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El siglo de las luces

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El siglo de las luces novela el impacto de la Revolución francesa en las Antillas: los sueños de libertad, y con ella, la sombra de la guillotina, en el juego de tensiones que configuran la grandeza y la servidumbre del alba de una época nueva. Es, en esencia, la peripecia vital de un personaje real, Víctor Hugues, un comerciante antillano que navega por un mundo sometido a cambios radicales luchando por implantar en las islas las ideas revolucionarias del gobierno al que representa.

416 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1962

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About the author

Alejo Carpentier

203 books528 followers
Writings of Cuban author, musicologist, and diplomat Alejo Carpentier influenced the development of magical realism; his novels include El siglo de las luces! (1962) and The Kingdom of This World (1949).

Alejo Carpentier Blagoobrasoff, an essayist, greatly influenced Latin American literature during its "boom" period.

Perhaps most important intellectual figure of the 20th century, this classically trained pianist and theorist of politics and literature produced avant-garde radio programming. Best known Carpentier also collaborated with such luminaries as Igor Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud, Georges Bataille, and Antonin Artaud. With Havana, he strongly self-identified throughout his life. People jailed and exiled him, who lived for many years in France and Venezuela but after the revolution of 1959 returned. He died in Paris, but survivors buried his body in Havana.

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Profile Image for Vit Babenco.
1,781 reviews5,776 followers
April 10, 2021
“Liberté, égalité, fraternité” – No. The true symbol of the revolution was guillotine.
Those who didn’t need to be liberated from everything were beheaded. Those who didn’t want to be equal with everybody around were decapitated. Those who didn’t wish to become anyone’s brother were guillotined…
The scaffold had become the hub of an exchange, of a forum, of a perpetual auction sale. The executions no longer even interrupted the haggling, importuning and arguing. The guillotine had begun to form part of normal everyday life. Amongst the parsley and the marjoram, miniature guillotines were sold as ornaments, and many people took them home. Children exerted their ingenuity to construct little machines for decapitating cats.

And when no more enemies of the revolution are left revolutionaries start decapitating each other until the revolution chokes with blood.
Revolution is like an ouroboros – starting with its tale it continues to devour itself until there is nothing left except the gory terror.
Revolutions don’t lead to Promised Lands. “There is only one Promised Land, that which man can find within himself.
Profile Image for Maziyar Yf.
813 reviews630 followers
July 16, 2025
کتاب انفجار در کلیسای جامع یا قرن روشنفکری نوشته آلخیو کارپانتیه را تنها می توان با کلماتی مانند شگفت آور و یا با شکوه وصف کرد . کارپانتیه شاعر در دل انقلاب شعری لطیف سروده و داستان خود را با تکیه بر واقعیت و شعر به جلو برده است .
انقلاب کبیر فرانسه را می توان موضوع اصلی کتاب دانست . انقلابی که نه تنها فرانسه و اروپا را تکان داد و لرزاند بلکه امواجی عظیم آفرید که هزاران کیلومتر دورتر از پاریس به آمریکا مرکزی و دریای کارائیب رسید و زندگی مردمان آن را در کوبا ، گویان ، هائیتی و گوادالوپ دگرگون کرد ، دگرگونی که در سایه عظیم انقلاب فرانسه چندان دیده نشد و غالبا ناشناخته ماند .
نویسنده زندگی سه نوجوان در هاوانا را دنبال کرده که پس از مرگ سرپرست خانواده گرچه یتیم شده اند اما ثروت نسبتا کلانی به آنها رسیده است . درمیان آنان کارپانتیه بیشتر به استبان پرداخته که انقلاب او را از هاوانا آرام ناگهان به پاریس انقلاب زده و تحت کنترل ژاکوبن ها که به تازگی از شر معتدل ها یا ژیروندن ها رها شده اند ، پرتاب کرده . در کتاب او برای سالهای متوالی خبری از دیگر افراد خانواده یعنی کارلوس و صوفیا نیست و تنها استبان است که ماجراجویی می کند . اما قهرمان داستان را باید ویکتورهوگ که یک شخصیت حقیقی ایست دانست . کارپانتیه با مهارت نحوه آشنایی ویکتور هوگ با افراد خانواده و سپس پرت شدن تصادفی او و استبان به پاریس را با مهارت وصف کرده . نویسنده مسیر زندگی هوگ و استبان را با دقت دنبال کرده و از این راه هم خواننده را با آرمان ها و شعارهای انقلابیون فرانسه آشنا کرده و هم داستان زندگی جوانی مشتاق به ایفای نقش در انقلاب را .

از ویکتور هوگ چه می دانیم ؟

هوگ نانوا زاده ایست که در دکان خود در پورتوپرانس سرگرم تجارت بوده اما شورش سیاهان در هائیتی و سوزانده شدن مغازه ، او را به راهی کشاند که شاید بیشتر با تصورات و ایده های او سازگار بود . هوگ با پشتکاری باور نکردنی به مقام دادستان شهر روشفور می رسد و گرچه احکام اعدام های بسیاری را با علاقه و اشتیاق صادر می کند اما خود را هم در دل سخت ژاکوبن ها و ربسپیر فساد ناپذیر جا کرده و آینده خود را به گونه ای تثبیت می کند .
هوگ از طرف دولت انقلابی به عنوان نماینده یا حاکم به آمریکا مرکزی فرستاده می شود تا اصول انقلاب کبیر یعنی آزادی ، برادری و برابری را در میان مردم محلی آن جا بسط دهد ، او که استبان را هم با خود به گوادلوپ آورده با عزم و اراده ای راسخ کار خود را با آزاد ساختن سیاهان و دادن زمین به آنها شروع می کند ، کاری که اگرچه بزرگ و انقلابی به نظر می رسد اما در حقیقت تنها همانند نقابی بزک شده است بر زندگی سیاهان . نویسنده در هر جا که می تواند سری هم به پاریس انقلاب زده می زند ، جایی که حالا ژیروندن ها قتل و عام شده اند و ژاکوبن ها و حکومت سه نفره روبسپیر ، سن ژوست و کوتون همه کاره انقلاب و صاحب اختیار دستگاه مخوف گیوتین و جان و مال فرانسویان هستند ، دوران ترور و یا وحشت آنان گرچه از گوادلوپ و کارائیب دور است اما خبرهای ترسناک آن با چند ماه تاخیر به دست هوگ می رسد . ربسپیر و یاران او در فرانسه قتل و عام کرده و تا 17000 نفر را با گیوتین گردن می زنند اما سرانجام خود قربانی شده و با اعدام آنان دوران وحشت هم به پایان می رسد . هوگ که تصور می کرد با کشته شدن ربسپیر حامی خود را از دست داده راهی پاریس می شود و حاکمان جدید را وادار به پذیرش حکومت خود در کارائیب می کند . او تا زمان ناپلئون همچنان حامی انقلاب بوده واز اصول آن با شور و شوق دفاع می کند اما در دوران ناپلئون او هم ، همگام با بناپارت به این نتیجه می رسد که داستان انقلاب دیگر به پایان رسیده ، حالا باید تاریخ آن را نوشت و اصول آن را البته آنهایی که واقعی و عملی هستند را اجرا کرد . هوگ در این زمان با جدیت شروع به اسیر و برده کردن سیاهان و توقیف اموال آنان می کند ، هوگ در حقیقت دو مسیر کاملا متفاوت پیمود ، نخست آزاد سازی برده ها و اعطای حق مالکیت و سپس اسیر و برده ساختن همان افرادی که پیشترآنان را آزاد ساخته بود .
استبان در تمامی این مراحل با هوگ همراه و همگام است . او هم زمانی از انقلاب حمایت کرده و خواهان صدور آن به اسپانیا ست . استبان که به جست و جوی جهانی بهتر قدم در راه نهاده بود در پایان سرخورده و مانده از تلاشی می شود که به نظر بیهوده به نظر می رسد . روزشمار انقلاب برای او کابوس شده و استبان شوربخت در پس هر خاطره دلپذیری طعم ورنگ خون و انقلاب را می بیند . او ظریف تر و شکننده تر از آن است که گیوتین و سرهای بریده شده ببیند . استپان در پس هر درختی پیامی می بیند و طبیعت ، دریا و هر موجود زنده ا ی گویا او را به تفکر در زیبایی فرا می خواند . بیزاری او از انقلاب به آن اندازه است که پس از رسیدن به خانه ، دوستان و آشنایان خود را به امید نبستن به انقلاب فرا می خواند ، از نگاه او انقلاب تنها بیزاری از وضع موجود است نه دلبسته بودن به نظم و نظام جدیدی .
پایان کتاب کارپانتیه را تنها می توان حیرت آور دانست ، گویی فرار استبان از انقلاب کوشش بیهوده ای بوده ، او در قلب فاجعه ای گرفتار آمده که همواره از آن گریزان بوده است .
رمان تاریخی کارپانتیه ، هم داستان است هم تاریخ . در کتاب او افراد سرشناس انقلاب فرانسه مانند بریسو ، ربسپیر ، لافایت و ژان پل مارا و یا ژان ماری کولودربوا گرچه حضوری کم رنگ دارند اما تصیماتی که می گیرند (و در سطحی پایین تر به دست افرادی مانند ویکتورهوگ اجرا می شوند ) است که زندگی انسان ها را دگرگون می سازد . هنر نویسنده را افزون بر توصیفات شاعرانه باید در شرح زندگی ویکتور هوگ دانست . او با مهارت زندگی دو گانه هوگ مرحله اول صمیمانه و قهرمانانه و مرحله دوم پست و حقیرانه را به تصویر کشیده است .
نمی توان کتاب انفجار در کلیسای روشنفکری خواند ومطلبی در مورد غول ادبیات و ترجمه ایران سروش حبیبی ننوشت . آنگونه که استاد نوشته برای ترجمه کتاب متن های فرانسه و انگلیسی کتاب را کنار هم گذاشته و با مقایسه دو متن کتاب را به فارسی ترجمه کرده . نتیجه کار او سخت دلنشین و خواندنی بوده . وسواس همیشگی سروش حبیبی سبب حفظ کلام شاعرانه و لطیف کارپانتیه شده است .
May 7, 2018
Ο αιώνας των φώτων, έκρηξη σε καθεδρικό ναό, ένα σπουδαίο και πυκνογραμμένο χρονικό για τις επιπτώσεις της Γαλλικής επανάστασης στις πιο απομακρυσμένες, λαμπρές και ένδοξες γωνιές της Καραϊβικής.
Η γραφή του Carpentier μεταδίδει μια μουσική δημιουργία στην οποία ακούγεται ο πλούτος της πεζογραφίας όπου μέσα της, φιλοσοφία, παράδοση,πολιτισμός, ιστορία και η ίδια η ζωή ειναι όλα μια επική σύνθεση.

