Penser global : L'humain et son univers

by Edgar Morin

Nos connaissances sur l'humain, sur la vie, sur l'univers, sont en pleine expansion. Elles sont aussi séparées et dispersées. Comment les relier ? Comment affronter des problèmes qui sont tout à la fois complexes, fondamentaux, intellectuels et vitaux ? Comment nous situer dans l'aventure de la vie et dans celle de l'univers, en tenant compte du fait que l'humain est intérieur à l'univers et que l'univers est intérieur à l'humain ?La réponse d'Edgar Morin, avec ce livre, est lumineuse d'intelligence et accessible à tous.L'auteur nous invite, à sa façon, à penser global, c'est-à-dire à considérer l'humanité dans sa nature " trinitaire ", puisque chacun est à la fois un individu, un être social et une partie de l'espèce humaine.L'humanité est emportée dans la course effrénée de la mondialisation : la réflexion d'Edgar Morin nous propose de scruter son avenir et son devenir sans céder aux facilités de l'air du temps ni aux injonctions de l'actualité.

Genres: Education

180 pages, Kindle Edition

First published September 3, 2015

About the author

Edgar Morin (born Edgar Nahoum, 1921-2026) was a French philosopher and sociologist of the theory of information who has been recognised for his work on complexity and "complex thought" (pensée complexe), and for his scholarly contributions to such diverse fields as media studies, politics, sociology, visual anthropology, ecology, education, and systems biology. He held two bachelors, one in history and geography and one in law, and never did a Ph.D.

During his academic career, Morin was primarily associated with the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) in Paris. Although less well known in the Anglophone world due to the limited availability of English translations of his over 60 books, Morin is renowned in the French-speaking world, Europe, and Latin America.

Reviews

[Marc Lamot · Rating 3 out of 5]

Edgar Morin has come to pass, at the age of 104. As an hommage I'm reposting this review of the first work I read of him in my update feed.

Edgar Morin (° 1921) was a big gap in my knowledge, until I learned that he is one of the most important French thinkers of the second half of the last century. A classically-trained sociologist and philosopher, father and promoter of the systems- and complexity theory, and always very socially engaged, in recent years especially in ecological sense. You can compare him with his friend, the equally brisk Stéphane Hessel (1917-2013). In the mean time Morin has passed the 100-year treshold, and still is thriving, publishing his thoughts.

This book (in English: 'Thinking globally. Man and his universe') is an edited text of six conferences Morin gave in Paris, in 2015, when he was already 94! After some research I found that Morin actually issued similar booklets the last few years, each with a call to humanity to contemplate the future and radically change tack! From this you can safely understand that this book is rather a pamphlet, with a very instructive tone, and strewn with concepts that French philosophers are so fond of, such as a plea for a renewed humanism and a remarkable apology of the nation-state. All presented on a layer of anti-capitalism and especially anti-neoliberalism, with elements of cultural pessimism (the decay of the educational system for example).

But we would not do justice to Morin by setting him aside as just a fashionable bullhorn. On the contrary, if you look past his bombardment of propositions, there’s something authentic in this book, an own message that really appealed to me. It's his constantly repeated plea to move away from thinking in terms of reductionist certainties and instead make place for uncertainty and the unexpected, that resonated. Morin refers to the elaborate philosophical current of systems theory, which I unfortunately knew far too little about at the time I read this. The term 'systems theory' sounds very rigid, but it's just the opposite, it aims to do justice to the complexity of the (human) reality by focusing on what are called emergents and deviations. This should ultimately lead to a better understanding of reality, and thus to a more efficient way to act in that reality.

In this booklet Morin tries to apply the principles of this theory to the great challenges of our time, and thus to show what options we have. Of course in such a short book all that remains a bit superficial, but the least I can say about it, is that it’s very intruiging and interesting. And above all, it does give a hint of optimism in dark times. Because that is the contagious thing about this book: a 94-year-old man that bluntly says that we are only at the beginning of the possibilities of the human mind, just to cite his closing words: "Nous vivons le commencement d'un commencement"/"we live the start of a beginning". Maybe I should now try Morin’s bigger work.

[Sense of History]

This is not a study but an engaging pamphlet about the changes we have to make in order to make the world a better place. It is appealing because the author is 94 years old and can afford to say the truth bluntly. One of the things that really appealed to me was the itinerant stress he laid on uncertainty in history: the past is full of disruptions, of surprising events and evolutions, deviances etc., and we have to be more aware of that. A great lesson!

