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The Country of First Boys
How do deprivations related to class, caste, and gender interrelate?
Why are our political leaders so good in saying what should be done without doing anything much about them?
How should we think about Sanskrit and ancient India without adding religious colour?
Why is it important to revive Nalanda, the world's oldest university?
The Country of First Boys is Amartya Sen's intellectual journey through the past and present to seek an understanding of India's history and the demands of its future. The themes of these essays include the hardened and extreme nature of inequality in India, and what can be done about it. One of the many rewards of good schooling—denied to most Indians—includes the understanding that India is an integral part of a world civilization. Always sensitive to global communication and interaction, India's own contributions vary from the development of a multiplicity of astronomically reasoned calendars and the invention of games like chess to the establishment of the foundations of several branches of modern mathematics.
In this collection, Sen examines justice, identity, deprivation, inequalities, gender politics, education, the media, and the importance of getting your priorities right. These are accessible yet pioneering essays that hold the kernel of many of his seminal works.
Why are our political leaders so good in saying what should be done without doing anything much about them?
How should we think about Sanskrit and ancient India without adding religious colour?
Why is it important to revive Nalanda, the world's oldest university?
The Country of First Boys is Amartya Sen's intellectual journey through the past and present to seek an understanding of India's history and the demands of its future. The themes of these essays include the hardened and extreme nature of inequality in India, and what can be done about it. One of the many rewards of good schooling—denied to most Indians—includes the understanding that India is an integral part of a world civilization. Always sensitive to global communication and interaction, India's own contributions vary from the development of a multiplicity of astronomically reasoned calendars and the invention of games like chess to the establishment of the foundations of several branches of modern mathematics.
In this collection, Sen examines justice, identity, deprivation, inequalities, gender politics, education, the media, and the importance of getting your priorities right. These are accessible yet pioneering essays that hold the kernel of many of his seminal works.
276 pages, Hardcover
First published August 2, 2015
42 people are currently reading
789 people want to read
About the author
Amartya Sen
191 books1,450 followersAmartya Kumar Sen is an Indian economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory, and for his interest in the problems of society’s poorest members.
Sen was best known for his work on the causes of famine, which led to the development of practical solutions for preventing or limiting the effects of real or perceived shortages of food. He is currently the Thomas W. Lamont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. He is also a senior fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows and a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he previously served as Master from the years 1998 to 2004. He is the first Asian and the first Indian academic to head an Oxbridge college.
Amartya Sen's books have been translated into more than thirty languages. He is a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security. In 2006, Time magazine listed him under "60 years of Asian Heroes" and in 2010 included him in their "100 most influential persons in the world".
Sen was best known for his work on the causes of famine, which led to the development of practical solutions for preventing or limiting the effects of real or perceived shortages of food. He is currently the Thomas W. Lamont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. He is also a senior fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows and a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he previously served as Master from the years 1998 to 2004. He is the first Asian and the first Indian academic to head an Oxbridge college.
Amartya Sen's books have been translated into more than thirty languages. He is a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security. In 2006, Time magazine listed him under "60 years of Asian Heroes" and in 2010 included him in their "100 most influential persons in the world".
