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Cosmotheoros, conjeturas relativas a los mundos planetarios, sus habitantes y producciones

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¡Qué maravilloso y espléndido cuadro de la magnífica vastedad del universo hemos logrado! ¡Tal cantidad de soles, tal cantidad de tierras, todos y cada uno de ellos provisto de plantas, árboles y animales, y adornados de mares y montañas! ¡Y cuánto aumenta nuestra admiración y asombro si nos paramos a analizar la prodigiosa distancia y la multitud de estrellas!

Cosmotheoros (el observador de las estrellas), el primer tratado que conjetura la vida extraterrestre desde un punto de vista científico basándose en las teorías de otros pensadores como Nicolás de Cusa, Giordano Bruno, Kepler, Tycho Brahe o Descartes, fue publicado por primera vez, en latín e inglés, en el año 1698.

Su autor, Christiaan Huygens (La Haya, 1629-1695), fue un destacado matemático, físico, horólogo, astrónomo, diseñador y pulidor de lentes, fabricante —junto a su hermano Constantijn— de telescopios, fellow de la Royal Society de Londres y miembro fundador de la Académie des Sciences de París.

Las imágenes a color dispuestas en láminas que ilustran este volumen son obra de Alejandra Acosta, autora que ya colaboró en esta editorial con sus collages para la edición del cuento popular recogido por los hermanos Grimm Del enebro. En esta ocasión, Acosta ha pintado y bordado con hilos de colores una veintena de posibles vidas extraterrestres.

214 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1698

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About the author

Christiaan Huygens

191 books58 followers
Christiaan Huygens, FRS (/ˈhaɪɡənz/ or /ˈhɔɪɡənz/; Dutch: [ˈɦœy̆ɣə(n)s] (Latin: Hugenius) (14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a prominent Dutch mathematician and scientist. He is known particularly as an astronomer, physicist, probabilist and horologist.

Huygens was a leading scientist of his time. His work included early telescopic studies of the rings of Saturn and the discovery of its moon Titan, the invention of the pendulum clock and other investigations in timekeeping. He published major studies of mechanics and optics, and a pioneer work on games of chance.

Christiaan Huygens was born on 14 April 1629 in The Hague, into a rich and influential Dutch family, the second son of Constantijn Huygens. Christiaan was named after his paternal grandfather. His mother was Suzanna van Baerle. She died in 1637, shortly after the birth of Huygens' sister. The couple had five children: Constantijn (1628), Christiaan (1629), Lodewijk (1631), Philips (1632) and Suzanna (1637).

Constantijn Huygens was a diplomat and advisor to the House of Orange, and also a poet and musician. His friends included Galileo Galilei, Marin Mersenne and René Descartes. Huygens was educated at home until turning sixteen years old. He liked to play with miniatures of mills and other machines. His father gave him a liberal education: he studied languages and music, history and geography, mathematics, logic and rhetoric, but also dancing, fencing and horse riding.

In 1644 Huygens had as his mathematical tutor Jan Jansz de Jonge Stampioen, who set the 15-year-old a demanding reading list on contemporary science. Descartes was impressed by his skills in geometry.

Shortly before his death in 1695, Huygens completed Cosmotheoros, published posthumously in 1698. In it he speculated on the existence of extraterrestrial life, on other planets, which he imagined was similar to that on Earth.

Such speculations were not uncommon at the time, justified by Copernicanism or the plenitude principle. But Huygens went into greater detail. The work, translated into English in its year of publication, has been seen as in the fanciful tradition of Francis Godwin, John Wilkins and Cyrano de Bergerac, and fundamentally Utopian; and also to owe in its concept of planet to cosmography in the sense of Peter Heylin.

Huygens wrote that availability of water in liquid form was essential for life and that the properties of water must vary from planet to planet to suit the temperature range. He took his observations of dark and bright spots on the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter to be evidence of water and ice on those planets. He argued that extraterrestrial life is neither confirmed nor denied by the Bible, and questioned why God would create the other planets if they were not to serve a greater purpose than that of being admired from Earth. Huygens postulated that the great distance between the planets signified that God had not intended for beings on one to know about the beings on the others, and had not foreseen how much humans would advance in scientific knowledge.

