In May 1944 when Max Eisen was 15, he and his family (his parents, younger siblings, grandparents, uncle, and aunt) were transported in a cattle car from their home territory near the Czechoslovakian-Hungarian border to Auschwitz II-Birkenau. There were nearly forty train cars in this particular transport, and each of them was packed with a hundred people. For the three years prior to this, Max’s father and uncle had been forced to work (with no remuneration) in German labour battalions. Meanwhile, the women, elders, and children struggled to make do at home.
In August 1942, Max and those family members not doing forced labour had already been ordered, along with other Jewish families, to make an alarming three-day train journey, one whose destination was unclear. The deportees were eventually told they were being resettled on farms in Kamenets-Podolsky in western Ukraine. In fact, this is one of the places where the Einsatzgruppen—the Nazi death squads responsible for carrying out “the Holocaust by bullets”—executed Jews en masse. (Since the ongoing shooting was labour intensive and had proven “too traumatizing” to the executioners, an impersonal, more mechanized approach to the liquidation of “useless eaters” had to be devised. Hence the gas chambers and crematoria. Eisen actually provides a document in the supplemental material at the back of his book related to this. It’s a letter to Nazi officials from Karl Prufer, the inventor of some crematoria furnaces used at Auschwitz, in which Prufer requests a bonus for his work—after all, it was done at home and in his free time.) As it turned out, the 1942 train journey did not end in Kamenets-Podolsky. The Hungarian government had second thoughts about sending the transport on to the Ukrainian killing fields. The Eisens and other Jewish families were returned home for the time being. That was perhaps the first time chance worked in Max’s favour.
As the title of his memoir indicates, Eisen believes that he survived by chance alone. In telling his story, he highlights the mysterious turns of events that allowed him, the only member of his immediate family, to survive the Holocaust. At times, he even uses the word “luck” to characterize his experiences. When Max arrived at Auschwitz II-Birkenau in the middle of a spring night in 1944, his mother, younger siblings, grandparents, and aunt were “selected”—for death. Max was directed to the right—to join the men’s column. For the first little while in Auschwitz I, he was in the same work unit and barracks as his father and Uncle Eugene, whom he regarded as his guardian angels. However, when his father saw that the guards had noticed the bond between the family members and were likely to engage in sadistic torment of the Eisens, he arranged for Eugene and himself to join a different work unit from Max’s. Eventually, Max’s father and uncle would be sent to the gas chambers. Before he died, Mr. Eisen was able to bestow the traditional Jewish blessing on his son. He also exhorted the boy, should he manage to survive, to tell what happened in this place.
Later, a guard’s bludgeoning Max on the head for a lapse in working would prove to be another stroke of “luck” for Max. The under-kapo on the work unit took pity on him. He told the boy how to staunch the profuse bleeding and subsequently arranged for him to be taken to the camp surgery. There Max was operated on by Dr. Tadeusz Orzeszko, an extraordinary figure about whom I’d like to know more. Dr. Orezeszko was a young surgeon, a political prisoner, and a member of the Polish resistance. He had feelers out, even in Auschwitz, and apparently assisted many in the camp. (At great risk to himself, he even performed an abortion on a Polish Jewish woman, as he knew that pregnant women were immediately marked for the gas chambers.)
Max’s meeting Dr. Orezeszko may be the most significant event in his life. Not only did the Polish doctor perform surgery on Max, he also intervened when the SS arrived three days post-surgery to transport Max to the gas chambers. Dr. Orezeszko ended up employing the boy as an operating room assistant. The young medical student/political prisoner who had been doing the job up to that point was about to be released, and he trained Max before leaving. Max was responsible for the disinfection and sterilization of surgical instruments and materials, as well as the sanitization of the premises between surgeries. He assisted in prepping patients for operations, was called upon to dispose of tissues and body parts, and sometimes even administered ether. His work in the operating room saved him. As a member of the medical team, he slept in the same quarters as the doctors and orderlies, and he had access to more than 300 calories’ worth of food a day.
In addition to information about his medical work at Auschwitz, Eisen tells about the heavy labour required of him in the work units. He also describes the October 7, 1944 rebellion of the Sonderkommandos, the Jewish inmates forced to carry out “the most gruesome and soul-destroying job” of all: disposal of the victims of the gas chambers. The memoir goes on to detail the protracted nightmare of the “death march” during the early months of 1945, when the Nazis knew they were losing the war and evacuated Auschwitz. The liberation of the camps, the years following the war which left Max an orphan (including his time at a Jewish school in Marienbad), and the challenges he faced in getting to Canada are also covered.
By Chance Alone recently won “Canada Reads”, the annual "battle of the books" competition organized by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Well organized, lucidly written, and accompanied by five helpful maps and other useful supplementary material, the memoir is an extraordinary testament to courage and endurance and an important historical document. In writing it, Max Eisen was able to carry out the final request of his father: to tell the world what happened.