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Osmanlı Modernleşmesi: Toplum, Kuramsal Değişim ve Nüfus
Prof. Dr. Kemal H. Karpat’a göre Osmanlı sosyal yapısı, devlet geleneği, sanatı, hukuk sistemi, kültürü ve tarihi değişmeye yani modernleşmeye kendi kültürel ve tarihî çerçevesini çizmiştir ve ona göre değişmiştir. Değişme konusunda değişmeyi tetikleyen devlet ve değişmeye maruz kalan toplum arasında değişmenin yani modernleşmenin özü ve amacı konularında büyük farklar ve çelişkiler olmuştur ve hâlen oluşmaktadır.
19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında büyük bir bürokrat grubuna dayanan merkezileşme, devletin gördüğü hizmetlerin çoğalması, Kırım, Kafkasya ve Balkanlar’dan gelen göçler eskiye göre içeride çok yeni bir sosyokültürel ve politik ortam yarattığı gibi, dış güçler de Osmanlı sosyal gelişimini yakından etkilemiştir. Dış etkenler arasında Osmanlı’nın dar çerçeveli pazar ekonomisini Batı’nın sınai ve ticari kapitalizminin nasıl etki altına aldığını birinci derecede göz önünde tutmak gerekir. Hakikaten kapitalizm Osmanlı üretim sistemini kökünden etkileyerek özel mülkiyetin gelişmesini sağlamış, süreç devlet mülkiyeti, yani miri mülkün gittikçe daralması ve ferdiyetçi bir toplumun ortaya çıkmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır.
Karpat bu eserinde; Osmanlı sosyal yapısının yüzyıllar boyu geçirdiği evrim ile modernleşmenin yaşandığı 18. ve 19. yüzyıllarda oluşan sosyal yapı değişikliklerinin nitelik bakımından birbirinden nasıl ayrıldığını tüm detaylarıyla anlatmaktadır. Osmanlı Devleti’nde sosyal yapı değişikliklerini tarihî bir çerçeve içinde ele alan bu çalışma; 19. yüzyıldaki ıslahat girişimlerinin, devlet yapısındaki değişikliklerin ve nüfus hareketlerinin birbirini nasıl etkileyerek yeni bir toplumsal yapıyı oluşturduklarını tüm detaylarıyla incelemektedir.
19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında büyük bir bürokrat grubuna dayanan merkezileşme, devletin gördüğü hizmetlerin çoğalması, Kırım, Kafkasya ve Balkanlar’dan gelen göçler eskiye göre içeride çok yeni bir sosyokültürel ve politik ortam yarattığı gibi, dış güçler de Osmanlı sosyal gelişimini yakından etkilemiştir. Dış etkenler arasında Osmanlı’nın dar çerçeveli pazar ekonomisini Batı’nın sınai ve ticari kapitalizminin nasıl etki altına aldığını birinci derecede göz önünde tutmak gerekir. Hakikaten kapitalizm Osmanlı üretim sistemini kökünden etkileyerek özel mülkiyetin gelişmesini sağlamış, süreç devlet mülkiyeti, yani miri mülkün gittikçe daralması ve ferdiyetçi bir toplumun ortaya çıkmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır.
Karpat bu eserinde; Osmanlı sosyal yapısının yüzyıllar boyu geçirdiği evrim ile modernleşmenin yaşandığı 18. ve 19. yüzyıllarda oluşan sosyal yapı değişikliklerinin nitelik bakımından birbirinden nasıl ayrıldığını tüm detaylarıyla anlatmaktadır. Osmanlı Devleti’nde sosyal yapı değişikliklerini tarihî bir çerçeve içinde ele alan bu çalışma; 19. yüzyıldaki ıslahat girişimlerinin, devlet yapısındaki değişikliklerin ve nüfus hareketlerinin birbirini nasıl etkileyerek yeni bir toplumsal yapıyı oluşturduklarını tüm detaylarıyla incelemektedir.
190 pages, Paperback
First published February 1, 2012
2 people are currently reading
52 people want to read
About the author
Kemal H. Karpat
56 books27 followersKemal Haşim Karpat was born in the village of Armutlu in the Dobruja region of Romania on February 15, 1923. Descending from Crimean Tatar immigrants, Karpat was proud of his heritage and frequently returned to his family’s roots in his scholarship. In the midst of World War II, he left Romania for Turkey where he ultimately entered Istanbul University Law School, graduating in 1947. While in law school, he also received Turkish citizenship.
Always interested in new challenges and adventures, Karpat moved to the United States to study political science at the University of Washington in Seattle. Upon completing his master’s degree, he pursued his doctorate at New York University where he also worked in the United Nations Economic and Social Council for the Turkish delegation. In 1957, he completed his PhD in political science and took his first teaching job at Montana State University. He enjoyed recounting how as a Crimean Tatar born in Romania with Turkish citizenship his first class at MSU was teaching American Constitution. Two years later he published Turkey’s Politics, an extended version of his dissertation in which he emphasized the continuity between the late Ottoman era and Republican Turkey, a theme he revisited throughout his career. He returned to NYU in 1962 as an associate professor.
