"From what you've told me about what's going on at home, we have living proof of Marx's theories. You take away economic security and the whole pack of cards collapses. Everyone is at each other's throats. All these vaunted bourgeois values that prop up society - love, duty, honour, respect - all rest on power relations lubricated by economics."
The final book from the Booker shortlist (and my final verdict on that below) sees Neel Mukherjee tell the story of the Ghosh family, headed by the patriarch Prafullanath with his wife, 5 children (one dead), 4 daughters-in-law, 6 grandchildren and their domestic servants.
The book is set in the late 60s and early 70s, as the once successful paper business built by Prafullanath starts to fall on hard times, and, as the quote above neatly summarises, the family starts to fall apart. And in the wider Bengali society, the Naxalite revolution is in full swing, and spreading across the Santhal tribes and rural areas, but also increasingly dragging in middle class city-dwelling idealists, including the family's eldest grandson, Supratik. As a Calcutta policeman complains "Not a day passes when there isn't a bomb thrown
at us by these good middle-class fish-and-rice fed boys who have turned terrorist."
The story is told in three interwoven strands with, one set of chapters in the late 60s/70s and told in the present tense, the 2nd filling in the family's back story and written in the past tense, and the 3rd in the form of lengthy undelivered letters from Supratik describing his adventures as an activist (the intended recipient only becomes clear as the novel progresses). The switching between present and past tenses jars a little at first, and doesn't always seem 100% consistent, but ultimately does work. Mukherjee's debut novel was called "Past Continuous" and there's a nod to both that, and the use of tense in this novel, when Sona, the maths prodigy amongst the grandchildren bemoans the state of English teaching in his government school: "English, his weakest subject; the flimsiest subject in school, in fact, for the English teacher in Khastagir hardly knows how to transpose a sentence from the simple present tense to, say, the past continuous."
I said in the previous paragraph that it is Sona who bemoans this, but in fact it is the narrator on Sona's behalf, and this highlights the first weakness with the novel. The narrative chapters feature the point of view of multiple characters, but mostly only one omniscient narrative voice, so that reader doesn't really feel that they are entering into each characters' thoughts.
Mukherjee also doesn't make the book particularly easy on the reader. There's a family tree of the key characters at the start, which at first seems surprisingly small given the seemingly large cast. Then you realise that most family members have nicknames, and are also referred to, as Bengali's would, relationally rather than by name, and Bengali relationship vocabulary is considerably more complicated than English.
So opening the book at a random page (p42 in my edition), we find the granddaughter Baishakhi "knowing well that there will be a possessive rush to grab the puja special autumn issue
of Ultorath between Ma, Pishi, Boro-kaki and herself".
A glance at the family table doesn't help at all. So we instead turn to the end pages where we find a helpful explanation of Bengali relationship-terms: Mama turns out to be one's maternal uncle. Pishi is the speaker's father's sister. Kaka (sic, not Kaki) is the younger brother of one's father, and Boro- is a prefix meaning eldest.
So turning all the way back to the family tree, the reader finds that: Baishakhi's maternal relatives aren't included in the story at all - so "Ma" presumably means her mother, Purnima. Her father has only one sister, so Pishi is Chhaya. And her father has two younger brothers, so the Boro- prefix identifies Boro-Kaki as the elder, Bholonath.
With that confusion resolved the reader can finally move on to the rest of the paragraph - where he discovers the identity of these particular characters is actually irrelevant!
A little later, Arunmina refers to her Mejo-Jyethi. So back to the end pages and we see that Mejo- is a prefix meaning middle and Jyethi is an abbreviation for Jyethima, the wife of your Jyethu. Jyethu is the older brother of your father. So that must be her father's 2nd eldest brother's wife - Purnima – who was referred to by name in the previous sentence, which rather begs the question of why use the different title in this one.
I'd like to say that this becomes easier as the novel progresses but instead, the reader ends up simply letting it, and the frequent use of Bengali words (again there is a helpful glossary at the back - but unfortunately not comprehensive) pass without always working out exactly who or what is meant.
I'm all for authenticity, and I realise this is how Bengalis would address one another (and my second language, Korean, is very similar). But Mukherjee seems to use it gratuitously. The only time I noticed it being used for literary effect is towards the end of the novel, a revealing moment when Supratik realises he has started to think of his widowed aunt Purba, by her name, rather than as his Chotto-kakima.