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May 14, 2020
অনেক গরিব দেশ জিডিপি ম্যানিয়াতে আক্রান্ত। অর্থাৎ জিডিপি প্রবৃদ্ধির হার বেশি মানে দেশ উন্নয়নের বন্যায় ভেসে যাচ্ছে। কিন্তু অমর্ত্য সেন মনে করেন, উচ্চ জিডিপি উন্নয়নের সমার্থক নয়। জিডিপির হার দেখে উন্নত-অনুন্নত বোঝা যায় না। দেশে কতজন মা-শিশু অপুষ্টিতে ভুগছে, কয়জনের স্বাস্থ্য সেবা, শিক্ষার সুযোগ নিশ্চিতের পাশাপাশি দারিদ্র্য এবং দারিদ্র্য সীমার নীচে বসবাসকারী মানুষের হারের ওপর নির্ভর করছে দেশটির অর্থনীতির ভালো-মন্দ। যেমন, সাব-সাহারান দেশগুলির চাইতে ভারতের জিডিপি ভালো, শিল্পে বহুগুণ বেশি অগ্রসর। অথচ আফ্রিকার সেইসব রাষ্ট্রগুলোর চাইতে ভারতে অপুষ্টিতে ভোগা মানুষের সংখ্যা তিনগুণ বেশি। সোজাকথা এককভাবে জিডিপিকে একটি সংখ্যা ছাড়া আরকিছুই ভাবতে রাজি নন অর্থনীতিবিদ অমর্ত্য সেন।
আবার খাদ্যে স্বয়ংসম্পূর্ণতার অর্থ কেউ দারিদ্র্য সীমার নীচে বাস করছে না বা সবাই তিনবেলা খেতে পাচ্ছে তা বলা যাবে না। উদাহরণ হিসেবে বলা যায়, ভারতে ১৯৯৮ সালে ১৮ মিলিয়ন মেট্রিক টন খাদ্য মজুদ ছিল। বর্তমানে তা শত মিলিয়ন ছাড়িয়েছে। কিন্তু ভারতে ক্ষুধার্ত মানুষ কমেনি বরং বেড়েছে।
ইদানীং গণতন্ত্র, বাকস্বাধীনতা এবং মুক্ত গণমাধ্যমকে উন্নয়নের শত্তুর হিসেবে দেখবার ডিক্টেটরি ট্রেন্ড চালু হয়েছে। এই উন্নয়নভক্তদের মুখে ঝামা ঘষে দিয়েছেন অমর্ত্য সেন। চীনের এবং '৪৩ সালের দু্র্ভিক্ষের নজির স্মরণ করিয়ে দিয়ে লিখেছেন, গণতন্ত্র এবং গণমাধ্যমের স্বাধীনতা প্রকৃত উন্নয়নের বড় সহযোগী। এগুলো না থাকলে টেকসই উন্নয়ন মুখে হবে, দলীয় গলাবাজিতে হবে সত্যিকারের উন্নয়ন থেকে যাবে অধরা৷
শুধু ভারত নয়, তৃতীয় বিশ্বের যেকোনো দেশ আদতে ফার্স্ট বয়দের দেশ। কেননা এইসব দেশের শিক্ষাব্যবস্থা, সমাজকাঠামোতে যাঁরা ভালো ফলাফল করে শুধু তাঁদেরকে মূল্যায়ন করে। বাকিরা হয়ে পড়েন অপাংক্তেয়। তাঁরা কোনো দক্ষতা অর্জন করেন না। তাই দেশের বাইরে গিয়ে শ্রমিকের কাজ ছাড়া উপায় থাকে না। কিংবা দেশেও গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কিছু করার সুযোগ পান না। অমর্ত্য সেন মনে করেন, ফার্স্ট বয়দের নয়, সকল শিক্ষার্থীকে সমান গুরুত্ব দিতে হবে। শিক্ষাব্যবস্থাকে যুগোপযোগী করতে হবে। নতুবা অর্থনৈতিক সমস্যার সমাধান হবে না।
ভারত শুধু হিন্দুর দেশ নয়। মুসলমানরা ভারতবর্ষে আসার আগে সনাতনধর্ম ছাড়াও বৌদ্ধ, জৈন, পারসিক প্রভৃতি ধর্মের, মতবাদের ছড়াছড়ি ছিল। তাই আজকে ভারতে যে হিন্দুত্ববাদ মাথাচাড়া দিয়ে উঠেছে তা ভারতবর্ষের ধর্মনিরপেক্ষ ঐতিহ্যের পরিপন্থী বলে মনে করেন অমর্ত্য সেন।
রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর বাংলাসাহিত্যের শ্রেষ্ঠতম লেখক। তিনি আজীবন এখানে প্রাসঙ্গিক থাকবেন। আমরা বাঙালিরা তাঁকে নিয়ে গর্ব করি, করব। তবে পাশ্চাত্যে নোবেল পাওয়ার মাত্র বিশ বছরের মাথায় বিস্মৃতপ্রায় হয়ে গিয়েছেন রবীন্দ্রনাথ। ইয়েটস, গ্রাহাম গ্রিন এবং রাসেলের মতো মানুষ পাশ্চাত্যে রবীন্দ্রনাথের অপ্রাসঙ্গিকতা নিয়ে মন্তব্য করেছেন। অমর্ত্য সেন রবীন্দ্র সাহিত্যের মনোযোগী পাঠক। গান্ধি এবং রবীন্দ্রনাথের মতাদর্শিক অমিল নিয়ে চমৎকার লিখেছেন অমর্ত্য সেন।