In 1967 he settled permanently in the History Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He recalled that he was drawn to the UW to develop a Middle East studies program because many of the department’s members were the leading scholars in their fields like George Mosse, Jan Vansina, and David Cronon, among others. He said that their excellence pushed him to be a better scholar. Additionally, during his initial visit to campus he took a drive in the countryside outside of Madison and found the landscape reminiscent of the lands of his childhood in Dobruja. He had found his home. At Wisconsin Karpat mentored over two dozen PhD students, hosted countless conferences, was named a Distinguished Professor (1979), published the International Journal of Turkish Studies (1980-), developed the Central Asian Studies program (1989), and founded the Center for Turkish Studies (2001). To ensure the study of Ottoman history at the UW, he personally provided financial support for the Kemal H. Karpat Professorship in Ottoman History.
As a teacher, Karpat was demanding of his students, always pushing for further research, and encouraging the acquisition of new languages. Over meals with graduate students at his home he repeatedly told them that he always regretted in graduate school that his professors did not push him to become the best scholar possible, so he felt obliged to avoid this mistake with his own students. His undergraduate classes in Ottoman and modern Middle East history were always at capacity. He kept students rapt with his engaging lecture style and his often humorous storytelling.
Professor Karpat was known to most as a scholar, authoring or editing over two dozen books and over one hundred articles. Among his many works are Inquiry into the Social Foundations of Nationalism in the Ottoman State (1973), The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (1976), Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographics and Social Characteristics (1985), and The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State (2001), all of which had major impacts in their field.
Professor Karpat also did much to promote Ottoman, Turkish, and Central Asian studies outside of the University of Wisconsin as well. He was the founding president of the Turkish Studies Group from 1971–74, renamed the Turkish Studies Association (1972), and now known as the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association. He served as the president of the Middle East Studies Association (1985). He was the founding chair of the Central Asian Studies Association, serving from 1985–95. His expertise on Turkey, Central Asia,
Always interested in new challenges and adventures, Karpat moved to the United States to study political science at the University of Washington in Seattle. Upon completing his master’s degree, he pursued his doctorate at New York University where he also worked in the United Nations Economic and Social Council for the Turkish delegation. In 1957, he completed his PhD in political science and took his first teaching job at Montana State University. He enjoyed recounting how as a Crimean Tatar born in Romania with Turkish citizenship his first class at MSU was teaching American Constitution. Two years later he published Turkey’s Politics, an extended version of his dissertation in which he emphasized the continuity between the late Ottoman era and Republican Turkey, a theme he revisited throughout his career. He returned to NYU in 1962 as an associate professor.
In 1967 he settled permanently in the History Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He recalled that he was drawn to the UW to develop a Middle East studies program because many of the department’s members were the leading scholars in their fields like George Mosse, Jan Vansina, and David Cronon, among others. He said that their excellence pushed him to be a better scholar. Additionally, during his initial visit to campus he took a drive in the countryside outside of Madison and found the landscape reminiscent of the lands of his childhood in Dobruja. He had found his home. At Wisconsin Karpat mentored over two dozen PhD students, hosted countless conferences, was named a Distinguished Professor (1979), published the International Journal of Turkish Studies (1980-), developed the Central Asian Studies program (1989), and founded the Center for Turkish Studies (2001). To ensure the study of Ottoman history at the UW, he personally provided financial support for the Kemal H. Karpat Professorship in Ottoman History.
As a teacher, Karpat was demanding of his students, always pushing for further research, and encouraging the acquisition of new languages. Over meals with graduate students at his home he repeatedly told them that he always regretted in graduate school that his professors did not push him to become the best scholar possible, so he felt obliged to avoid this mistake with his own students. His undergraduate classes in Ottoman and modern Middle East history were always at capacity. He kept students rapt with his engaging lecture style and his often humorous storytelling.
Professor Karpat was known to most as a scholar, authoring or editing over two dozen books and over one hundred articles. Among his many works are Inquiry into the Social Foundations of Nationalism in the Ottoman State (1973), The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (1976), Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographics and Social Characteristics (1985), and The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State (2001), all of which had major impacts in their field.
Professor Karpat also did much to promote Ottoman, Turkish, and Central Asian studies outside of the University of Wisconsin as well. He was the founding president of the Turkish Studies Group from 1971–74, renamed the Turkish Studies Association (1972), and now known as the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association. He served as the president of the Middle East Studies Association (1985). He was the founding chair of the Central Asian Studies Association, serving from 1985–95. His expertise on Turkey, Central Asia,
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Displaying 1 - 2 of 2 reviews
August 11, 2021
Osmanlı ve diğer toplumların modernleşmesine dair yazılan eserleri çoğu euro-centric bir bakış açısına sahip fakat bu eser olaylara farklı bir açıdan bakıyor ve dili de bir hayli akıcı.
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May 29, 2019"Karpat bu eserinde; Osmanlı sosyal yapısının yüzyıllar boyu geçirdiği evrim ile modernleşmenin yaşandığı 18. ve 19. yüzyıllarda oluşan sosyal yapı değişikliklerinin nitelik bakımından birbirinden nasıl ayrıldığını tüm detaylarıyla anlatmaktadır. Osmanlı Devleti’nde sosyal yapı değişikliklerini tarihî bir çerçeve içinde ele alan bu çalışma; 19. yüzyıldaki ıslahat girişimlerinin, devlet yapısındaki değişikliklerin ve nüfus hareketlerinin birbirini nasıl etkileyerek yeni bir toplumsal yapıyı oluşturduklarını tüm detaylarıyla incelemektedir."
Displaying 1 - 2 of 2 reviews