Το επιφανειακό θέμα που πραγματεύεται το βιβλίο τούτο, καλύπτει μια περίοδο απο τις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 1790 μέχρι και την πρώτη δεκαετία του 19ου αιώνα και παρέχει μια εκπληκτικά πανοραμική εικόνα της ιστορίας της Καραϊβικής κατά τη διάρκεια αυτής της περιόδου.
Η εικόνα αυτή είναι ενημερωτική και μυθοπλαστική όσο κι ένα βιβλίο ιστορίας.
Πολυάριθμες ανακατασκευές χαρακτήρων και γεγονότων κινούνται με γρήγορους ρυθμούς και δημιουργούν ανθρώπινα δράματα που εξελίσσονται σε συναρπαστικά ιστορικά χρονικά.

Όταν αγωνιστείτε για μία επανάσταση, είναι δύσκολο να επιστρέψετε σε αυτό που κάνατε πριν ή και όχι.

Υπάρχει βέβαια και το θαμμένο μυστικό θέμα αυτής της αναγνωστικής εμπειρίας, η πραγματικότητα.

Η έκρηξη στον καθεδρικό ναό απεικονίζει τη μυρωδιά των ονείρων που χάνεται μόλις φυσήξει ο άνεμος και αποκαλυφθούν τα όσα αποβλέπει η σύγχρονη κοινωνία.

Απεικονίζει επίσης την τραγική μεταστροφή των ιδανικών και των υψηλών στόχων που ειναι μοιραία καταδικασμένοι να ξεπουληθούν.

Η εκ προοιμίου αποτυχία όλων των επαναστάσεων.
Η πεποίθηση πως όλα θα αλλάξουν, όλα θα γίνουν καλύτερα, διαφορετικά, ιδεατά και ελπιδοφόρα
και ότι η κοινή, ξεπερασμένη πλέον πραγματικότητα είναι ένα πέπλο που καλύπτει όσα θα μπορούσαν να γίνουν αν η ανθρωπότητα ξυπνούσε.
Η επανάσταση αρχικά είναι αυτή, η γνωστική αφύπνιση και ο συγγραφέας εκφράζει αυτή την αίσθηση της δυνατότητας με αριστουργηματικό τρόπο, έστω κι αν καταδικάζεται να αποτύχει απο αναπόφευκτα πεπρωμένα.

Ομολογουμένως, πρόκειται για ένα μοναδικό λογοτεχνικό έργο που προσωπικά με δυσκόλεψε και σε αρκετά σημεία με κούρασε πολύ.
Δεν είμαι σε θέση να προσδιορίσω αν η ευθύνη γι’αυτή την αρνητική αίσθηση οφείλεται στην συγγραφική δεινότητα ή στην μετάφραση, μα αρκετές φορές έπεσα σε λασπώδη αφηγηματικά μπαλώματα και πνίγηκα στην πυκνότητα της γραφής.

Ειδικά όταν έπρεπε να υπομείνω τις εξαντλητικές περιγραφές του συγγραφέα είτε σε τόπους, σπίτια, ζούγκλες, είτε ακόμη χειρότερα στη θαλάσσια ζωή και δράση που επεκτεινόταν σε αρκετές σελίδες.

Πέρα απο αυτά τα εμπόδια που είναι ενοχλητικά μα όχι αδιαπέραστα, αυτό το βιβλίο είναι ένα εξαιρετικό α��άγνωσμα που συστήνεται ανεπιφυλακτα ειδικά στους λάτρεις των ιστορικών μυθιστορημάτων.
💡⛓⚙️💡⚔️💡⛓🗿💡⛓



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1,436 reviews1,088 followers
November 23, 2018
‎دوستانِ گرانقدر، این داستان علاوه بر موضوعاتِ اجتماعی و دلدادگی و تصمیمهایِ انسانی، در دلِ خود، رویدادهایِ انقلابی و تاریخی را نیز موردِ بررسی قرار میدهد... در زیر چکیده ای از این داستان را برایِ شما عزیزان مینویسم
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‎داستان از هاوانا، شهری بزرگ در کوبا آغاز میشود.. خواهر و برادری به نامِ <سوفیا> و <کارلوس>، پدرشان را از دست میدهند... سوفیا پانزده سال دارد و برادرش کارلوس، ده ساله است.. بنابراین سرپرستیِ آنها را به شخصی به نامِ <کوسمه> میسپارند... کوسمه، املاک و زمینهایِ پدرِ سوفیا و کارلوس را اداره میکند.. در کنارِ این خواهر و برادر، پسر عمویشان <استپان> نیز با آنها زندگی کرده و با هم بزرگ میشوند... حال، آنها جوانانی هستند که بزرگ شده اند و علاقهٔ زیادی به کشف و شناختِ دنیایِ بیرون دارند.... مردی به نامِ <ویکتور هوگز> که در هائیتی مشغول به کار و تجارت بوده، واردِ زندگیِ این سه جوان میشود... ویکتور یکی از اعضایِ حزبِ فراماسون است و پلیس در همه جا به دنبالِ اوست
‎سه جوانِ داستانِ ما، به همراهِ ویکتور، نخستین سفرِ زندگی را تجربه میکنند و با کشتی از هاوانا به هائیتی میروند.. در آن دوران، سیاه پوستان نیز در آنجا شورش به پا کرده اند... سوفیا کم کم به ویکتور دل میبندد، ولی ویکتور غرق در سیاست و انقلاب شده است و بی خیال از عشق و دلدادگی، به همراهِ استپان به پاریس سفر میکند و سوفیا و کارلوس را به حالِ خود رها میکنند
‎پاریسِ فرانسه، در حالِ گذران از انقلابی بزرگ است و قدرت در دستانِ ژاکوبن ها و رهبرشان روبسپیر، میباشد.... ویکتور نیز به عضویتِ ژاکوبن هایِ افراطی درآمده و مأمور میشود تا به جزایرِ گوادلوپ رفته و انقلابِ ژاکوبنها را به آنجا بکشاند... استپانِ بیچاره نیز با او در این راه همراه میشود.. ویکتور در آنجا ترور و ترس را برایِ مردمِ بدبخت به همراه میبرد و در همه جا شورش به راه می اندازد و مخالفان را اعدام میکنند... پس از چندی، خبر میرسد که روسپیر دستگیر شده و حکومتِ ژاکوبنها سقوط کرده و همگی دستگیر شده و یا فراری هستند.. ولی ویکتور بیخیالِ برنامه هایِ انقلابی نشده و در گوادلوپ میماند.. استپان به پاراماریبو و کایِن گویان، رفته تا مأموریت هایِ انقلابی که بر عهده اش گذاشته اند را عملی کند.. ولی پس از چندین ماه، از همه چیز و همه کس خسته و دلزده شده و به کوبا بازگشته و در آنجا به دنبالِ سوفیا میگردد و متوجه میشود که سوفیا ازدواج کرده است......... شوهرِ سوفیا میمیرد و استپان از این فرصت استفاده کرده و از سوفیا خواستگاری میکند، ولی سوفیا درخواستِ او را رد میکند... پس از مدتی، سوفیا متوجه میشود که ویکتور ممکن است در کایِن باشد، بنابراین کوبا را به مقصدِ کایِن ترک میکند تا به سویِ عشقِ خویش، یعنی ویکتور برود.. سوفیا در کایِن، ویکتور را پیدا کرده و مدتی با وی زندگی میکند.. ولی سوفیا از ویکتور و کارهایش دلزده شده و به مادرید سفر میکند و در مادرید نزدِ استپان میماند..... عزیزانم، بهتر است خودتان این داستان را خوانده و از سرانجامِ این داستان و زندگیِ سوفیا و استپان، آگاه شوید
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‎امیدوارم این ریویو در جهتِ آشنایی با این کتاب، کافی و مفید بوده باشه
‎<پیروز باشید و ایرانی>
Profile Image for Eric Byrd.
622 reviews1,161 followers
August 21, 2013
The Kingdom of this World was a charred little fable of revolutionary violence – vengeful voodoo, conspiratorial caves, signal drums in the night; a revolt of slaves, “senseless and merciless” – and I sought out Explosion in a Cathedral hoping for something in that line. The novel’s scope is broader, embracing, as Carpentier writes in his afterward, “the whole area of the Caribbean” in a time of revolution, abolition, piracy and war. Explosion in a Cathedral (the original Spanish title is pointedly ironic: El Siglo de Las Luces – The Age of Enlightenment) definitely has its longueurs, but there are plenty of terrifyingly effective episodes, festive orgies of iconoclasticism, abortions of ideals.