এই প্রবন্ধসংকলন মূলত ভারতের প্রেক্ষাপটে রচিত। কিন্তু তৃতীয় বিশ্বের যেকোনো দেশের সঙ্গে এই বইয়ের রচনাগুলো সামঞ্জস্যপূর্ণ। বর্তমান সময়ের গরিব দেশগুলির চ্যালেঞ্জ এবং তা মোকাবিলার পথনির্দেশ এই গ্রন্থে রয়েছে।
সবগুলো প্রবন্ধ সহজপাঠ্য এবং সুলিখিত নয়। দু'একটি একদম মনে ধরেনি৷ লেখা মোটামুটি ভালো লেগেছে।
আবার খাদ্যে স্বয়ংসম্পূর্ণতার অর্থ কেউ দারিদ্র্য সীমার নীচে বাস করছে না বা সবাই তিনবেলা খেতে পাচ্ছে তা বলা যাবে না। উদাহরণ হিসেবে বলা যায়, ভারতে ১৯৯৮ সালে ১৮ মিলিয়ন মেট্রিক টন খাদ্য মজুদ ছিল। বর্তমানে তা শত মিলিয়ন ছাড়িয়েছে। কিন্তু ভারতে ক্ষুধার্ত মানুষ কমেনি বরং বেড়েছে।
ইদানীং গণতন্ত্র, বাকস্বাধীনতা এবং মুক্ত গণমাধ্যমকে উন্নয়নের শত্তুর হিসেবে দেখবার ডিক্টেটরি ট্রেন্ড চালু হয়েছে। এই উন্নয়নভক্তদের মুখে ঝামা ঘষে দিয়েছেন অমর্ত্য সেন। চীনের এবং '৪৩ সালের দু্র্ভিক্ষের নজির স্মরণ করিয়ে দিয়ে লিখেছেন, গণতন্ত্র এবং গণমাধ্যমের স্বাধীনতা প্রকৃত উন্নয়নের বড় সহযোগী। এগুলো না থাকলে টেকসই উন্নয়ন মুখে হবে, দলীয় গলাবাজিতে হবে সত্যিকারের উন্নয়ন থেকে যাবে অধরা৷
শুধু ভারত নয়, তৃতীয় বিশ্বের যেকোনো দেশ আদতে ফার্স্ট বয়দের দেশ। কেননা এইসব দেশের শিক্ষাব্যবস্থা, সমাজকাঠামোতে যাঁরা ভালো ফলাফল করে শুধু তাঁদেরকে মূল্যায়ন করে। বাকিরা হয়ে পড়েন অপাংক্তেয়। তাঁরা কোনো দক্ষতা অর্জন করেন না। তাই দেশের বাইরে গিয়ে শ্রমিকের কাজ ছাড়া উপায় থাকে না। কিংবা দেশেও গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কিছু করার সুযোগ পান না। অমর্ত্য সেন মনে করেন, ফার্স্ট বয়দের নয়, সকল শিক্ষার্থীকে সমান গুরুত্ব দিতে হবে। শিক্ষাব্যবস্থাকে যুগোপযোগী করতে হবে। নতুবা অর্থনৈতিক সমস্যার সমাধান হবে না।
ভারত শুধু হিন্দুর দেশ নয়। মুসলমানরা ভারতবর্ষে আসার আগে সনাতনধর্ম ছাড়াও বৌদ্ধ, জৈন, পারসিক প্রভৃতি ধর্মের, মতবাদের ছড়াছড়ি ছিল। তাই আজকে ভারতে যে হিন্দুত্ববাদ মাথাচাড়া দিয়ে উঠেছে তা ভারতবর্ষের ধর্মনিরপেক্ষ ঐতিহ্যের পরিপন্থী বলে মনে করেন অমর্ত্য সেন।
রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর বাংলাসাহিত্যের শ্রেষ্ঠতম লেখক। তিনি আজীবন এখানে প্রাসঙ্গিক থাকবেন। আমরা বাঙালিরা তাঁকে নিয়ে গর্ব করি, করব। তবে পাশ্চাত্যে নোবেল পাওয়ার মাত্র বিশ বছরের মাথায় বিস্মৃতপ্রায় হয়ে গিয়েছেন রবীন্দ্রনাথ। ইয়েটস, গ্রাহাম গ্রিন এবং রাসেলের মতো মানুষ পাশ্চাত্যে রবীন্দ্রনাথের অপ্রাসঙ্গিকতা নিয়ে মন্তব্য করেছেন। অমর্ত্য সেন রবীন্দ্র সাহিত্যের মনোযোগী পাঠক। গান্ধি এবং রবীন্দ্রনাথের মতাদর্শিক অমিল নিয়ে চমৎকার লিখেছেন অমর্ত্য সেন।
এই প্রবন্ধসংকলন মূলত ভারতের প্রেক্ষাপটে রচিত। কিন্তু তৃতীয় বিশ্বের যেকোনো দেশের সঙ্গে এই বইয়ের রচনাগুলো সামঞ্জস্যপূর্ণ। বর্তমান সময়ের গরিব দেশগুলির চ্যালেঞ্জ এবং তা মোকাবিলার পথনির্দেশ এই গ্রন্থে রয়েছে।
সবগুলো প্রবন্ধ সহজপাঠ্য এবং সুলিখিত নয়। দু'একটি একদম মনে ধরেনি৷ লেখা মোটামুটি ভালো লেগেছে।
January 28, 2016