It was also in this book that Huygens published his method for estimating stellar distances. He made a series of smaller holes in a screen facing the sun, until he estimated the light was of the same intensity as that of the star Sirius. He then calculated that the angle of this hole was 1/27,664th the diameter of the Sun, and thus it was about 30,000 times as far away, on the (incorrect) assumption that Sirius is as bright our sun. The subject of photometry remained in its infancy until Pierre Bouguer and Johann Heinrich Lambert.

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Displaying 1 - 14 of 14 reviews
Profile Image for Tijana.
919 reviews297 followers
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April 19, 2026
Iz ovog relativno kratkog teksta isijava neverovatna ljubav - prema nauci (posebno astronomiji) i spoznaji generalno, prema svemu živom i svemu postojećem, i jedno čvrsto, temeljno uverenje da je svemir divan i da su svi vidovi života na Zemlji toliko sjajni da, mora biti, postoje i drugde.
Hajgens aktuelna naučna saznanja svoga doba o ustrojstvu Sunčevog sistema koristi da bi nam, najpre, razložio svoje uverenje kako na drugim planetama ima života; potom, izneo neke pretpostavke o tome kako ta živa bića mogu izgledati i čime se bave (naravno! astronomijom!) i konačno, detaljno postulirao kakav vidik se tim bićima verovatno pruža sa njihovih planeta, kako oni mogu videti Sunce ili Zemlju. (Jedan odlomak opisuje kako se sigurno sa Meseca pruža divan pogled na Zemlju, i bilo mi je toplo oko srca što to čitam baš u danima kad su se članovi misije Artemis II lično uveravali u to.)
Uopšte uzev: čitanje Kosmoteorosa danas je korisno pre svega jer nas podseća na to koliko je otkrivački i radoznali duh ključna osobina naučnika i koliko ga današnje ustrojstvo akademskog sistema ne podržava. Hajgens s gnušanjem odbacuje prigovore neznalica i zajedljivaca i kliče "u tako veličanstvenim i uzvišenim istraživanjima kao što je ovo, pobeda je doći do makar verovatnog!"
Pojam "verovatnog" se, međutim, ispostavlja kao vrlo rastegljiv: Hajgens od srazmerno uverljivih analogija (druge planete su takođe u čvrstom stanju, imaju gravitaciju, imaju vodu ili neku drugu tečnost) glatko napreduje do toga da je logično i da su živa bića na drugim planetama umereno slična zemaljskim (da poseduju čula i čulne organe, da im je voda neophodna za život itd) ali i do toga da je verovatno da su i druge planete, pre svih Jupiter i Venera, nastanjene razumnim bićima, jer naprosto ne bi bilo pravedno da je samo naša Zemlja obdarena njima. I onda čini jedan prekrasni logički skok iz kog će reverznim inženjeringom izvesti mnogo toga o "planetarijancima": oni sigurno imaju astronomiju! Samo i jedino naša ljudska (danas bismo rekli: antropocentrična) gordost i sujeta mogla bi nas navesti na zaključak da se druga razumna bića ne bi bavila astronomijom! To onda znači da su sigurno > razvili alate poput teleskopa > i veštinu pisanja > i nauke poput geometrije i optike > i da imaju udove poput ruku i nogu, koji im omogućavaju takve delatnosti > i uspravno hodaju, jer je to naročito zgodno kad imate ruke i noge > da nisu mnogo manji od nas, jer bi im to vrlo otežalo pravljenje adekvatnih teleskopa > i sigurno žive u organizovanom društvu > i uživaju u tome > kao i u muzici, nezamislivo je da nemaju prekrasnu muziku!
Pa ipak, dodaje Hajgens ozbiljno i pronicljivo, to ne znači da bismo mi planetarijance doživeli kao sebi slične: "smešno je mišljenje koje deli običan svet, kako je nemoguće da duša koja misli nastanjuje oblik drugačiji od našeg (...) Ovo može izvirati samo iz slabosti, neznanja i predrasuda čovečjih; isto važi i za stav da je ljudska figura najbolja i najlepša od svih, a reč je zapravo samo o tome da smo na tu figuru naviknuti, dakle o uobraženosti koju sve životinje u prirodi dele, da nijedan oblik, nijedna boja ne može biti jednako dobra kao njihova" ali i priznaje (utoliko simpatičnije) "no, rekao bih da je ta misao uzela kontrolu i nad mojim umom, te i sam primećujem, ne bez doze straha i nestrpljenja, da mi je teško zamisliti neko drugo obličje u koje bih nastanio dušu sa razumom".

