Exposure to a single advertisement solidifies the support of partisans, especially those who are poorly informed or wavering in their loyalty.
• Advertisements induce few Republicans to vote Democratic and few Democrats to vote Republican. Exposure to an opposition candidate's advertisements, in fact, can sometimes strengthen a voter's loyalty to his or her party.
• Candidates do best on those issues on which their party is generally perceived to be better. Republicans do better than Democrats when crime is the issue; Democrats do better than Republicans when unemployment is the issue.
• So-called "women's issues" reach Democrats more than they reach
women.
• Republican viewers find negative advertisements to be significantly more persuasive than positive messages. Democratic viewers find positive commercials to be more compelling.
• Independents are generally unresponsive to political advertising. with the important exception of negative commercials.