Disappointing. I've read a fair bit of Prof. Sen's books, and have always been a bit of a fan. This book disappointed, because it lacks the usual substantiation that Prof. Sen employs. Far too many essays were general and abstract in their content - although the delivery remains as refined and exquisite as always. My favorite essays were, "What Difference Can Tagore Make?" and "The Smallness Thrust Upon Us" - the first because I'm also a fan of Gurudev; the second because it dealt with some new and refreshing perspectives on Nationalism. The essay, "India Through Its Calenders" was *typical* (and I type this with a mischievous glint in my eyes). Overall, the failure of the book is best summarized in the fact that I wanted to FINISH it, and not enjoy it.
December 7, 2017
Wonderful combination of different dimensions-culture, society, and policy. I will just quote Mr. Gopalkrishna Gandhi (from the Foreword of this book) 'I have read the pieces compiled in this volume as essays are meant to be read - without an appetite for knowledge, a thirst for data or hunger for measurable quantities of explanation. I have read them for and with the pleasure that comes, almost incidentally, with insights. Even delicious fare might bring with it nourishment'.
December 19, 2015
Perhaps the easiest of his books to read. The essays are simple, entertaining and in typical Sen style, meaningful.
May 11, 2018
One of the most relevant collection of essays from one of the most renowned economists. Essays even from back in 2000 feel more than important in today’s time.
The essays broadly advocate a socialist point of view with major focus on primary education. Essays like ‘The Country of first boys’, ‘Sunlight and other fears’, ‘The small was thrust upon us’ make for eye opening reads while essays like ‘What difference can Tagore make’, ‘What should keep us awake at night’ and ‘A wish a day for a week’ look at simple issues from an historical perspective.
A very comprehensive collection about multiple issues ranging from education (primary focus) to hunger to poverty to war to globalisation to justice to healthcare. A good starting read for anyone looking to get a perspective on debating cases in the indian scenario.
The essays broadly advocate a socialist point of view with major focus on primary education. Essays like ‘The Country of first boys’, ‘Sunlight and other fears’, ‘The small was thrust upon us’ make for eye opening reads while essays like ‘What difference can Tagore make’, ‘What should keep us awake at night’ and ‘A wish a day for a week’ look at simple issues from an historical perspective.
A very comprehensive collection about multiple issues ranging from education (primary focus) to hunger to poverty to war to globalisation to justice to healthcare. A good starting read for anyone looking to get a perspective on debating cases in the indian scenario.