[Trilce]

È un saggio molto breve che racconta menzionando, non approfondendo perché in realtà i fatti enunciati parlano da sé. Quali sarebbero queste sette lezioni che avrebbero determinato un pensiero compatibile al resto del mondo? Una, che l'individuo umano è consapevole di dipendere da una conoscenza collettiva che funziona solo se si evolve in maniera organizzata. Un'altra, che questa evoluzione era prevista dal primo uomo con cervello, un organo che lo avrebbe obbligato a interpretarlo. Una terza lezione, che l'uomo in realtà non si comportava all'inizio come un uomo fino a quando iniziò ad atteggiarsi da "umano". Per il resto il libro è un racconto del passaggio silenzioso fino alla voce del linguaggio, che ha concesso all'umanità la capacità di riflettere sulla verità della creazione come metodo della coscienza. Adesso il futuro dipende dall'esito della conoscenza complessa perfezionata dalla macchina, in quanto a strumento di precisione e non come guida sull'immortalità di uno spirito libero che è all'interno di un corpo. Ci sono molti termini creati dall'uomo che è riuscito solo lui a concepirli nella sua umanità, e a trasmetterli con consuetudine di specie. Dove finiranno questi significati che non hanno una realtà materiale, che non si possono creare all'esterno di sé. Questo libro non menziona sulla possibilità di una razza aliena, che possa incarnare tutte le discrepanze concepite dal cervello umano rispetto all'intelligenza computerizzata, quest'ultima simula ciò che non riesce a imparare e riesce solo a spiegare ciò che non può concepire. Questo libro non è ispirato dal sogno della fantascienza, piuttosto che dalla realtà dei nuovi esperimenti che coinvolgono il miglioramento della qualità di vita dell'essere umano sia in rapporto con la natura, visto che ci sono dati sconvolgenti rispetto all'urbanità, per cui le città dovranno essere tutelate dall'ingegneria bioclimatica e l'architettura sostenibile per una qualità ambientale.

[Said Naami]

أنهيت يوم أمس قراءة كتاب "التفكير الشامل: الإنسان وكونه" للفيلسوف وعالم الاجتماع الفرنسي إدغار موران. هذا الكتاب من أهم الأعمال التي تتناول إشكالية المعرفة في عالمنا المعاصر، حيث يسعى موران إلى كسر حدود الفكر الاختزالي والتبسيطي الذي بات يهيمن على الحضارة الحديثة.

✨ أهمية الكتاب:
موران يقدم رؤية بديلة لمناهج التفكير التقليدية، داعيًا إلى تبني "الفكر المركب"، وهو منهج يربط بين العلوم المختلفة ويعترف بتعقيد الواقع بدلاً من اختزاله في أرقام ومعادلات جامدة. يرى موران أن مشكلات العصر لا يمكن حلها بعقلية التجزئة، بل تتطلب تفكيرًا شاملاً يدمج بين المعرفة العلمية والتجربة الإنسانية.

❓ الإشكالات التي يجيب عليها الكتاب:
🔹 كيف أدى الهوس بالإحصائيات والبيانات الكمية إلى تهميش التجربة الإنسانية؟
🔹 لماذا أصبح الفكر الحديث عاجزًا عن التعامل مع التعقيد المتزايد في العالم؟
🔹 كيف يمكننا الخروج من أزمة المعرفة وتطوير وعي أكثر شمولية؟
🔹 ما العلاقة بين الفكر المركب وإيجاد حلول للأزمات الراهنة، سواء على المستوى البيئي أو الاجتماعي أو السياسي؟

كتاب "التفكير الشامل" ليس مجرد كتاب نظري، بل هو دعوة لإعادة النظر في طريقة تفكيرنا، لنتمكن من مواجهة تحديات الحاضر والمستقبل بعقل أكثر انفتاحًا وتركيبًا.

