This book is a great overview of nineteenth century Mexico and the historiographical controversy surrounding the rule of Porfirio Diaz and the origins of the Mexican revolution.
Diaz served as president and dictator of Mexico for over three decades. As Garner shows, however, Diaz was not a typical nineteenth century caudillo; the Latin American strongmen who typically ruled in the interests of the planter class and refrained from ideological conflict. On the contrary, Diaz was a product of Mexico's nineteenth century liberal tradition. Significantly, he rose to fame as a successful national guard commander in Oaxaca who consistently defeated conservative, and then French, forces set against the liberal cause. He was also a lifelong freemason and even if he was personally religious (he had been training for the seminary prior to his conversion to the liberal cause at 18), he remained deeply suspicious of the Catholic Church. Finally, Diaz maintained a faith in economic or "scientific" progress which was untypical of a nineteenth century caudillo.
Yet, with all this in mind, Diaz ruled like a caudillo. It is Garner's central contention that Diaz embodied the reconciliation of Mexico's two traditions of patriarchal rule and constitutional liberalism. This is best demonstrated by the evolution of liberalism in the late nineteenth century. Diaz himself, for example, seized the presidency in the name of the radical "jacobin" liberal faction, which advocated strict adherence to the constitution of 1857, or more precisely, the enforcement of a single-term presidency. After having failed to overthrow the government in 1872 in the name of anti-reelectionism, he succeeded doing so on the same premise in 1876. But the supreme irony was that Diaz, after stepping down at the end of his first term, went on to be re-elected from 1884 to 1910 in seven staged elections. The institution of Diaz's personal rule after 1884 was accompanied by an intellectual shift toward positivism or conservative liberalism, which advocated the management of the economy by a technocratic elite. Diaz adopted positivism with gusto because it conformed so well to the structure of his rule. From 1890 onward, he patronized a group of positivist ministers who came to be known as the "cientificos." These appointees played an outsized role in Diaz's government until his overthrow in 1910. They also became the chief apologists of Diaz's presidential dictatorship because they believed it offered the peace and stability necessary for Mexico's economic progress.