May 28, 2021
Even though several of the essays were penned in 2005, the themes and content remain as relatable as ever. While inequality remains a central theme in Sen's essays, breaking down some of the most complex issues into 7 root causes (for instance, in his 'A Wish A Day for the Week' essay), or to comment boldly on the need for academic independence from political influence in his essay on Nalanda, means that this is a man who has deep and committed expertise to bold ideas on primary health (especially malnutrition), education and cultural independence. Definitely worth a read to delve into the mind of a thinker who looks beyond the obvious and beyond just the present.
November 6, 2019
Fresh, eclectic and thought-provoking.
A book of substance, from no other than a highly decorated economist, it journeys through India but it is a journey for the Indian himself/herself for I find that no Indian has known her in this manner.
It's been very long since I have come across a book that so subtly, yet so explicitly, expresses the circumstances, backgrounds, relevant problems and a myriad of other such themes with such clarity of thought.
A book of substance, from no other than a highly decorated economist, it journeys through India but it is a journey for the Indian himself/herself for I find that no Indian has known her in this manner.
It's been very long since I have come across a book that so subtly, yet so explicitly, expresses the circumstances, backgrounds, relevant problems and a myriad of other such themes with such clarity of thought.
July 3, 2024
Its an average book. I liked Sen's way of writing, this is the first book of him I am reading. He starts all his essays with a quote from a famous writer or book and then get in to the subject. His narrative is simple and attractive. But some of his views are not objective. To substantiate his points about India's past he is too much dependant on Asoka and Akbar.
May 9, 2020
Essays by Amartya Sen a leading economist and philosopher of our age. Insightful and beautifully written
February 25, 2017
A must read set of essays to have a better understanding of Indian society and culture.
March 25, 2016
Outstanding.
The high point is that these 13 hard hitting essays give a snapshot to some of his works and ideas, which can be read in detail in The Idea of Justice, The Argumentative Indian, Development as freedom and others. The foreword by G.K. Gandhi about Amartya Sen is excellent, and Sen deserves no less. Many strong arguments of this work are very much needed in the current scenario- the smugness and inattention to the hunger, poverty & educational problem of India, the counterargument to the strictly uni-dimensional & problematic viewpoint of-'clash of civilizations', the idea of justice (niti & nyaya), how poverty kills twice- first through economic privation & the second through political carnage.
A couple of sentences that best describe Sen's work (from the foreward)-1. ''To have had the chances of hearing and reading one who claims an earnest seeking of facts, not infallible certitudes, is to have heard a voice over noise'', and, 2. ''The destruction of dogma through the admittance of enquiry is a matter of style as much as substance''
Few notable takeaways (with the hope that they compel one to read the book). DISCLAIMER-they are 'my' notable takeaways, it might not be notable at all to many:
1. 'Embracing Genuine Ambiguity is as important as the repulsing of feeble thoughts' (GKG)
2.The first enemy of the much needed change needed for the problem of hunger is: SMUGNESS & IGNORANCE. 'There are many different ways of shooting oneself in the foot, but smugness based on ignorance is among the most effective.'
3. '..the assessment must also include a humane understanding of why Indian children fear the morning light, with another hungry day to come.'
4. 'Terrible poverty will generate terrifying violence'- it hasn't yet happened in India, fortunately- but this fortune is terrible misfortune for thousands who are too shocked and starved to understand anything.
5. 'What makes a famines such a political disaster for a ruling government is the reach of public reasoning & role of the media, which move and energize a very large proportion of the general public to protest and shout about the 'uncaring' government when famines actually happen-or come close to happening.' The current situation in the country is a new low because of just those- public reasoning & constructive role of media.
The high point is that these 13 hard hitting essays give a snapshot to some of his works and ideas, which can be read in detail in The Idea of Justice, The Argumentative Indian, Development as freedom and others. The foreword by G.K. Gandhi about Amartya Sen is excellent, and Sen deserves no less. Many strong arguments of this work are very much needed in the current scenario- the smugness and inattention to the hunger, poverty & educational problem of India, the counterargument to the strictly uni-dimensional & problematic viewpoint of-'clash of civilizations', the idea of justice (niti & nyaya), how poverty kills twice- first through economic privation & the second through political carnage.
