This book is an excellent summary of the debates over end-of-life issues from the 1970s until 2015. Two broad issues are followed in some detail. First, the movement to promote hospices in the United Kingdom and palliative care in Canada is explained. The contributions of pioneers such as Cicely Saunders and Balfour Mount are detailed, as the idea that death is part of life took hold. Instead of seeing palliative measures at the end of life as “ throwing in the towel”, the care and comfort of the terminally ill, and attention to their spiritual and emotional needs, were given new emphasis. While access to palliative care in Canada is far from universal, it has made great progress and helped ease the final days of thousands of Canadians.
The second debate focuses on the “right” to end life through access to euthanasia and assisted suicide. This is a story that has a legal and a political side in Canada. In many ways, the debate started in the early 1990s when Sue Rodriguez, who suffered from ALS, petitioned the court for assisted suicide, fearing the day that her physical incapacities would make it impossible for her to commit suicide ( a legal act). In a narrow decision, the Supreme Court of Canada denied her request with five judges voting against, and four siding with Ms Rodriguez. Later in the same decade, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the state of Oregon opened the door to different models of euthanasia or assisted suicide.
Two decades later, the issue came to the forefront again. Another legal challenge, the Carter case, was mounted in British Columbia. At the same time, Quebec’s National Assembly opened public hearings before a special, bipartisan committee to study end-of-life issues. I had the honour of chairing this committee through the public phase, when the committee toured the province and heard over 300 witnesses, most of them private citizens who shared their highly personal and often painful experiences with death. The committee recommended strengthening access to palliative care, and granting access to medically assisted dying for the terminally ill for consenting adults. Legislation to that end 2as adopted in 2014. A year later, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of granting access to medically assisted suicide in its a Carter decision.
The ramifications of these developments are still being felt. Difficult debates remain over access for minors, for people suffering from dementia and who can no longer give their consent, to those who are gravely incapacitated but not terminally ill, and to those suffering from profound mental illness. Sandra Martin has provided an excellent survey of how the debate has evolved, and how we have arrived at our current situation.