And since the whole island must learn its lesson, the guillotine was removed from the Place de la Victoire, and began to travel, to go on journeys and excursions.


The scenes of re-enslavement, of expeditions to recapture runaways in their jungle strongholds, of reversion to the regional order despite the proclamations of the distant Republic, are especially fucked-up. Of the novel’s the fourteen epigraphs, thirteen are titles of etchings from Goya’s The Disasters of War, and one is a long extract from the book of Job. So that’s the kind of book this is.


And it’s right up my alley: little dialogue; casual violence; descriptive catalogues of frightful plants and beasts; mordant political reflections. The New World is seen not as a new start for humanity but the theater of Europe’s racist cruelty, its outsourced exploitation; its sweat shop, abattoir, lions’ den, “Rape Room”; the anus mundi, as a Nazi doctor called occupied Poland, where kidnapped peoples are exterminated or worked to death for small profit. The translation is occasionally entrancing, and suggests that behind it lies an interesting Latinate style, a morbid, tropically warped classicism, an incipient baroque, elegant and oppressive.

There were silent houses, hidden in the woods, where columns from some Greek temple rose up to meet pediments obliterated by ivy…


Halfway through I posted a status update recommending this to people who enjoyed the pace and texture of The Radetzky March, and I stand by that. Carpentier’s characters are not intricately conflicted – this is no Woolfian kaleidoscope of memory and desire – and they are defined by their relation to the French Revolution, as Roth’s three generations of von Trottas are defined by relation to the different stages of Austro-Hungarian decay. Especially read this if you’re interested in the revolutionary type of “hard man,” the rationalist who revels in the supposed necessity of his murders. The heyday of Robespierre and Saint-Just was short, but the orator of caustic blasphemy survived as a French style. More than a few times while reading I thought of this glimpse of Baudelaire in the Goncourt Journals:

Baudelaire had supper at the table next to ours. He was without a cravat, his shirt open at the neck and his head shaved, just as if he were to be guillotined. A single affectation: his little hands washed and cared for, the nails kept scrupulously clean. The face of a maniac, a voice that cuts like a knife, and a precise elocution that tries to copy Saint-Just and succeeds.



Stray thought:

The Wikipedia entry on Carpentier says that soon after reading Explosion in a Cathedral (1962), Garcia Marquez destroyed the first draft of One Hundred Years of Solitude and started anew. That entry also notes that Carpentier’s “magic realism” (a phrase Carpentier coined) is not fantastic, and his characters do not defy physical laws; the history and politics of the Caribbean are sufficiently surreal. I wonder if Garcia Marquez realized Carpentier had already made the history strange, and the only place to go was pure fantasy.

Profile Image for Carlos.
349 reviews6 followers
May 28, 2023
Aun sigo "borracho" del lenguaje de este libro. Seguramente la impresión me durará varios meses. No entiendo como pude vivir si leer a Carpentier. Su prosa es totalmente divagatoria pero articulada, totalmente abierta pero cerrada a un término, a una frase, a una expresión y te hace sentir que corre la trama lentamente mientras en tu cabeza circula la lava de su prosa.

No queda mas que recomendar a cualquier persona que quiera saber la verdadera vida en "El Siglo de las Luces" que lea aquí lo que no fue de ninguna manera una época de concordia y entendimiento. Las pasiones saltaban de la cama a la calle de manera natural.

Excelente manera de conocer a uno de los mas importantes autores del Siglo pasado.
Profile Image for emily.
635 reviews542 followers
August 7, 2025
'Transported to the symbiotic universe, sunken to the neck in wells whose waters were endlessly frothed by collapsing ribbons of waves broken, lacerated, shattered by the bite of the living rock of dog’s tooth calcite, Esteban marvelled at how language on these islands had resorted to agglutination, verbal amalgam, metaphor to translate the formal ambiguity of matter that partook of several essences.'

Forget André Breton (leave him in the mud), Alejo Carpentier is the real deal here. This is a full five stars for me (anything less would pronounce my sentiments nothing but a blatant lie). Like most glorious, brilliant, extraordinary (etc.) writers/writing, they demand some effort from their readers (this rings true with Carpentier’s work, I feel). But it’s almost like if/when one gives him a bit more of one's patience (than one would usually give to biblio matters), Carpentier in return, will offer you his entire world. This magically real and really magical man is wildly underread and under-appreciated.

‘And he saw himself, on splendid mornings in the future, seated there among samples of rice and garbanzos, noting down, appraising, arguing with a late payer or some provincial retailer, while the sun shimmered outside on the waters of the bay and a clipper passed on its way to New York or Cape Horn. He knew that would never interest him enough to devote the best years of his life to it. Now that he’d been saved from Hell, he could not place himself—feel like himself—in this reality, in this normalcy regained.’

“Faith in something that changes its face by the day will bring you great and terrible disappointments,” Esteban said. “You know what you hate. That is all. And knowing it, you place your trust, your hope, in anything that is not it.”

“We can all think what we like, and we’ll go back to what we were before,” she said as she left. Esteban, alone now, realised that was impossible. Some epochs are made for decimating the flock, confounding languages, dispersing the tribes.”


Took me a while to finish reading this, and I even felt a bit lost and distracted in the middle (warning: long sentences and tons of ‘commas’; a maddening syntax that leaves you breathless in a chokehold), but I was quickly dragged in and under again and again by the musicality of Carpentier’s prose. Blissfully drowned in his waves of — whatever all of this is. Also (not sure if this is true but) someone said Gabriel García Márquez binned his first draft of One Hundred Years of Solitude after reading Carpentier’s ‘Explosion In A Cathedral’. Made me laugh and then love Carpentier some more.

[some highlights from the ‘Translator’s Notes’ by Adrian Nathan West]

“Still, literalism has its limits. In his exuberance, Carpentier gets the occasional thing wrong: he speaks early on of “black retinas'' when he must mean pupils; he has Cazotte’s camel from Le diable amoreaux vomit a greyhound rather than a spaniel, as in the original. Such trivialities I have silently corrected. The question of style is thornier; the author’s peculiarities demand respect, but different languages have different degrees of tolerance for prolixity and ambiguity, and there are bits of bombast I have overruled when I did not think English would well bear them. At one point, Carpentier writes, “horrified at the impossibility of escaping the trial of confronting a storm”; most English speakers will struggle to see how this is superior to the simpler “horrified of the storm.” A tic of writers in Spanish generally is their preference not to say someone did something when they might instead say he began to do it, managed to do it, was able to do it; another is to say something occurred suddenly when it cannot have occurred otherwise (we need not be told that a lightning strike or the explosion of a shell is sudden). In these minor matters, I’ve relied on my judgement. While not so vain as to suppose I’ve done everything right, I am confident this new translation of Explosion in a Cathedral is substantially more correct than its predecessor.’

‘Just browsing for errors in the Sturrock translation, I’ve found enough to presume there are many more, not all of them inconsequential. A few examples: the Spanish acabar por, to wind up doing something, is routinely translated as to finish; the War of Palmares, which occurred in the Brazilian Maroon settlement of Quilombo dos Palmares, is translated as the “War of the Palm Trees”; the spiders Sturrock has descend from the ceiling of the magic castle of Gottorp are almost certainly chandeliers; though the sound of drums was common in nineteenth-century skirmishes, in many cases, Carpentier must mean “artillery” when he uses the word batería; and so on and so forth.’

“In his account of the northward migrations of the Carib people, he underscores the brutality of life in the pre-Columbian Americas, not to excuse the ravages of the conquistadors, but to hint at an inclination to cruelty and plunder universal in the human heart. His portrayal of the corruption of the revolutionary idealists, who abhorred slavery and embraced self-determination only so long as it was politically expedient, is a sour reminder of how easily self-interest eclipses virtue.’


It was pretty much inevitable — me, reading this book by Carpentier, I feel, I had to do it. It was truly irresistible. Or ‘fate’, or whatever the romantics call it. The translator, Adrian Nathan West? He translated (one of my favourite writers) Benjamin Labatut’s When We Cease to Understand the World. And Alejandro Zambra (who I also like very much, notably his essays, Not to Read) basically wrote the most perfect intro to this book that convinced me to carry on :

[some highlights from the ‘Foreword’ written by Alejandro Zambra]

‘The foreignness of his own language was clear to Carpentier from the start, as the son of a French father and a Russian mother. Throughout his life, he affirmed the official story that he had been born in Havana, but a few years after Carpentier’s death, Guillermo Cabrera Infante leaked the juicy tidbit that he had actually been born in Lausanne, Switzerland (a bit of gossip that was never disproven, perhaps because it was supported by a birth certificate). The hypotheses about this lie—or, to put it more kindly, this slight displacement of the truth—are numerous, of course.’

‘There is no disputing that Carpentier was born on November 26, 1904, which is not relevant in and of itself—But I mention it because that is also the birthday of Esteban, one of the protagonists of Explosion in a Cathedral, who in fact becomes a translator—significant, since the book is often understood as a novel about the “translation” of the ideals of the French Revolution to the Caribbean.’

