я приятно удивлена. Хотя, согласно поднимаемым в книге тезисам, мне и занятия по устранению акцента, оказывается, не нужны.

[Walter U. · Rating 2 out of 5]

I think this one is a candidate for that one app that turns entire books into 15-minute summaries.

If you need to save time and get much more out of it without the distracting bits, just listen to 'The Coach in your Head' (Season 2 of the "Against the Rules" podcast by Michael Lewis. Yes, of "Moneyball" fame). The interview is great.

Here's the recap - there are two "Selves":
* Self-1: conscious, critical, reflective, discursive.
* Self-2: unconscious, reflexible, wordless.

Real breakthroughs in performance are driven by Self-2, and the challenge lies in silencing Self-1, which is overthinking and criticizing your efforts are every turn. That's pretty much it.

The rest of the book is repetition ad-nauseum and a ton of tennis stuff I just didn't care about, but to be fair, the author needed to frame his material somehow and tennis is what he knows.

People looking into this type of material would perhaps be better served by With Winning in Mind: The Mental Management System: An Olympic Champion's Success System. Much more actionable and easier to follow.

Highly regarded book, just not for me.

[Divya Shanmugam · Rating 5 out of 5]

This book is about relaxed concentration and what it can do for your performance, in anything really. He makes the same distinction between ego & self that a lot of other books do (Power of Now, Second Mountain, How to Change Your Mind), but in contrast spends more time on how the two relate to learning, competing, and winning.

I really like how he talks about how competition fits into this framework. I've equated competition with comparison for a long time and the "Meaning of Competition" chapter changed my mind. Basically, he argues that the "egoless desire to win" exists and that competition creates meaningful wins. It's funny because in that case your opponent is both crucial and irrelevant to the outcome. You could find and replace tennis with research and it all makes sense lolol. This chapter by itself is what made me really like it!!

two quotes:
- "I would say that the natural learning process is so encoded, and that we would do well to acknowledge and respect it."
- “How can the quality of one’s tennis assume such importance that it causes anxiety, anger, depression and self-doubt?”

[Cav · Rating 3 out of 5]

"Every game is composed of two parts, an outer game and an inner game. The outer game is played against an external opponent to overcome external obstacles, and to reach an external goal.
Mastering this game is the subject of many books offering instructions on how to swing a racket, club or bat, and how to position arms, legs or torso to achieve the best results. But for some reason most of us find these instructions easier to remember than to execute..."

The Inner Game of Tennis was an interesting book, but unfortunately, I did not enjoy it nearly as much as some other books I've read about the performance mindset...

Author W. Timothy Gallwey has written a series of books in which he has set forth a new methodology for coaching and for the development of personal and professional excellence in a variety of fields, that he calls "The Inner Game." Since he began writing in the 1970s, his books include this one, The Inner Game of Golf, The Inner Game of Music (with Barry Green), Inner Skiing and The Inner Game of Work. Besides sports, his training methods have been applied to the fields of business, health, and education.

W. Timothy Gallwey:



Gallwey writes with a somewhat decent style here, and the book is not too long. The new edition of the book I have features a new foreword by Seattle Seahawks coach Pete Carroll, which was a nice touch.

However, and despite the author telling the reader that the book won't be too focused on the mechanics of tennis - quite a lot of tennis mechanics are discussed...

The author lays out the book's thesis early on:

"It is the thesis of this book that neither mastery nor satisfaction can be found in the playing of any game without giving some attention to the relatively neglected skills of the inner game. This is the game that takes place in the mind of the player, and it is played against such obstacles as lapses in concentration, nervousness, self-doubt and self-condemnation. In short, it is played to overcome all habits of mind which inhibit excellence in performance."