[Emanuela · Rating 4 out of 5]

1. L’umano e la trinità bio-socio-antropologica
2. L’individuo umano
3. L’emergenza dell’umano
4. L’uomo nell’universo
5. L’era planetaria
6. Il futuro: probabile e improbabile
7. Pensiero complesso e pensiero globale

Questi i temi, ciascuno dei quali con un indirizzo orientato alla globalità con le sue emergenze, note e meno note.
Di rilevanza non indifferente l'orientamento verso una nuova presa di coscienza, ma anche la necessità di intervenire con un'educazione ologrammatica e non più chiusa e separata.
Molto interessanti anche le ultime lezioni sulla complessità e dei limiti delle nostre facoltà di prevedere futuri sulla base dei modelli attuali.
Servono azioni innovative che contrastino le resistenze tradizionaliste e conservatrici che hanno nel sistema economico mondiale l'ostacolo più forte.

[Maria Rita · Rating 2 out of 5]

Edgar Morin ci sensibilizza alla contraddittorietà del pensiero umano, alla limitatezza delle nostre capacità di comprendere e risolvere i problemi. Si esce dalla lettura del libro con un rinnovato bisogno di metterci in discussione e con sempre meno certezze.

[Abdullah AlBlooshi · Rating 5 out of 5]

يناقش المفكر الفرنسي إدغار موران في كتابه هذا عدة قضايا ومظاهر حول الطبيعة والنظرة البشرية من عدة جوانب أساسية بداءا من عالمه المادي وتطوره البيولوجي في سياق تاريخي ويدعو إلى تبني التفكير الشمولي والبحث عن فكر منفتح أكثر وشامل لتفادي التهديدات والصراعات إن كانت إجتماعية او ثقافية سياسية ودينية .

[Foad · Rating 4 out of 5]

ئێدگار موران جڤاکناس و فەیلەسوفێ فڕەنسی دڤی پەرتووکی دا باس ل پێناسەیا مرۆڤی و خۆیەتیا وی دکەت ب چاڤەکێ (گشتگیر- هوليستيك) ب دیدەکا
بایولوجی، مرۆڤناسی، کۆمەڵناسی. پێناسەی بو بارودۆخێ مرۆڤێ سەردەم دکەت. د ڤێ جیهانا سەرمایەداری، ژمارەی، و دیجیتالی دا ئەم چاوا بژین؟ مرۆڤەکێ هەمی ڕەهەندێن ژیانا وی ب لەزاتی و حەزێن کەسووکی ڤە هاتبنە گرێدان. مرۆڤەک کو ژبیرکربیت ئەو وەک پشکەکێ بچوویک، بەشەکە ژ گشتێ. و بێی گشت نەشێت خۆیەتیا خۆ ئیزبات بکەت. ب هزرا وی تاکو مرۆڤ ڕزگار ببیت ژ ڤی بارێ نەچاریا ژیانێ و خۆ ڕزگارکرنێ دڤێت ژیانا خۆ گرێبدەت ب لایەنێ کۆمەڵایەتی ڤە، ڕاستە وەزیفەیا خارنێ ئەوە کو مرۆڤ پێ بژیت و ئەم وەک مرۆڤ تووشی هەلەوەسەیا سەرمایەداری و پەیدا کرنا نانی نە. ئەڤە ژی وەدکەت کو ئەم بەردەوام لدویف تشتەکێ بگەڕین و بکەین د هەمان دەمدا کو کەربێن مە ژێ ڤەدبن. ‌بەلکو ئەڤە دیدەکا ڕەشبینە بو ژیانێ، لێ د بەرامبەر دا لایەنەکێ دی یێ هەی. ئەوژی دەمێ ئەم بەرهەمی دناڤبەرا خۆ دابەش دکەین، و لەحزێن خۆش مە مرۆڤان لدۆر ئێک کومدکەن، ب شادی و حەژێکرن. لایەنێ ئێکێ یێ تەعلە چۆنکی بتنێ هاریکارە کو ئەم نەمرین. بو نموونە خوارن ژ بنەمایێن ژیانێ و نەچاریا وێ یە، بەلێ شێوازێ درستکرنا مە بو خۆارنێ، و ئەم دگەل کێ دخۆین، چ جۆرێ خوارنێ دخۆین. ئەڤ هەمی لەحزە بو مە کەیفخۆشی و شادیێ دئینن. ئانکۆ لایەنێ جڤاکی وەدکەت مرۆڤ ژ لایەنێ خۆ یێ سادە بەرەڤ ئاراستەکێ دی بچیت و هەر ئەوە بەختەوەریێ درستدکەت

[Simon · Rating 5 out of 5]

Excellent essai. Le dernier chapitre résume bien le tout.