‘To read Carpentier entailed, first of all, listening to him, and then translating him. First, listening to him the way we listen to a song in a language very like our own but that we don’t understand entirely, and enjoying the echoes and contrasts. And then translating him; translating before we knew how to translate, or even that we were translating. Translating him in our own language. For someone who grew up with the Spanish of Chile, reading Carpentier was, of course, to travel to the island of Cuba, but above all it was to travel to the island of Carpentier.’

‘Explosion in a Cathedral' is a novel that, just like Italo Calvino said about classics, has never finished saying what it has to say. Especially to us, who in a way inhabit the future that it foresees or prefigures. Read today, some sixty years since its original publication, at the end of a pandemic, amid wars and totalitarian governments and a radical climate crisis, a novel like Explosion in a Cathedral continues to accompany us, to question us, to challenge and move us, and ultimately to help us in the arduous and terrible exercise of reading the world.’

‘Perhaps the somewhat irrational wish that Spanish were his mother tongue led Carpentier to build his astonishing version of that language, which takes on, even for Spanish speakers, a music that is old and new at the same time, one that allows past, present, and future to coexist. Literature, at the end of the day, is a complex form of consciousness, which allows us to imagine what we would be like if we were bilingual, or multilingual. And of course that includes imagining what we would be like had we learned the languages that were wiped out in our own lands and in the territories of neighbouring countries, the languages that were savaged and erased to create the illusion of monolingualism. Perhaps if we respond to the challenges raised by this novel, if we undertake the countless discussions it permits and induces, it will help us become more humble, less dumb, less deaf.’


As for Carpentier’s impressive characters/characterisation, it’s been a while since I’ve come across a better character development (or at least a more satisfying one) than ‘Sofia’. Alejandro Zambra brings our attention to this as well : ‘her decisions, motivations, and fate have for decades fed an interpretive debate that is today perhaps more current than ever.’ Even the characters without obvious transformations were brilliant and well-written as well. It would be a shame (for anyone who lacks the patience to get through the middle then) to miss the concluding chapters of the book. Excuse the cliché, but it caught me by surprise. I wouldn’t say the ending is particularly ‘climactic’ or surprising in terms of plot (at least for readers who are already conscious/know enough of the historical context of the novel), but it’s still fucking brilliant. Got my brain all tingly with awe and admiration.

‘Ils ne mouraient pas tous, mais tous étaient frappés, she recited to herself, remembering how Victor Hugues had read her La Fontaine at her home in Havana to improve her French pronunciation.’

‘Certain things we can never learn the full truth of,” thought Carlos as he reread the phrases underlined in the red velvet book, which could be interpreted in so many different ways. An Arab would say I was wasting my time, like a person searching for the tracks of a bird in the air or of a fish in water.’


Alejo Carpentier is such a ‘weirdo’ (compliment); and so surely a weirdo who is more than a weirdo. He is simply worlds and worlds more than that. And I’m a bit obsessed really. Adrian Nathan West also translated his other book, The Lost Steps, and that’s supposed to be (or at least have been regarded by many as) Carpentier’s best work. And I absolutely cannot wait to devour/inhale that fucking magnum opus.

‘—in waters of a blue so deep they seemed made of molten, though hibernal and vitreous, matter, shaken by distant throbbing. Not a creature appeared in that entire sea that gathered over buried mountains and abysses like the First Sea of Creation, before murex and argonaut. Only the Caribbean, despite the swarming creatures within it, ever had that look of an abandoned ocean. As though called to mysterious duties, the fishes fled the surface, medusas sank, the gulfweed disappeared, and what remained before the eye was conveyed in infinite values: the eternally postponed boundary of the horizon; space, and beyond space, stars present in a sky the mere mention of which evoked the entire crushing majesty that word had once held for those who first uttered it—the earliest of all words, perhaps, save those that had only begun to describe pain, fear, or hunger.’

‘Words took on a new weight. What had happened—what hadn’t happened—would adopt enormous dimensions.’
Profile Image for Nickolas B..
367 reviews103 followers
April 7, 2021
Τι έχουμε εδώ λοιπόν;
Ένα τέρμα βαρετό βιβλίο με κάποια ενδιαφέροντα ιστορικά και γεωγραφικά στοιχεία. Οι χαρακτήρες είναι αδιάφοροι, οι ανούσιες περιγραφές ατελείωτες και οι πληροφορίες για τον τεκτονισμό σχεδόν αχρείαστες και βαρετές.
Επίσης το βιβλίο δεν έχει καμία σχέση με μαγικό ρεαλισμό όπως διαβάζει κανείς στο οπισθόφυλλο. Δεν βρήκα πουθενά κάτι που να συνδέεται με το συγκεκριμένο λογοτεχνικό κίνημα. Ίσως ο μεταφραστής με τον επιμελητή να ξέρουν κάτι παραπάνω, αλλά και πάλι who cares!!
Εν τέλει λίγο έως πολύ όλοι γνωρίζουμε ότι οι επαναστατικές ιδέες μετουσιώνονται και ότι κάθε επανάσταση θα παρεκκλίνει της πορείας της, αλλά δεν χρειαζόμαστε 500+ σελίδες φλυαρίας για να το εμπεδώσουμε.
2,5/5
Profile Image for Dax.
335 reviews196 followers
February 21, 2024
'Explosion in a Cathedral' offers a wonderful discourse into the nature of revolution. The story takes place during the French Revolution, but is largely situated in the islands of the Americas. This is historical fiction, as much of the events center around Victor Hugues, a man of some import who governed a couple of islands in the name of the new French Republic. The two main characters are Esteban and his cousin Sofia, and it is through their story that Carpentier takes a look at the complicated history of the revolution.

There is one passage in particular that sums up Carpentier's interest in this period of history. When a revolution-weary Esteban is confronted by his cousins about his tired attitude, he responds, "We must be wary of fine words: of the Better Worlds that words create. There is no more Promised Land than what man can find inside himself."

Sofia, her revolutionary spirit unsated, argues against that concept. "No one could live, she said, without a political ideal' the destiny of the race could not be fulfilled in one attempt; grave errors had been committed, surely, but those errors would serve as a useful lesson for the future; she understood Esteban had passed through certain painful experiences- and she commiserated with him deeply on that account- but he had perhaps been victim of exaggerated idealism; the excesses of the Revolution were deplorable, she admitted, but the highest human endeavors had only been achieved thanks to pain and sacrifice. In a word: nothing great was ever done on earth without bloodshed."

This is the discourse that Carpentier is seeking. Is the bloodshed of revolution justified by the cause it seeks? 'Explosion in a Cathedral' shows the corruption, greed and hypocrisy that accompanied the revolution. It is inarguable that horrible things were done in the name of liberty. But the French Revolution played a large role in the age of enlightenment and gave birth to a rise to the freedom of many victimized colonies. Was it worth it?