The book outlines a "self 1" and "self 2" dichotomy, that's basically analogous to the conscious and subconscious mind. Basically; the conscious and critical "self 1" can often impede the innate performance of the subconscious "self 2." Gallwey summarizes:

"In short, if we let ourselves lose touch with our ability to feel our actions, by relying too heavily on instructions, we can seriously compromise our access to our natural learning processes and our potential to perform. Instead, if we hit the ball relying on the instincts of Self 2, we reinforce the simplest neural pathway to the optimal shot.
Though this discussion has been primarily theoretical up to this point, it has recently been confirmed by the United States Tennis Association Sports Science Department, as well as by almost everyone’s experience, that too many verbal instructions, given either from outside or inside, interfere with one’s shotmaking ability. It is also common experience that one verbal instruction given to ten different people will take on ten different meanings.
Trying too hard to perform even a single instruction not well understood can introduce awkwardness or rigidity into the swing that inhibits excellence..."

He closes the book with this quote:

"Regarding the Inner Game with capital letters, i.e., the development and applications of the methods and principles articulated in the Inner Game books, I believe they will become more and more important during the next century. I honestly believe that during the past few hundred years, mankind has been so absorbed with overcoming external challenges that the essential need to focus on inner challenges has been neglected...
...In short, I believe we are still just at the beginning of a profound and long-needed rebalancing process between outer and inner."

**********************

I did enjoy this short presentation, but as mentioned above; there are other, better books on the topic.
There was also quite a lot of esoteric tennis minutia presented here, despite the author saying there wouldn't be.
Thankfully this one was not too long...
3 stars.

[Tigran Mamikonian · Rating 5 out of 5]

The Inner Game of Tennis by Tim Galloway is one of the best book I’ve ever read. Tim wrote this book in 70s and since then this book became classics, it even kicked off new profession - coaching…
The key idea of the book is that all of us are perfect from birth to death, so only limitation to achieve full potential are self-limitation we put on ourselves by being judgmental, unfocused and egocentric. Tim illustrates this by saying that in ourselves there are 2 selves: Self 1 - teller, thinker, criticizer, and Self 2 - doer.
So to achieve full potential Self 2 need to get freedom and some support from Self 1, otherwise it is stuck in its development. So Self 1 should just non-judgmentally observe, create image of success, be confident and let the Self 2 act!
The key is to enable such cooperation between Self 1 and Self 2 is to make Self 1 to focus on something so that it is not blocking Self 2. So for tennis one could: watch the ball closely, listen the ball, feel the shots and at last feel own breathing.
And in the end of the book Tim explains that he is not about “positive thinking” and “self-improvement”… the main idea of the book is that there is only now when we can truly live in, so to get most out of it one need to focus. So instead of learning to focus to improve tennis, author recommends to practice tennis to improve one’s focus.
Highly recommend this book to everyone, sure will be revisiting it to understand deeper the ideas presented in such a metaphoric way!
Here is my mind map for my reference, hope will be helpful for you too (see here)

[Claire Lee · Rating 5 out of 5]

What a fantastic book. Broadly applicable to life. Some key learnings:
- Self 1 is your ego and judgmental self, Self 2 is your innate, child like, unconscious self. Get Self 1 out of the way, and let Self 2 take over
- Rather than judging yourself and telling yourself to just do something, instead: 1) observe behavior nonjudgmentally, 2) picture desired outcome, 3) let it happen and trust self 2, 4) nonjudgmentally observe results
- There's a variety of games that are played on the court, outside of actual tennis - desire for perfection, to be better than others, attention, friendship, health, enjoyment, or learning - which games are you playing?
- Focus is the key to getting out of your ego and instead living in the present, enjoying the moment, being aware of what's going on and your body

[David · Rating 5 out of 5]

I am a musician, and this was recommended to me by another musician friend. As it turns out, many of my colleagues have read this book, so it seems as though I am the last! 'The Inner Game' has, without a doubt, been one of the most beneficial books I have ever read. Before I had even finished, some of the insights of the book had already begun to change the way that I practice, audition, and perform! I wont say that the author has come up with any ideas or concepts so revolutionary that they haven't been written in a dozen other books .... but I will say that the way that he has exposed and explained things here have really worked for me. This is a must-read for, well, basically anybody who wants to improve at whatever they do and take pride in!