As a final adverse point, the book is at times, it has to be said, rather boring. Mukherjee has tried to cram too much background detail in, and during these more technical sections, Mukherjee's prose becomes very flat. For example, the Ghosh's paper business is covered in too much detail, with lengthy discussions business strategy over the previous 30 years, complete the detailed production figures. Sentences like "The Bali factory had produced, at its peak functioning capacity, before all the troubles hit, 125TPD and had formed three-fifths of the Ghosh's business" don't exactly pique the reader's interest. Another chapter is devoted to number theory including mathematical proofs - even as a mathematician myself,
there was simply too much detail.
Mukherjee's writing can be lyrical - for example in the following passage on a Santhal forest - but this shows only in occasional bright patches of description, and at times he seems to borrow too liberally from the poems and songs of the Nobel-winning Rabindranath Tagore.
"Beyond another field on the other side, the forest lay like a dark-green, almost black shawl, extending from the dissolving hill in the distance. It appeared to be a repository of condensed dark, the vessel from which evening and night leaked out at a certain hour and covered the land and sky. Once inside, the darkness proved to be a trick that the forest - assuming its magical incarnation, like its companion, the hill, which was trying to become invisible - habitually performed for everyone outside its boundaries. The light, so flat out in the open, became dramatic and mobile: it seemed to have somersaulted up high to form a canopy. The hide-and-seek light, the unending series of sal, a whole different world hidden so openly within the shell of the soiled one they knew - all these things the city boys had never experienced before - silenced even Somnath".
The forest passage, of which the above is only an excerpt, comes towards the end of the novel and plays an important role. The description comes as seen by the youngest son, Somnath, while on a trip with friends, but the forest forms a more sinister aspect first as the trip ends in a tragedy, foreshadowed before one even stars the book in the family tree, and later, in time, as the hiding place of the Naxalite revolutionaries.
And on the positive side, the Naxalite episode is handled well, because of the focus on the individual experience of Supratik, and here we do get his authentic voice. Mukherjee for once resists the temptation to smother the reader in too much background details, despite the rich source material such as the many variants of Indian communism, the battles between the CPI(M) and the CPI(M-L), somewhat reminiscent of the Judean nationalists in Life of Brian. Overall I felt this part of the novel was superior to the treatment in Jhumpra Lahiri's "Lowland", which was on the 2013 Booker shortlist.
And Mukherjee does create some memorably drawn, and spectacularly flawed, characters, particularly in the womenfolk. For example, the Miss-Havisham like spinster-daughter Chhaya, heavily made-up and bejewelled, pining for a wedding she never had. Indeed one gets the impression Chhaya would feel that Miss Havisham was very lucky that she at least had a suitor, albeit one that cheated and jilted her. And her Mejo-Boudi (if I'm using the glossary correctly) Purmina, obsessed with her, and her husband's and daughter's, status in the Ghosh family, obsessively comparing gifts of jewellery and saris with those given to her sisters-in-law and speculating obsessively on what further treasure lie hidden in the family bank vaults. The cruel irony is that given the Ghosh's financial predicament, much of the family jewellery has been moved to the bank's own vaults to service loans.
Overall, Live of Others is a worthwhile read and on balance worth its place on the shortlist. But any Booker listed book that discusses the partition of India, as this one does, will inevitably be compared to Rushdie's Booker of Bookers, and this isn't even close to the lyricism of Midnight's Children. Add in Mukherjee's own frequent reference to Tagore - and he has set himself rather high benchmarks, which he can't reach.
As for my overall verdict on the 2014 Booker shortlist - two books clearly stand out, "J" by Howard Jacobsen and Ali Smith's "How to be both". J is the slightly better book but Smith would get my nod as Jacobsen has an undeserved Booker under his best for The Finkler Question, the weakest book of the 2010 shortlist. Mukherjee's "Life of Others" and Flanagan's "The Narrow Road to the Deep North", in that order, are some way behind - both solid books, but nothing that hasn't been done before and better. Fowler's "We are all completely beside
ourselves" and Ferris's terrible "To rise again at a decent hour" shouldn't have even been close to the longlist: the only rationale I can see for their shortlisting is a not-so-subtle protest by the judges at having to include American novels.