A couple of sentences that best describe Sen's work (from the foreward)-1. ''To have had the chances of hearing and reading one who claims an earnest seeking of facts, not infallible certitudes, is to have heard a voice over noise'', and, 2. ''The destruction of dogma through the admittance of enquiry is a matter of style as much as substance''
Few notable takeaways (with the hope that they compel one to read the book). DISCLAIMER-they are 'my' notable takeaways, it might not be notable at all to many:
1. 'Embracing Genuine Ambiguity is as important as the repulsing of feeble thoughts' (GKG)
2.The first enemy of the much needed change needed for the problem of hunger is: SMUGNESS & IGNORANCE. 'There are many different ways of shooting oneself in the foot, but smugness based on ignorance is among the most effective.'
3. '..the assessment must also include a humane understanding of why Indian children fear the morning light, with another hungry day to come.'
4. 'Terrible poverty will generate terrifying violence'- it hasn't yet happened in India, fortunately- but this fortune is terrible misfortune for thousands who are too shocked and starved to understand anything.
5. 'What makes a famines such a political disaster for a ruling government is the reach of public reasoning & role of the media, which move and energize a very large proportion of the general public to protest and shout about the 'uncaring' government when famines actually happen-or come close to happening.' The current situation in the country is a new low because of just those- public reasoning & constructive role of media.
February 11, 2016
Sen's latest book makes for important and necessary reading. A collection of essays spanning over a decade, the author speaks intimately and passionately about communal and social policy issues that plague contemporary India, particularly healthcare and education. He weaves his arguments using historical narratives of Indian society's various components. His final essay, on the recently revived Nalanda University, in my opinion, is the most powerful one in the collection. It tackles, head on, the need for research, education, engagement with history and languages (the humanities) while shining light on governmental interference in educational matters, and emphasizing, finally, the need for educational rights to be inviolable. Education, and public health remain, for Sen (and rightly so), the starting points for all other social improvements.
January 3, 2016
"Argumentative Indian" is still one of my favourite books of Indian essays, so it was fun to revisit a couple of those along with Sen's newer pieces. I don't get as much out of his more philosophical essays (e.g. the one on justice) as I do from his cultural and historic ones. I absolutely loved the essay on Nalanda University, especially since I knew embarrassingly little about it, as well as the one on Rabindranath Tagore.
March 13, 2016
This book , inter alia, encapsulates the ingenuity, insights & brilliance of Amartya Sen in analysing deprivation & inequity in the world and providing suggestions, thereof, to overcome these challenges to make a poverty-free, equitable and just world. His relentless advocacy for socio-economic development of the underprivileged section of the society is extremely enlightening, intriguing & inspiring.
December 20, 2016
Its an average book. I liked Sen's way of writing, this is the first book of him I am reading. He starts all his essays with a quote from a famous writer or book and then get in to the subject. His narrative is simple and attractive. But some of his views are not objective. To substantiate his points about India's past he is too much dependant on Asoka and Akbar.
August 14, 2025
Didn't quite enjoy this book as much as other works by Sen. I read it in Bengali, and I can’t help but wonder—could this be another case of “lost in translation”?
That said, some of the articles are definitely thought-provoking and informative. The piece on Nalanda, in particular, stood out as especially noteworthy.
That said, some of the articles are definitely thought-provoking and informative. The piece on Nalanda, in particular, stood out as especially noteworthy.
January 15, 2016
A book of thirteen essays, some I understood and some were perhaps beyond my comprehension. In lieu of his views of education, healthcare, equality for all, which I hold dear, his elegant prose and his honesty, I will start reading more books from him.
December 19, 2015
Outstanding writing as always by Sen. Essays on plays, calendar , inequality, gender discrimination, Nalanda - diverse topics each connected to the political history and economic and social standing of the country .
The last true public intellectual living , wish he writes more .
The last true public intellectual living , wish he writes more .
January 21, 2016
Education and health are fundamental to a countrys development and social equality. Indias achievements are extremely poor on these two fronts. The Undernourishment of indian children is worse than the subsaharan Africa!! ...and yet we have mountains of food grains rotting in FCI godowns!
April 3, 2016
Good book.
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