[DivaDiane SM · Rating 5 out of 5]

Yes, I know this is about tennis, and yet I've put it on my music and singing shelf. The first time I read this I'd never played tennis outside of learning the rules and bashing the ball around during gym class. The second time I read it, I substituted the word singing every time Gallwey wrote "tennis" and it worked. It's an excellent book for helping anyone involved in a physical activity requiring great skill AND finesse find their peak performance.

[fiona · Rating 1 out of 5]

1 star, the book is really boring, I gave it start during vacation, but wasn't able to finish it

[Jorge Bastos · Rating 4 out of 5]

Ideias muito semelhantes ao think fast and think slow do Dani kahneman, o que muito curioso dadas as datas de edição de cada livro

[Ryan · Rating 3 out of 5]

Definitely a worthwhile read for the athlete and non-athlete alike (but especially for the athlete). Some amazing insights given that this book preceded all of the empirical work within the field of psychology concerning the dual role of the conscious vs. unconscious mind in shaping behavior. The most difficult part is figuring out how to institute some of the suggestions in specific situations (especially in other sports). Most of the examples are of course heavily dependent on the tennis medium, but there is no reason they couldn’t be adapted for other sports. The focal point to always keep in mind is that the unconscious mind is especially well-suited for processing tremendous amounts of information at once, which is exactly what training muscles to coordinate into complex motions requires. Most of the techniques Gallwey describes are simply ways to get your conscious mind out of the way so you can let the correct motor learning system take over. Not a difficult book to understand, but nearly impossible for many athletes to actually enact. I would recommend this book to anyone who has ever struggled to experience the true joy that comes with playing sports.

[Artūras Vaičekauskas · Rating 5 out of 5]

Žiauriai gera knyga apie sporto psichologiją, tinkanti ne tik tenisui, bet ir daugumai sporto šakų.

Įsiminimai:
1) Pozityvus mąstymas užblokuoja realybę. Taip pat kenkia, kaip ir negatyvus mąstymas.
2) Būdamas pozityvus ar negatyvus tampi neramus. O protas būdamas neramus nemato realybės, kokias iš tikrųjų smulkias klaidas pastoviai kartoji.
3) Kai pernelyg susikoncentruoji į rezultatą nematai savo įprastų klaidų.
4) Neramus protas sukelia įtampą kūnui, o kūno įtampa trukdo geram žaidimo sklandumui.
5) Reikia pajusti savo smūgius, o ne laikytis būtinų nurodymų.
6) Dauguma mūsų įsimena taisykles, o ne jų laikosi.
7) Viena teisinga technika nebūtinai yra taisyklė.
8) Reikai nesuprasti, o pajusti.
9) Rekomenduojama kas diena treniruotis kūno pajautimo pratimus.
10) Kad save labiau pajusti reikia sulėtinti mąstymą.
11) Į viską stebėti nekritiškai. Nevertinti savęs, kad šitaip blogai, o šitaip gerai.
12) Reikia išmokti tampi šaltakraujiškai ramiu (bet ne apatišku).
13) Būtina atgaminti vaikiškumą.
14) Nekeisti savo seno įpročio, o sukurti naują įprotį.
15) Atsipalaidavimas įvyksta tik leidus, o nesistengiant ar prisiverčiant.

[Daiva Sindaravičiūtė · Rating 5 out of 5]

I picked up this book since primarily I was interested to learn more about tennis. By reading the title you'd assume that it's purely about tennis, yet tennis is used as an example.

This book explains more about the inner game of “everything”.The book breaks down the Self into Self 1, which is basically your thinking brain (judging), and Self 2, which is your "feeling" brain.

