To get a sense of the real issues that divide Protestants and Catholics, it doesn’t get much better than St Robert Bellarmine (1542-1621), Jesuit Cardinal of the Catholic Reformation.
As I went through it, it was interesting to see how there really is not much that is new in Protestant-Catholic dialogue/debates today: new videos will pop up daily on YouTube from Gavin Ortlund, Redeemed Zoomer, Trent Horn, Joe Heschmeyer, etc, but every debate point I have ever seen from them is already laid out in Bellarmine and in much greater detail.
Thus, if you really want to know the arguments for the papacy and have a full array of patristic evidence and logical argumentation, it may be better to skip YouTube and go straight to Bellarmine!