Carpentier has an interesting history with revolution. I won't go into the details of his life, but his experience with revolution gives him justification to ask these questions. 'Explosion in a Cathedral' is interesting conceptually and the story, although it drags in places, is one of adventure. I found it to be a fascinating work. Solid four stars.
Profile Image for Azumi.
236 reviews179 followers
July 18, 2016
Tiene una prosa muy rica, demasiado rica, es un libro para leer con un diccionario al lado para buscar todas las palabras que no hayas oído en tu vida. Con tanta riqueza de vocabulario, palabras tan rebuscadas y tanta y tanta descripción y explicación se me ha hecho a trozos un poco cuesta arriba, vamos que me he quedado un poco saturada/empachada de vocabulario.
Pero por el contrario hay capítulos que son una verdadera maravilla y no se puede negar que está muy bien escrito. Me ha dejado agotada.
Profile Image for Mahla.
80 reviews48 followers
August 30, 2021
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.«این‌بار انقلاب با شکست رو به رو شد. شاید انقلاب بعدی اصیل و عاقبت به خیر باشد. باید از سخن‌پردازی بیش از حد پرهیز کنیم و از (جهان بهتری) که با حرف ساخته می‌شود بر حذر باشیم. عصر ما از تورم کلمات تباه می‌شود. تنها (ارض موعود) آن است که انسان درون خود پیدا می‌کند.«
کارپانتیه در هر اثرش، ورق آسی برای رو کردن دارد. هربار که با یکی از رمان‌های او روبه‌رو می‌شوم می‌دانم که از قرار، با یک معجزهٔ تمام عیار سروکار دارم. ویژگی بارز او روایت منطقی و درعین حال تغزل لطیفی است که از سازه واژگان او شکل می‌گیرد. در داستان‌هایی که به قلم او خواندم، شخصیت داستان در قالب چند صد صفحه به چندین دنیای گوناگون پا می‌گذارد و تجربیاتی شورانگیز را از سر می‌گذراند، گویی نقطه‌ای که داستان از آنجا آغاز شده است، دور و تصورناپذیر می‌نماید.
.»قرن روشنفکری« یا انفجار در کلیسای جامع؛ به نقد آرمان‌های انقلاب کبیر فرانسه، یا در حقیقت به کند و کاو ارزش‌های انقلابی می‌پردازد. کارپانتیه شخصیت داستانش را از قلب هاوانا به بحبوحه سال‌های انقلاب در فرانسه می‌کشاند، انقلابی که به زعم او و گواه تاریخ، پس از تندروی‌های رهبرانش، همچون بسیاری از انقلاب‌های دیگر به ورطه سقوط و انحطاط گرایید. داستان از سیر تغییر و تحول بنیادین در شخصیت «ویکتور هوگ»، که گویا یکی از بازیگران حقیقی انقلاب فرانسه بود، می‌گوید.
در قالب این شخصیت کارپانتیه از انفجار و انقلاب در هویت‌های فردی پرده برمی‌دارد. شخصیتی که خوی و خصلتِ انسانی خود را بر سر قمارِ انقلاب، به گیوتین و بازی‌های کثیف سیاست می‌بازد. آنچه کارپانتیه را تبدیل به یکی از نویسندگان محبوب من کرده است، ادغام دانش و تجربیات خود با روح قصه‌گویی و روایت است. توصیفات دقیق و چشم‌نوازی که از جزایر گوادلوپ و سفرهای دریایی به رشته تحریر درآورده است، حاصل مشاهدات عینی اوست. قلم او دروازه‌ای به‌شهود و درک فضایی است که با دانش و چیره‌دستی ترسیم می‌کند. کارپانتیه بدون شک معجزه می‌داند، او رئالیسم بی‌پیرایه را همچون جادویی سحرآمیز به خوردمان می‌دهد. بنا به قول مترجم «ما نوشته داستان نویس را می‌خوانیم، اما یکجا با دانشمند، جای دیگر با تاریخ‌نویس یا جغرافیدان، کاشف، قوم‌شناس و گرد آورنده فولکلور یا موسیقی‌شناس و آهنگساز یا گیاه‌شناسی آشنا می‌شویم که از زبان شاعر با ما سخن می‌گوید.»
.من کارپانتیه را به هرکسی توصیه نمی‌کنم، برای معرفی آثار او به دیگری باید به نحوه برخورد او با ادبیات آگاه بود. او برای سرگرمی و لذت نمی‌نویسد،؛ او ضربه می‌زند، درگیر می‌کند، سیلی می‌زند و بیدار می‌کند.
4 reviews
January 24, 2010
Leí por primera vez esta excelente novela un verano hace cerca de diez años. Desde entonces, es un libro que he recomendado a menudo, que ha permanecido en mi recuerdo y he evocado muchas veces. Además de las horas de disfrute que me proporcionó, me abrió las puertas a la literatura de Alejo Carpentier. Tras El siglo… leí Los pasos perdidos. Luego, tras visitar la casa museo dedicada al escritor en La Habana, leí también El reino de este mundo, el libro de relatos Guerra del tiempo y Concierto barroco. Todos (o casi todos) muy buenos, marcados por un estilo bello y poderoso, y por temas y personajes muy atractivos. Pero El Siglo de las luces prevalecía en mi recuerdo, como uno de esos libros a los que tengo un cariño especial. Con estos libros, la clave no tanto su grado de calidad, sino el cariño que uno logra tenerles.
Ahora, con ocasión del “grupo amigos que se animan a leer juntos libros de corte clásico y charlar después sobre éllos” (no voy a llamarlo Canon, que he descubierto que es un término que atrae injustísimas críticas), he vuelto a leerlo, con esa mezcla de ilusión por volver a vivir una lectura gozosa, y un cierto temor de que la experiencia no estuviera a la altura del recuerdo.
Afortunadamente, la lectura del libro ha vuelto a ser estupenda. El siglo de las luces sigue siendo una gran novela. El tema es interesantísimo: la “exportación” de la Revolución francesa al Caribe, que sirve para indagar lateralmente en el devenir histórico de unas décadas clave en la historia de la humanidad, y para reflexionar acerca de cuán lejos de Europa quedaban (y quedan) unas islas separadas “tan solo” por unos miles de kilómetros.
Los personajes protagonistas están perfectamente delineados y son también muy atractivos: destaca el inolvidable comerciante-revolucionario-dictador-pragmático Victor Hughes. Luego, la cálida e idealista Sofía y el más humano, sensible y débil Esteban.
Pero el aspecto clave del libro es el magistral lenguaje de Carpentier: bello, sofisticado, rico, barroco… Es cierto que exige bastante concentración, que en ocasiones se antoja frío y que uno echa en falta a menudo un diccionario a mano. También exaspera a veces el abuso de las enumeraciones. Pero las abundantísimas palabras logran que la acción cobre vida, que sea casi palpable. Como ocurre en escenas antológicas: la tormenta cerniéndose sobre la casa de los ociosos jóvenes en la Habana, o el tenebroso estreno de la guillotina en Guadalupe ante los alucinados negros. El estilo a veces roza lo poético (apunté la siguiente frase referida a un velatorio “salió al patio para huir del abejeo de los rezos”), o a veces se hace gélido (la escena clave de Sofía y Esteban bajo las flores tras la lluvia, por ejemplo, queda muy menguada de pasión). A veces, el lenguaje es simplemente perfecto (la escena en que Esteban, abrazado a la proa del barco, implora a Sofía que se quede, que no consume su “degradación moral”).
No estoy seguro de que el libro tenga una conclusión o una idea dominante. Tal vez nos hable de la diferente forma de vivir una revolución, o tal vez, como apunta un pasaje del final, la conclusión sea que la consecuencia de una revolución está en la huella que deja en cada persona. Pero me inclino a pensar que lo importante es más bien la historia que cuenta y sobre todo, cómo la cuenta: logrando que se haga única e inolvidable.
Profile Image for Jim.
2,413 reviews800 followers
January 18, 2024
There's nothing quite like starting the year with a real blockbuster. Alejo Carpentier's Explosion in a Cathedral (Spanish title: El Siglo de las Luces)is a fantastic historical novel about the effect of the French Revolution on the Caribbean. I knew about its effect on the U.S., with the Citizen Genêt affair and the wildly unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts but was not aware about the staggering blow to the Spanish and French colonies around the Caribbean.

The title is based on a painting in the Cuban home of the narrator that shows a cathedral suffering from an explosion. And that's pretty much what happened to Holy Mother the Church, which reeled from the effects of the Revolution's assault on religion. At one point, Carpentier writes:
Esteban stopped, deeply shaken, before the Explosion in a Cathedral by an anonymous Neapolitan master. It seemed to prefigure so many events he had witnessed, and he felt staggered by the endless interpretations this prophetic canvas invited—anti-plastic, estranged from all known pictorial subjects, brought into their home by an obscure coincidence. If the cathedral was, according to the doctrines he had learned long ago, the representation—ark and tabernacle—of his own being, an explosion had occurred within it, however deferred and gradual, shattering altars, symbols, and objects of veneration. If the cathedral was the Age, then a formidable explosion had collapsed its supporting walls, burying beneath an avalanche of rubble the very men who may have built the infernal machine.
What makes the book a historical novel that one of the three main characters actually existed in real life: Victor Hugues was an appointee by Maximilien Robespierre to run the French Caribbean colony of Guadeloupe and later, after Robespierre's downfall, French Guiana on the South American mainland.

The other main characters are Sofia and her cousin Esteban, who in a way are victims of the explosion of the cathedral of French and Spanish Colonial America.

Carpentier went in for super-long paragraphs which makes his novel a bit of a challenge, but I can assure you that once you get used to the rhythm of his prose, you will be won over.
Profile Image for Carmen.
2,777 reviews
January 27, 2021
Y así transcurría el tiempo, en aquellos días finales de un Siglo de las Luces que parecía haber durado más de trescientos años, por las tantas y tantas cosas que en él habían acontecido. "Vida maravillosa -decía Sofía-. Pero detrás de estos árboles hay algo inadmisible". Y señalaba hacia la fila de altos cipreses, alzados como obeliscos verdinegros sobre la vegetación circundante, que ocultaba otro mundo: el de los barracones de esclavos que a veces hacían sonar sus tambores como un granizo remoto.
Profile Image for Salud Yáñez .
43 reviews13 followers
September 15, 2023
"Esta vez la revolución ha fracasado.Acaso la próxima sea la buena. Pero, para agarrarme cuando estalle, tendrán que buscarme con linternas a mediodía. Cuidémonos de las palabras hermosas; de los Mundos Mejores creados por las palabras. Nuestra época sucumbe por un exceso de palabras.No hay más Tierra Prometida que la que el hombre puede encontrar en sí mismo ".
Profile Image for Federico Sosa Machó.
449 reviews134 followers
November 29, 2017
La gran novela latinoamericana sobre las ilusiones y los desencantos que provocan los sueños revolucionarios.
Profile Image for Fernando Endara.
431 reviews73 followers
September 11, 2018
“El Siglo de las Luces” es un clásico de las letras latinoamericanas y una de las obras más importantes de la literatura hispanoamericana del Siglo XX. Publicada en 1962, esta novela de ficción histórica se ambienta en la Revolución Francesa a finales del Siglo XVIII, y desarrolla su acción en distintos escenarios de las Antillas. Alejo Carpentier es un narrador excepcional, nos presenta un trabajo cargado de simbolismos, de ideales y contradicciones, con abundantes, espesas y bellas descripciones de los parajes caribeños. Un texto excepcional que veraz y documentado, muestra la magia de lo Real Maravilloso de nuestro continente. Las fuerzas de la historia se estrellan y su onda expansiva arrasa todo a su paso, desde la Bastilla al Caribe, con sus Islas, sus pueblos, sus plantaciones, sus miserias, sueños y alegrías. La novela, además, retrata las hazañas de Víctor Hughes, panadero, negociante, político, militar, revolucionario, contrarrevolucionario, masón y anti-masón; que después de precipitarse a combatir en favor de la Revolución, termina convertido en un portentoso administrador de la Colonia de la Guadalupe y de Cayena, traicionando sus principios originales.