Author also gives an interesting perspective on winning, derived from surfers. Surfers want to ride the biggest wave not to beat it, but to prove to themselves they've done their absolute best. Same should be true of any game, and instead of hoping your opponent will make a mistake, you should be hoping they won't, so you'll be faced with the greatest challenge that will allow you to grow the most.

This book spoke to me on so many different levels.

[Lucas · Rating 3 out of 5]

It was okay. It’s good that this book was short. Some good concepts that I will remember, but I mostly do these things already. Being objective when things go wrong in a match is important. Avoid these things:

Judgement - Bad backhand shot
Grouping - My backhands are bad
Generalising - I am a lousy tennis player

Do not judge shots. Be a subjective observer. “I hit that shot out because I wanted to hit it too close to the line. Next time I should aim more inside the court.”

“You don’t criticise a small seed for not being a beautiful rose. You give it water and watch it grow.”

[John · Rating 5 out of 5]

Wow, thanks Made You Think podcast. I was so short sight in avoiding this and thinking I needed to focus instead on technique and the physical.

This book is life changing, I will be reading and re-audiobooking it soon.

[Jordan Podealuk · Rating 3 out of 5]

Man this book was like 14 pages and it took me so long to get through cause it was soooooo boring.

I actually love tennis and everytime I tried to read this book I fell asleep.

[Zygintas · Rating 4 out of 5]

Pirmas sakinys: Kiekvienas žaidimas turi dvi puses – išorinę ir vidinę.

1974 m. knyga apie dėmesingą įsisąmoninimą arba atidą (angl. mindfulness), kai toks žodis dar nebuvo vartojamas. Įdomu (nes dar pradžia), paprasta ir aišku (nes dar pradžia), tačiau dabar atrodo per daug paviršutiniška (nes tik pradžia).

Patiko (ir įtikino, kad pritaikoma) dalis apie tai, kaip mokytis technikos (tinka ir tenisui, ir futbolui, ir krepšiniui) ir kaip pakeisti įpročius.

Patiko (ir žinau, kad teisingai parašyta) apie tai, kaip reikia mokyti (parodyti, kad suprastų) ir mokytis (suprasti, o ne stengtis).

Nesu tikras, ar viskas pritaikoma ir kitose srityse. Teoriškai turbūt taip – reikia stebėti (geriausius?) ir matyti, – tačiau abejonių turiu. Pavyzdžiui, ar tinka ir ten, kur daugiau reikia ne kūno, o smegenų darbo (matematika, šachmatai, vairavimas). Bet ir čia yra ką paimti iš knygos (jau minėtas kaip mokyti).

Paskutinės dalys (apie atidą, tačiau dar nevartojant šio termino) skaitant po 50 metų nuplaukė paviršiumi.

Knygos esmė – išmok matyti nevertindamas:
• stebėk („stebėkite procesą jo nekontroliuodami. Jeigu jaučiate, kad norite padėti, nesikiškite. Kuo labiau priversite pasitikėti įgimtu mokymosi procesu, tuo rečiau griebsitės įprasto elgesio – persistengti, kritikuoti ir galvoti – ir neišvengiamai jo sukeliamo nusivylimo.“, 120 p.),
• atsisakyk vertinimų (teigiamų taip pat!),
• įsivaizduok, ko nori (turėk viziją),
• susikaupk į dabartinį momentą.

Autorius parašė dar 7 knygas apie vidinį žaidimą (tenisas, slidinėjimas, golfas, laimėjimas, muzika, darbas, stresas).

Įdomus faktas: W. Timothy Gallwey vienas pirmųjų aprašė koučingą (sinonimai: ugdomasis vadovavimas, konsultuojamasis ugdymas, lavyba) – metodą, kurį galima taikyti įvairiose situacijose, todėl jo pakaitų dažniau klausėsi ne sportininkai, o verslininkai. Todėl du trečdalius knygos (bent jau pusę – tikrai) galima skaityti ir taikyti kaip vadovui.