Konačno, reč o našem izdanju - ovo je srazmerno redak slučaj da je rani naučni tekst prevela stručna osoba, konkretno naš fizičar Aleksandar Bogojević, a Hajgensovo delo uokviruje nekoliko različitih propratnih tekstova više autora koji ga dodatno kontekstualizuju za današnje čitaoce. Baš je lepo kad se tako nešto desi.
Profile Image for Jeremy.
417 reviews9 followers
April 3, 2015
I found this book on Google Books and read it out of historical interest. Huygens spends much of the book speculating about what life might be like on other planets. This is the least interesting part of the book, I think, to the modern reader, because it consists largely of speculating that life will be very much like the life on Earth on theological (perhaps teleological would be a better word?) grounds. It becomes much more interesting when he starts speculating about what those extraterrestrial astronomers would see: The brightness of the sun, the positiions and appearances of the other planets and moons, etc. He also brings his astronomical knowledge to bear on the scale of the universe: The sizes and relative positions of the Sun, planets and moons, and estimating a lower limit of the distances to the stars. I was particularly interested in his effort to relate the scales of the universe to more concrete experience. Huygens talks about the scale of the universe in terms of a scale model built with an Earth the size of a millet seed and a sun four inches across, and several times talks about distances in terms of how long it would take a bullet to traverse the same interval of space.

It drags a bit, and the translation is clearly quite old, but if you want a window into 17th Century astronomy and don't mind having to work distinguish tall s's from f's, it's worth a read.
Profile Image for Ignacio.
61 reviews7 followers
April 7, 2017
Un poco de tratado científico aliñado con otro poco de especulación imaginativa. Una lectura reconfortante que te traslada a tiempos ilusionantes en los que todo estaba por descubrir.

Nota aparte para la edición y las ilustraciones. Espectacular.
Profile Image for Shahzada Ayub.
15 reviews26 followers
November 27, 2020
It's a fascinating book written by a fascinating man who scored so many victories for humanity. You can't read it without being emotional and without feeling the joy of entering the mind of a brilliant man who lived many centuries ago and left so many gifts for us. Absolutely loved it!
Profile Image for Dants.
74 reviews
August 3, 2026
Grappig om te lezen dat Huygens in de inleiding er al vanuit gaat dat we weten dat de aarde een bol is, dit boek is tenslotte geschreven in 16-nogwat. Dat roept meteen de vraag op wanneer de platte-aarde-theorie eigenlijk populair is geworden. Interessant is ook dat Huygens in diezelfde inleiding met argumenten komt waarom zijn theorieën niet als iets tegen God en de Bijbel geïnterpreteerd hoeven te worden. Dat zegt wel iets over hoe belangrijk dat onderwerp destijds in de maatschappij was.

Verder vroeg ik me af hoe hij eigenlijk de diameters van de planeten heeft gemeten. En het viel me op dat het argument dat de wereld zo complex en perfect is dat het geen toeval kan zijn — er moet dus een zogenaamde "Grote Architect" zijn geweest — al in Huygens' tijd bestond, en dat hij hier zelf ook in gelooft. Dat maakt Darwin achteraf pas echt een revolutionaire denker.

Huygens was, denk ik, óf erg gelovig, óf erg bang voor de tegenreactie die hij verwachtte na publicatie van dit boek.

Wat ik ook heel interessant vond: te lezen wat de mensen van toen voor het eerst aan het analyseren waren met de telescopen die ze net ontdekt hadden en in gebruik namen. Het geeft bijna het gevoel dat ik dat zelf ook had kunnen doen met een telescoop. Nu voelt alles zo ontwikkeld en gespecialiseerd dat je al snel denkt dat je niets nieuws meer kunt ontdekken als je niet eerst zes jaar een opleiding hebt gevolgd.

Huygens gaat lang door over hoe complex de aarde is en hoe geweldig God is, maar zijn argumenten kwamen bij mij wat minder sterk over. Het idee dat er, omdat er licht is, ook ogen moeten zijn om het te zien, wringt bijvoorbeeld met het feit dat er ook ultraviolet licht is dat we niet kunnen zien. Of dat er duizenden soorten gras en groenten bestaan die we niet kunnen eten.