La trama sigue las peripecias de los hermanos cubanos Sofía y Carlos, quienes quedan huérfanos a corta edad. Gracias a la fortuna de su finado padre comerciante, administrada por un albacea, los pequeños burgueses disfrutan de inocentes juegos infantiles, embelesados de ilusión, mientras cuidan de su pequeño primo Esteban, asmático y sin nadie más en el mundo. Una noche, con ruido de aldabas, Victor Hugues se presenta en el hogar para trastocarlo todo, se convierte en héroe de mitos antiguos, en auditor del fiduciario, en destacado cocinero, en padre, amigo y amante. Con ayuda del negro Ogé, cura los padecimientos del enfermo y difunde las ideas de la época: “igualdad, fraternidad, justicia”. Influye con su elocuencia y sus exposiciones masónicas a los jóvenes, que asumen la realidad del Siglo, las luces que llegaron para iluminar la oscuridad de los tiempos exigen que se tomen medidas drásticas, demanda ser partícipes en la construcción de nuevas decepciones disfrazadas de glorias.

La Revolución comenzó, hubo captura a los masones en Cuba, y cuando intentaron esconderse en la casa de Víctor en Puerto Príncipe, la encontraron quemada hasta las cenizas, arrasada por las negradas, que salvajes, conquistaban su libertad al compás de tambores frenéticos de antiguos dioses africanos. Los jóvenes debían separarse, quedan Sofía y Carlos en Cuba mientras Esteban embarca para Francia, rumbo a la hecatombe del huracán que va a transformar la faz de la Tierra. Los sucesos políticos de este período son confusos y conflictivos, se erige la guillotina como símbolo de progreso y de muerte, de muerte del antiguo régimen, que decapitado, se levantará en contrarrevolución devorando como el Uroboros a sus hijos predilectos.

Cuando cayeron las falacias, descubriendo la fatuidad de los discursos, los partidarios del negro, del esclavo, de la igualdad de las razas quedaron al descubierto, mostrando su semblante de iniquidad. Devolviendo el cruento azadón que les fue retirado el 16 del Pluvioso del año II, nada había cambiado. Se vendió una ciudadanía de cartón, una liberación de pacotilla, una independencia incompleta, zanjada por Mackandal en el Haití, negada por el terrible Regidor en la Guadalupe. El tirano, Victor Hughes, comandante de la defensa de la Isla frente a los británicos, jefe de los corsarios de asalto, provocador de la guerra franco-norteamerica en los mares del Caribe; jamás se amilanó, ni cuando trasladó en su barco el decreto de la libertad, ni cuando ejecutó en el paredón a los cimarrones devueltos a sus viejos amos. Esteban sucumbió a la desilusión, embriagado de nostalgia se desplazó por las colonias hasta Surinam para embarcarse a Cuba, un retorno al hogar, a su clima y su gente, al regazo de su amada prima Sofía. “La cubana” no se contentó con mirar los acontecimientos desde las sombras, viuda y sintiendo el llamado de sus carnes, se fue a Cayena, a buscar a su adorado, al insondable Victor Hugues. Las batallas ideológicas serán más fuertes que los conflictos de la pasión.

Carpentier es un maestro de las frases largas y adornadas, barrocas y cargadas, con excesiva puntuación y resonancia. Sintetiza los acontecimientos históricos para dar vida a un protagonista secundario de la Revolución Francesa, un hombre clave para el sostenimiento de las colonias francesas de ultramar, un sujeto contradictorio que supo ajustarse a los tiempos y modificar la trayectoria, remando en dirección adecuada casi con sortilegio vudú. Lo Real Maravilloso aparece en toda su dimensión: cuando la guillotina presagiaba la muerte, fue celebrada por el pueblo, que estableció comercio y jolgorio a su alrededor; cuando cundió la peste, la parca tuvo que mirar a moribundos, sanos y enfermos entregarse a las juergas finales, apocalípticos festejos de bailes voluptuosos y danzas eróticas entregadas al alcohol, al sexo y a la muerte virulenta.

“El Siglo de las Luces” es una novela total, que se desplaza por las islas del Caribe de forma musical, que inspirada en el cuadro “Explosión en la Catedral”, de Monsú Desiderio (inventado por Breton), condensa el estallido de una época, la detonación de unas ideas que, expandidas por los confines, darían el paso de la modernidad a la edad contemporánea. Acompañado de Goya, Carpentier nos sumerge en la historia política, social, y cultural de las Antillas, un paseo voluminoso que maravilla por sus floridas descripciones y potentes reflexiones sobre el carácter humano.
Profile Image for Kuszma.
2,849 reviews285 followers
December 5, 2022
Havanna, a XVIII. század végén. Sophía, Carlos és Esteban, a frissen elárvult testvérpár úgy élik a világtól elszakadva a maguk életét, mint egy babaházban. Ám egy napon betoppan közéjük Victor Hugues, a karizmatikus kereskedő, szabadkőműves és forradalmár, aki magával hozza a Történelmet, és viharként tépáz ronggyá mindent, ami addigi viszonyaik közt biztosnak tűnt. 1789 szele magával ragadja a szereplőket, akik hol oly közelről, hol oly távolról szemlélhetik így a kort, hogy mit se tudnak felfogni belőle – mégis segítségükkel olyan kollázst kap az olvasó, ami talán többet árul el arról az időről, mint egy Robespierre-monográfia. Victor személyében pedig a maga testet öltött Forradalmi Szellem kíséri őket végig útjukon – hol bokáig gázolva a vérben, hol buzgón forgatva a köpönyeget*.

Carpentier prózájában az a fantasztikus, hogy tökéletesen ráérez a posztmodern hagyomány (például Faulkner) és a Karibi-szigetvilág fülledt tradíciója közötti rokonságra, olyan tropikusan barokk szöveget hozva létre, amibe belealél az ember. Ebben a világban még a szegénység is gazdag, mert illatok és ízek és formák milliárdjai veszik körül, amik bódító felsorolások formájában hömpölyögnek az olvasó elé. Itt ha két ember egymásra néz, az már kísérleti atomrobbantás, itt a vér (de még a verejték is!) szebb színben tündököl, mint Kairó bíbor rózsája, itt a szavaknak szaga van és súlya van… És mindezen túl ez egy okos regény is, konzekvens történelemszemlélettel a központban – csak épp maga a szöveg annyira erős és lendületes, hogy ezt hajlamosak vagyunk elfelejteni. Mindent összevetve: ez a könyv a latin-amerikai regényirodalom legszűkebb elitjébe való.

* Victor Hugues karibi diktatúrájának egyes elemeiben néha felismerni véltem a sztálini Szovjetuniót – ahogy a rendszer ősi ellenségei és saját hívei is előbb-utóbb ugyanazon a rothadó fegyencgyarmaton találják magukat; ahogy a „gránitszilárdságúnak” mondott alapelveket felfüggesztik, ha a politikai realitás úgy kívánja; ahogy a Szabadság nevével ajkukon küldik a vezetők nyaktiló alá azokat, akik kiejtik a szájukon a Szabadság szót… Nyilván a párhuzamok nem véletlenek: mindez jól jelzi valamennyi totalitarizmusra törekvő állam igazi lényegét.

Profile Image for Samuel.
14 reviews
February 4, 2013
Explosion in a Cathedral might be described as a steaming Monte Cristo sandwich or perhaps better yet a Cuban boucan. I loved this mixture of swashbuckling romance and the dense history of the French Revolution’s implosion as it crosses the sensuously magical Caribbean. But a warning for those not intrigued by history, you may find yourself becalmed by the large middle expanse of the book. Drawn from real life, Carpentier’s tragic anti-hero Victor Hughes contains within him one third Edmond Dantès, one third Robespierre, and one third Napoléon. When he sails into the life of a wealthy Cuban family, heirs to a Havana based trading empire in the thrall of Enlightenment dilettantism, two cousins fall in love with Hughes in their own ways, making the tragedy of the collapse of the revolution a personal one for all three.

Carpentier himself made a similar voyage from Switzerland, where he was born to a French architect and Russian translator, to Cuba where he spent most of the first 8 years of his life, back to France where he was schooled, and then back to Cuba at 17, where he briefly studied architecture before turning to journalism, musicology (his study of Cuban music is, according to the editor, one of the most plagiarized works on the subject), and of course to literature. The book oscillates similarly, moving from Havana to Haiti, to France, to Guadalupe, to French Guiana and Surinam, back to Cuba, and finally to Spain. Though some may feel antipathy to a writer who became Castro’s minister of publishing (and Carpentier is cautious—that the book begins in Havana is not mentioned until page 70), the book is anything but a banner for the cause. Written at the height of the Cold War just after Castro turned Cuba into a one party Communist state, and published as the Cuban Missile Crisis riveted world attention, one wonders what the Cuban leader must have thought of this portrait of the disintegration of a revolutionary leader and the ideals of the revolution. Was it a warning to avoid letting the revolution destroy itself? A chastisement for the excesses of the revolution? A reminder of the finitude of everything?

There are two nearly hidden guiding lights in the book always skimming alongside just beneath the surface. One is that of Goya, quoted at the beginning of many chapters. These are not really quotes, but references to titles of “The Disasters of War,” a series of illustrations he created for the Spanish – French war of 1808-1814, a meditation on the war’s horrors worth studying on their own (the New York Public Library has a great on-line version of these: Goya's Los desastres de la guerra, though other sites give more context for each scene). While part of Carpentier’s intent in referring to these images is no doubt aimed at criticizing the American attempts at counterrevolution in Cuba (the Bay of Pigs) which he would see mirror the French imperial designs on Spain, more of it seems a dissection of the excesses of “reason” and its horrors present in the revolution itself. Though not a part of the same series, Goya’s horrific painting of Saturn devouring his son is emblematic of that spirit: the revolution revolting against humanity itself.

