Gary Nash was my Professor of American History at UCLA. Authoring this book on how the fusion of Native Americans, Africans and European settlers formed the early United States earned him the respect of his peers, love of his students, and wrath of right-wing wackos. RED, WHITE, AND BLACK was the first shot in the culture war over "who made America?", which leads inexorably to "to whom does America belong?". America B.N. (Before Nash) was a land discovered and populated by European adventurers who found a few Indians here and there in the wilderness with no economy, politics, or culture. Nash sets the reader on a wildly different path. Early Americans, the native population, had succeeded in taming the land, drawing from its resources, and building complex political and religious structures from the village to the nation-state. The "Six Civilized Tribes" as the Anglos called them, were already civilized and Europeans drew, forcibly and voluntarily, on their politics and economics. Colonialism was extermination, but also so much more; an imposition and extraction from a native way of life that had to accommodate to the conqueror and vice versa. Africans sequestered and enslaved in America did not play the passive victim either. Their language skills, family and kinship ties, and economic knowledge, planting rice in South Carolina, ship building in New England, made the colonial economy work. This arrangement was not peaceful coexistence among three peoples. Early America was the site of constant struggles and negotiations among Red, Black and White. The Europeans did not conjure a new order into being; they had to adapt to the other two groups or wither on the vine. Nash in this startling magnum opus began the task of telling the common history of America, an America that is ours, never theirs.