Dat bracht me ook bij de vraag wat het nut van dit boek eigenlijk was. Christiaan stelt dat het aannemelijk is dat wezens op andere planeten ook kunnen horen, omdat horen goed en nuttig is. Nou ja, oké. Maar gaan we dan alle aspecten die wij als mensen ervaren opnoemen, gewoon omdat ze voor ons nuttig zijn? Ruiken is ook nuttig, want dan kun je je eten ruiken en weten wat eetbaar is, dus is het kennelijk ook aannemelijk dat zij kunnen ruiken. Ik vond de argumenten erg antropocentrisch.

In het tweede hoofdstuk begint Christiaan met een feedback- en kritiekronde op het boek Fantastische Reis van Athanasius Kircher. Ja, whatever.

Dit boek is zeker niet het magnum opus van Christiaan Huygens: leuk om te lezen aan het begin, maar daarna wordt het toch een beetje onzin. Ik heb het hierbij gelaten en niet uitgelezen.
Profile Image for Bjorn Bakker.
115 reviews
March 15, 2025
Fascinating to read the thoughts of a 17th century scientist about our solar system and beyond. At times genuinely funny because of the roasting of other scientists at the time, dissing their conjectures as "obviously" flawed.
Profile Image for Cristina Vega.
73 reviews12 followers
June 29, 2016
En Cosmotheoros, Huygens muestra no solo su creatividad al imaginar cómo es la vida en el resto del universo sino también su forma del ver el mundo; se pregunta sobre el desarrollo de la ciencia, sobre la convivencia entre las personas, y se encarga de darle a Dios un rol concreto, el de creador. No es un dios que juzga, sino uno que da libertad a los hombres para investigar e intentar comprender cómo es que todo funciona.
Por otra parte, esta edición es preciosa y tiene una cuidada biografía de Huygens al final del libro que merece crítica aparte: un trabajo muy bien hecho, acucioso, y de extensión suficiente para saber lo necesario de su vida.
Las ilustraciones de Alejandra Acosta y los desplegables del libro son el almíbar de este dulce de libro. Recomendable por donde se le mire.

PD: Todo aquel que quiera estudiar física o astronomía debería leer este libro (y más de una vez).
Profile Image for JaumeMuntane.
587 reviews20 followers
April 18, 2017
Un libro singular (estudio realizado por Huygens en pleno siglo XVII conjeturando sobre la existencia de vida extraterrestre) aunque a día de hoy peque de ingenuo. En todo caso, una buena muestra más del buen hacer de Jekill & Jil (magnífica e impecable edición, con láminas de Alejandra Acosta), una pequeña editorial a la que hay que seguir de cerca.
Profile Image for Anton van Es.
33 reviews11 followers
August 31, 2024
In de vertaling van P. Rabus online te vinden.

Dit werk weerspiegeld het wetenschappelijk beeld van het universum aan het eind van de 17e eeuw. Huygens beschouwd de aannames en stellingen van figuren als Copernicus, Galilei, Decartes, Newton, Brahe et cetera kritisch en probeert een beeld van het zonnestelsel en de rest van het universum te vormen.

Een centrale aanname van Huygens is dat God al die planeten niet geschapen zou hebben zonder ze te bevolken met (intelligent) leven, en zodoende probeert Huygens een educated guess te maken over het het eraan toe gaat op die verre planeten.

Het leest niet heel vlot, en het idee dit als een vroeg science fiction boek te zien is nogal vergezocht.
Profile Image for Jake Cooper.
496 reviews22 followers
July 12, 2022
When you imbue all Earth's creatures with divine purpose and design, then all planets must have the same kinds of creatures: seed plants, herbivores, reverent "higher" animals, etc. Huygen's constraining teleology seems at odds with the creativity required to imagine alien worlds.
Profile Image for Stephen Mackintosh.
25 reviews
April 6, 2024
The old English can be challenging to decipher but the vast scope of Huygen's ideas and imagination radiate down the centuries. There's no substitute for reading his own worlds.
13 reviews1 follower
November 25, 2024
Versie van Daphne Stam gelezen. Interessant boek waar Huygens iedereen door het slijk haalt.
Profile Image for Moïse.
6 reviews
August 10, 2026
Hoe vaak kan Huygens andere wetenschappers voor gek verklaren in één boek?
Displaying 1 - 14 of 14 reviews