The second nearly hidden guiding light is connected to what Carpentier called the lo real maravilloso (the “marvelous real”), a style he helped make popular. Such was its power that apparently Gabriel García Márquez threw out the first draft of One Hundred Years of Solitude and started over after reading this book. Carpentier’s prose is lush, and never more so in describing nature, particularly in many passages where Esteban explores the beauties of the Caribbean. Yet his real maravilloso, perhaps as part of his own revolt against the French surrealists, never becomes as hallucinatory as García Márquez’s. In the very middle of the book, Carpentier reflects on the power of the spiral in nature in this very beautiful passage:

“Sometimes a great silence foreshadowing an Event would fall over the water, and then some enormous, belated, obsolete fish would appear, a fish from another epoch, its face placed at the extreme end of its massive body, living in a perpetual fear at its own slowness, its hide covered with vegetation and parasites like an uncareened hull. The huge back emerged admist a swirl of remoras, with the solemnity of a raised galleon, as this patriarch of the depths, this Leviathan, ejecting sea-foam, emerged into the light of day, for what might perhaps be only the second time since the astrolabe was brought into these seas. The monster opened its pachyderm’s eyes, and, discovering a battered sardine boat sailing nearby, submerged once more, anxious and afraid down towards the solitude of the depths, to await some other century before it returned again to a world full of perils.

“The Event concluded, the sea went back to its business. The hippocampi ran around on the sand among empty sea urchins, divested of their quills, which, as they dried, turned into geometrical apples, so neatly arranged that they could have formed part of Dürer’s “Melancholy.” The colors of the parrotfish were kindled, as the angel-fish, the devil-fish, the cock-fish and the St. Peter-fish merged their entities in the sacramental drama which was being played out in this great theater of Universal Voracity, this fluid unity, where like was eaten by like, consubstantiated and imbricated before its time."

But if Nature is only "Universal Voracity," would not the life of a buccaneer, someone in continual revolution, or no doubt in Carpentier's mind, the uncontrolled capitalist perfectly mimic her? Esteban's takeover of the island is not complete, however, and it appears to take him over too:

“If the island was narrow, Esteban would try to forget the times he lived in by walking alone over to the other side, where he felt himself master of everything; the snail–shells were his, and their music at high-tide; so were the turtles in their topaz armour, hiding their eggs in holes which they then filled in and brushed over with their scaly flippers; and the dazzling blue stones, sparkling on a shoal of virgin sand, never trodden by human feet….

“Stretched out on sand so fine that even the tiniest insect left the marks of its passage behind, naked and alone in the world, Esteban watched the luminous, motionless clouds, so slow to change their formations that sometimes a whole day was not enough to erase a triumphal arch or the head of a prophet. Total happiness, outside time and space. Te deum. Or else, with the point of his chin resting on the cool leaves of an uvero, he became absorbed in the contemplation of a snail—a single snail—which stood like a monument, level with his eyes, blotting out the horizon. This snail was the mediator between evanescent, fugitive, lawless, measureless fluidity, and the land, with its crystallizations, its structures, its morphology, where everything could be grasped and weighted. out of a sea at the mercy of lunar cycles—fickle, furious or generous, curling and dilating, forever ignorant of modules, theorems and equations—there appeared these surprising shells, symbolizing in number and proportion exactly what the Mother lacked, concrete examples of linear development, of the laws of convolution, of a wonderfully precise conical architecture, of masses in equilibrium, of tangible arabesques which hinted at all the baroquisms to come. Contemplating a snail—a single snail—Esteban reflected on how, for millennium upon millennium, the spiral had been present to the everyday gaze of maritime races, who were still incapable of understanding it, or of even grasping the reality of its presence. He meditated on the prickly husk of the sea-urchin, the helix of the mollusk, the fluting of the Jacobean scallop-shell, astonished by this [Science of Forms] which had been exhibited long ago to a humanity that still lacked eyes to appreciate it. What is there round about me which is already complete, recorded, real, yet which I cannot understand? What sign, what message, what warning is there in the curling leaves of the endive, the alphabet of moss, the geometry of the rose-apple? Contemplate a snail—a single snail. Te deum.” [pp. 178-80]

A small unravish’d bride of quietness, silence and slow time. In the next chapter she won’t be so fortunate as we see the revolutionaries begin the worst excesses of piracy. The unfortunate substitution of Explosion in a Cathedral for the Spanish title of the book, El Siglo de las luces, literally the “Century of Lights,” the expression used in France and Spain for the 18th century Enlightenment, is that we no longer see the irony meant by Carpentier in titling his work for a period with so much hope in reason, in Nature and Nature’s God, so much possibility, but that sadly turns to destroy itself. The marvelous reality of the shell is to follow a mysterious, unexpected order, but the question is, is it spiraling up or down? And perhaps the greatest unanswered question, can we tell the difference? The epigraph to the book is drawn from the Zohar: “Las palabras no caen en lo vacío.” “Words don’t fall in a vacume.” Ideas have consequences that may spin out of control. Carpentier's art aims at helping us see the difference between reason and madness. One can’t help but think of one more Goya illustration known as “The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters,” but the title more fully is “Fantasy abandoned by reason produces impossible monsters: united with her, she is the mother of the arts and the origin of their marvels.” This seems a perfect description of Carpentier’s obra maravillosa.
Profile Image for Yann.
1,412 reviews399 followers
February 17, 2015

Armoiries de Cuba


Armoiries de Haïti


symboles révolutionnaires français

Alejo Carpentier (1904-1980) est un auteur cubain né en Suisse, d'ascendance française. Dans ce roman écrit dans les années 50 et paru en 1962, il évoque la période révolutionnaire dans le théâtre des Caraïbes par le truchement d'un personnage historique dont j'ignorais l'existence, Victor Hugues(1762-1826), un planteur de Saint Domingue d'origine marseillaise.

Au milieu du XVIIIe siècle, la France avait perdu quasiment la totalité de son premier empire colonial, en Inde et en Amérique, au profit de sa rivale séculaire, l'Angleterre, tandis que l'Espagne récupérait Cuba en échange de la Floride. Elle n'avait gardé que quelques îles à sucre aux Caraïbes dont elle tirait des profits plus juteux que les quelques arpents de neige canadiens, ou les vastes plaines désertiques américaines habitées par des sauvages.

La revanche a été prise peu de temps après, avec le soutien apporté aux insurgents américains contre leur métropole. Non seulement Louis XVI arrachait à sa rivale l'un de ses principaux établissements ultramarins, mais elle gagnait un allié pour l'avenir. Seulement cette nouvelle guerre survenue trop rapidement après la précédente finit par creuser les déficits de telle manière que même les manipulations banquières du ministre suisse Necker ne purent masquer plus longtemps la nécessité de procéder à des réformes.

Après le refus des puissants de mettre la main au portefeuille, le roi convoque les États Généraux, dont une partie deviendra l'Assemblée Nationale. Pour la bourgeoisie, écartée par la noblesse de toutes les places et de tous les honneurs malgré son industrie et son intelligence, l'heure de prendre en main son destin a sonné. C'est dans ce contexte que Victor Hugues est au Caraïbes, entouré de trois espagnols de Cuba fascinés par son énergie, son enthousiasme pour les idées nouvelles et sa détermination.

C'est donc l'occasion d'évoquer toutes les péripéties de cette période riche en événements: abolition puis rétablissement de l'esclavage, arrivée de la république, terreur rouge puis blanche, révolte de Toussaint Louverture en Haïti, reprise de la Guadeloupe aux anglais, bagne de Cayenne, quasi guerre avec les États-Unis avec la course. Il ressort de tout ceci un tableau ambivalent de cette période, et Victor Hugues apparaît de plus en plus comme un personnage équivoque aux yeux de ses compagnons interloqués, à mesure qu'il choisit de régler sa conduite suivant les circonstances, ses intérêts ou les idéaux qu'il professe.

Chaque chapitre comporte en incipit le nom d'un tableau de Goya. Le style est foisonnant, on a une véritable avalanche de citations d'auteurs, de faits historiques, d'allusions, de métaphores. Mes sentiments sont partagés: d'un côté, j'étais très friand de découvrir d'un point de vue caribéen la période révolutionnaire, j'ai saisi la plus grande partie des références, mais je reste gêné par le fait que ce livre ne se positionne pas assez clairement entre le roman et l'histoire. Au lieu d'apprécier un récit dont l'histoire n'est qu'une toile de fond, on se perd dans une foule de détails; on nous met des péripéties sous les yeux, mais on n'en saisit pas toujours bien les articulations profondes nécessaires à l'intelligence de l'ensemble. C'est dommage. Par contre, ça me donne envie de trouver les véritables sources historiques.
Profile Image for Aurélien Thomas.
Author 9 books121 followers
September 24, 2022
Here's an historical novel centred around a fascinating topic, and yet written in such a deplorable style that it ends up completely botched.

Esteban and his cousins Carlos and Sofia lead a life rather quiet in Havana, Cuba. There's not much perspective. Apart from managing the family trade, the future seems quite morose. This, though, is counting without Victor Hugues, an eccentric free mason who will barge into their lives and completely transform them forever.

After bringing Esteban in France, the two men will indeed find themselves embroiled into the tumults of the Revolution (1789). Full of Republican ideals, drunk with the ethos of the philosophes, they live here a time that will change them as much as it will change the world. Alejo Carpentier tells us here the adventures, from revolutionary Paris to the colonies, of Victor Hugues, who will be entrusted in bringing the Revolution back into the colonies. And, nicknamed 'the Guadeloupean Robespierre', he embodies everything that was wrong with an era, as seen through the critical (bitter?) eyes of Esteban.

