History as I grasped it was abrupt. The abrupt rise of Islam. The sudden appearance of Christ, and propagation of Christianity. The invasion of Spain by Arabs. The occupation of the Levant by tribes from Arabia. The appearance of Rome on the world stage. The rise of modern Europe.
Historical developments such as those listed above have always seemed to have sprouted from nothing. How exactly did a coalition of Arab tribes establish an empire larger than the Roman at its zenith, in a matter of a few years? Again, how is it that they overcame the might of the Byzantine and Persian armies when their military experience was limited to raiding sorties that deliberately avoided major confrontations to minimize casualties? What about Rome? How did a city state, supposedly founded by refugees from the ruins of Troy, go on to rule the Mediterranean and beyond?
It turns out that explaining these events with familiar constructs such as “Pagan,” “Arab,” “European,” “Muslim,” “Christian,” “Jewish,” “Medieval,” “Antiquity,” “Modern,” was part of the problem. A corollary to that problem was compartmentalization. The stark contrast painted between paganism and monotheism is one example of the above. The minimalist definition of Arab, which mainly begins with the Islamic era is another. The impenetrable wall dividing Medieval and Classical eras is a third – just to name a few.
Warwik Ball diverges from conventional narratives by merging the compartments noted above together, and in some cases breaking them down. His book, for example, links the accomplishments of the Arabs to their seemingly unrelated ancestors. He establishes very convincing parallels between two apparently unrelated eras of history. In so doing, developments that had appeared abrupt become natural (even inevitable) developments.
The rise of monotheism in the Levant, for example, seems natural given some particularities of pagan worship in the region, which he highlights. Apparently, pre-Christian pagan cults based in the Levant worshiped in congregations; as opposed to European cults that did no such thing. The notion of abstract deities was another feature of pagan worship in the Levant shared with monotheism.
Moreover the rule of Spain, Southern Italy, Sicily, Malta and other Mediterranean islands by Arabs for centuries seem more comprehensible given that their ancestors, the Phoenicians shared their accomplishments. Warwik excels at establishing these connections. In doing so, he makes it easier to understand who we are today and how we got to where we are. Great book!