More than the biography of a populist egotist, believing himself to be a man at the service of a Greater Ideal, the author gives us to see the storms shattering this last decades of a crucial century, from the political changes and bloody troubles in France (feeding conflicts that will set Europe ablaze) to a revolution that will spread to the colonies, where freedom (very temporary) came escorted by a guillotine, to open up the gates to blood baths and slaves revolts.

It's a vast novel, where each chapter opens by a painting by Goya, and where there is a lot of layers to unfold. And, for someone like me, with an interest in the era and the said Revolution and its impact, here was a very anticipated read! But...

But Alejo Carpentier was adept of a baroque writing style that is, to me personally at least, a style which is nothing but pompous, pretentious, and so uselessly flowered that it too often turns soporific. The plot captivates, fascinates, and is a page turner by itself, but the writing completely shut it down, and, ultimately, makes a waste of what could have been a masterpiece.

Not for me; and what a pity!
Profile Image for Reckless Serenade.
587 reviews76 followers
March 2, 2021
Una pena que sólo me haya gustado el principio y el final. El resto me ha parecido un batiburrillo de sucesos en los cuáles me costaba ubicarme con tanta palabreja y además teniendo el punto de vista de Esteban, que no me ha agradado demasiado.

Lo que sí me ha resultado interesante es que después de leer este libro no volveré a ver la Revolución francesa de la misma manera, dado que te cuenta que realmente fue un régimen de terror.

Un último apunte: qué malas son las ediciones de Alianza editorial, se deshacen con solo mirarlas. Entiendo que por el precio que tienen no van a ser muy robustas, pero tengo libros de otras editoriales con el mismo precio que apenas tienen desperfectos.
Profile Image for Philip.
Author 8 books153 followers
July 23, 2014
Explosion in a Cathedral by Alejo Carpentier is a book that comes alive on several simultaneous levels. Ostensibly, it’s a novel about eighteenth century adventurers. Carlos, Sofia and Estaban emerge from the kind of familial challenges that beset most lives at some stage in any lifetime lived in that age. They are from Havana, a Spanish colony offering necessary and essential loyalty to a King, a King removed from local reality in both space and experience. But there is revolution in the air. France is blazing a trail towards a new, modern era, where birthright and privilege can be challenged, and the rational, alongside the just can be championed.

Our youngsters, orphaned and making their own way in life, come across a Frenchman called Victor Hughes. He travels around the Caribbean doing business, trading, dealing. He becomes a fundamental actor in the export of France’s new revolutionary values and Carlos, Sofia and Esteban witness much of what he attempts. In some places this is nothing less than the abolition of slavery, the emancipation of slaves and a recognition of their status as real human beings. Such is the metal of revolution.

And so, through the eyes of these young, idealistic travellers, we witness the introduction of Madame Guillotine to the colonies, her role presumably to impose the obvious rationality of the process. The travellers live through an albeit temporary experiment in emancipation for those previously regarded as sub-human. They encounter discussions on democracy, rights, human worth, justice and science. Thus Alejo Carpentier’s novel blends politics, history, philosophy and morality to examine how just some of the people of this era dealt with the challenges that the global change emanating from France was posing.

On another level, Explosion in a Cathedral, or A Century of Lights in its literal translation from the original Spanish title, is a novel about existence, itself. We are placed in an era when things now taken for granted, such as reaching maturity, marriage, childbirth or even influenza presented major hurdles, challenges to be negotiated and overcome. Nothing could be taken for granted, least of all, perhaps, any assumption of finding an adequate and regular supply of daily bread. And whatever life threw up, it was grasped, consumed, experienced, for there was no time to wait around, no presumption of second chance.

But perhaps the greatest achievement of this masterpiece is the magical realism of the descriptive writing. Even in translation, the experience is beyond vivid, the reality truly surreal in both its imagination and its immediacy. It is simultaneously completely real and yet also pure fiction, thus blending experience with imagination in a thoroughly memorable way. As the characters sail the Caribbean with their revolutionary message, the reader can feel the wind and spray, suffer the heat, share the coolness of the sea, taste the fish. The prose is exquisitely evocative, even in translation, and thus Alejo Carpentier’s descriptive writing alone provides adequate reason for reading the book. It’s like being alive in a painting that moves around you as you look at it.

Ultimately, the book addresses how ideals can be compromised by necessity, how enthusiasm, like the human beings that are driven by it, can mellow with age, can run out of the will to pursue a dream. It examines how assertion can easily become capitulation, how idealism can be exploited by the pragmatic.

Often time dulls what writers achieve. But in the case of Carpentier’s Explosion in a Cathedral, the book’s significance has perhaps even grown over the decades since its publication. It is worth noting that this text itself grew out of Cuba’s own revolutionary era, Cuba’s own attempt to remake a social order. And, in the light of subsequent events, of which Alejo Carpentier may have only speculated, the book seems to offer both prescience and comment. It remains a truly gigantic achievement.
Profile Image for Paul Gaya Ochieng Simeon Juma.
617 reviews46 followers
November 19, 2016
When the only hope that remains in our lives is death, then it means that we are living in dangerous times. What is the source of our problems as a humanity? The answer is inequality. Death is the only summons which we all must obey and the only sure solution to the oppression we live with.

In this book we see men like Victor who dedicate their lives to the revolution. It is set during the colonialist period. A time when slavery was the only way of getting rich. Things were so bad, blacks had resorted yo black magic in order to get and keep white men for security and status. However, in a revolution, even the leaders are suspect. As Esteban distaste for his leader grew, he lamented that we are the worst monsters on the planet.

This is the story of the Cuban revolution and the aftermath of the revolution. It is told in the eyes of Esteban who leaves his sister and cousin to join his mentor and friend Victor. He ends up regretting his decision. Away from his family, he misses home but when he arrives he struggles to adapt to the new environment while fighting the memories he badly wishes to forget.
Profile Image for Horax.
48 reviews12 followers
November 13, 2009
Esto es lo mejor que he leído este año. Esta novela tiene una factura sublime. Hay que ver lo bien que escribe este señor. El tema de la novela a su vez no carece de interés, y la estrataegia de abordarlo desde una perspectiva familiar, juvenil, ...; con protagonistas en los que te puedes sentir reflejado, etc.
Lo recomiendo a todo el que desee disfrutar del vicio de la lectura. Porque leer esta novela es cosa de vicio !
Profile Image for Lauli.
364 reviews73 followers
February 6, 2018
Hace algo de un mes que leí por primera vez a Carpentier y no puedo parar. No sólo me parece fascinante su prosa, su don para el lenguaje, para las descripciones barrocas de la naturaleza desbordada del Caribe, sino también su afán de rescatar las historias no contadas del continente. Así como en El reino de este mundo se narra en profundidad la revolución de Haití, aquí Carpentier nos interna en el poco explorado terreno de la revolución francesa en el Caribe, sus idas y vueltas, su transición de una ráfaga libertaria, a un régimen del Terror hasta llegar a la misma perversión de todos los ideales revolucionarios y la transformación de los jacobinos en terratenientes esclavistas. Ese proceso se encuentra encarnado en la figura de Víctor Hughes, un revolucionario marsellés que realmente existió y se caracterizó, como dice Carpentier, por una acción "firme, sincera, heroica en su primera fase; desalentada, contradictoria, logrera y hasta cínica, en la segunda". Alrededor de su figura giran la de los primos Esteban y Sofía, ambos idealistas, ambos desencantados luego y finalmente redimidos por la búsqueda última de un ideal incorrupto. Un libro imprescindible para conocer la historia de nuestro continente y para reflexionar acerca de los ideales, el fanatismo y la mirada sobre el otro.
Profile Image for Cosimo.
443 reviews
September 2, 2014
Rivoluzione francese nelle Antille, esistenzialismo magico, romanzo storico di guerre, ghigliottine ed epidemie, fatti di sangue, d'amore e di armi nell'universo coloniale. Laddove ogni cosa ha un nome o ne va in cerca, in un tempo di spettri e di decapitazioni, Carpentier istituisce un legame profondo tra realtà e linguaggio, alterandone i confini e sublimando la tragicità del quotidiano in una rappresentazione creola e meticcia del mondo e dell'umano, sempre in bilico tra classicità e altezze barocche. I suoi personaggi hanno qualcosa di eterno, danzano con un desiderio di viaggio e di avventura che nella tempesta non si placa, si rigenera e trova nuovi simboli cui aspirare. E' un romanzo che si legge in un respiro e ci si scopre, bene o male, ancora affamati di racconti, di analogie e di parole.
Profile Image for Fatemeh.
127 reviews20 followers
April 1, 2022
۲.۵/۵
این کتاب، روایت تاریخی در مورد آمریکای لاتین‌ه و شرح یک سری از وقایع و انقلاب‌های دوره‌ای هست که من از تاریخش چیزی نمی‌دونم و برای همین واقعاً مطالعه‌ی این کتاب و پیش رفتن با خط داستانش، از من انرژی برد. پر از توصیفات جغرافیایی و رنگ و شکل‌ه، طوری که یک صفحه ممکن‌ه جز توصیف چیزی نباشه و خواننده از خود داستان جدا می‌شه اگه مثل من تمرکز نداشته باشه.
فقط می‌تونم بگم من مخاطب چنین کتابی نبودم.
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