I read this book because Cesar Millan is such a hugely controversial figure in the dog world. I don’t watch cable TV, so I wanted to know what all the fuss was about and this book happened to be on sale. It is worth mentioning that the book itself reads more like a rather self congratulatory autobiography than a guide to a happy dog in 98 tips, with plenty of name dropping and not much how-to. A little odd and not at all what I was looking for (or what was promised by title, cover or blurb). Sadly, it really played into the corner that his opponents have firmly stuffed him in and made it even harder to take him seriously. But seriously I shall take him and after this initial warning, shall solely focus on his philosophy and training techniques, not on his need for journaling and his impressive ego.
First of all, the core theory all his recommendations are based on, is not scientifically sound and hasn’t been since the 80s. “Don’t shoot the dog” by Karen Pryor heralded the change and has been supported by much of the literature that followed it. No trained animal behaviourist is going to tell you about alpha/beta structures and how your dog is purposefully spiting you, because you are not “alpha” enough. Generally a dog does not spite - honestly, that’s actually too complex for a dog, just like “guilt” is. The solution is almost universally with the human and not with the dog: You haven’t trained your dog consistently enough. Consistency takes time, is pretty boring and requires you to have a bag of treats with you at all times. Cesar Millan promises easier and quicker results. However, Cesar Millan is also not a trained behaviourist. As far as I can tell, he’s never visited a zoology lecture in his life. That was a pretty big shock to me. He openly states that his credo is all “self taught based on his experience” or “made up” to be precise.
His theories are pretty bizarre, almost occult: there is much talk of energy transference. The dog is an extension of you and feels what you do. A little like the dæmons in “His dark materials” by Phillip Pullman (mystical spirit beasts that are intrinsically linked to their human, for those of you who haven’t read the books, which you absolutely should). There is a distinct appeal to that. I mean, who finished the trilogy and didn’t wish for a dæmon of their own? I sure did!
However, the question that we are forced to consider is “Why the hell does it work?”. Cesar Millan is on TV going around solving people’s dog behavioural problems. He has sold an awful lot of books. If what he says is plain mumbo jumbo, based on outdated science - is his appeal really based purely on charm, a handsome exterior and TV magic? I should add that it was this exact question that made me want to read some of his works and it is a question that his critics seem to side step whenever his methods are debated.
So, why the hell does it work? I’m not a trained dog behaviourist either, but I’ve read a lot of books by those who are, kept up with the current science on dogs, have worked with actual trainers and have of course trained a fair number of dogs myself, though never professionally. This is my stab at an answer:
- Energy transference is not a thing, but dogs reading our emotions absolutely is. Dogs have been bred since their days as wolves to take their queues from us and they rock at that. They can follow our gaze, refer back to us when confused or unsure and are masters at reading our gestures compared to all other animal species out there. The dog knows we can navigate this world much better than them, so they generally rely on us to know what we’re doing. If you are calm, your dog will be much calmer. If you are freaking out, your dog will be on edge. Like a passenger in a plane watching the crew. They know what they are doing, so if they are not panicking, there is no reason for us to do so. Think of a dog like a baby - if mum bursts out crying, the baby will cry even if it was perfectly content two seconds ago. If mum is constantly bursting out crying, then the baby might grow up to think the world out there is bad and can’t be trusted, because it’s constantly making mum cry and that can’t be a good sign. Similarly, if you are constantly shouting at your dog, your dog might well be more stressed in general, because something out there is making you god damn angry and he will be damned if he won’t be angry with you! Clearly there are good reasons to be constantly on edge and angry! You are panicking every time a strange dog comes around the corner? Better bark at that mean dog extra loud and aggressive! There’s obviously something super scary when it comes to strange dogs! So, Cesar’s approach to make the owner chill out has its merits. It’s not because some mystical energy is flowing between you two like a fussy quantum entanglement, but it IS clear communication. “I’m relaxed. All is good.” you are saying.
- Negative reinforcement is generally considered outdated these days. Why? Because it is not as effective as positive reinforcement. However, like corporal punishment in humans, it does work. So, why have we stopped using it? Many reasons: One, it is now considered barbaric. You shouldn’t beat children full stop. Many people view dogs the same way. It can also erode the trust between disciplinarian and their target, leading to lower motivation, a worse emotional bond and someone more likely to use violence themselves to solve problems. It’s the same in dogs. If there is no alpha/beta status, then you are purely relying on the dog’s natural barriers to not bite, but if you keep teaching that dog that pain is an okay way of getting a message across, don’t be shocked if the dog starts using your methods. Generally, with all forms of negative reinforcement, if you make life too miserable for your dog, that misery might well lead to the dog running off, because you are again pitting misery against the dog’s natural instinct to attach itself to a human. Getting angry or shouting at the dog is not great, as that might well communicate that there is something to be angry and stressed about, putting your dog more on edge and dividing it’s attention between you and the potentially dangerous environment - actually the exact opposite of what you are trying to achieve. Cesar Millan doesn’t advocate beatings or shouting, but an “alpha roll”, where you roll the dog on its back and keep it there, to tell it who’s boss. Sadly, that still doesn’t communicate what Cesar says it does. It’s just scary manhandling leaving the dog pinned in a super vulnerable position. Again, like with other forms of negative reinforcement, you are showing your dog that you are scary and that fear is an okay teaching method. Not ideal. Don’t be surprised if the method negatively effects your long term relationship with your dog and makes it more aggressive. But even when your only goal is just to have a law-abiding dog that damn well listens to you and gives you minimal fuss, negative reinforcement is not a good path: One study after the next shows that learning times are much reduced when the human only relies on positive reinforcement and aggressive dogs are more likely to have been taught through negative reinforcement. However, the question was why Cesar Millan’s methods work at all - the answer is negative reinforcement does work, but not as well as positive reinforcement and can have unintended side effects and consequences.
- What about Cesar’s other weird and wonderful methods? At least those mentioned in this particular book again don’t do what Cesar says they do, because they are based on faulty science, but still go from building trust to “no harm done”. For example stroking your dog from head to toe every day is not going to tell him you are his alpha, but will be nice for both dog and owner. It reinforces a good relationship and that is important and might even translate in more focus and effort from your dog during your next training session. That does work, but has nothing to do with Cesar’s alpha and beta nonsense.
So, his theories are nonsense, but his methods do work, even if not like Cesar claims. However, following modern theory and working alongside the standards and recommendations of today’s behavioural sciences will result in a happier dog, reduced training times and a better relationship between dog and owner. It is worth mentioning that being calm around your dog and regular stroking are absolutely part of those recommendations. That works, no matter if you do it for some odd esoterical energy transference, “alpha/beta” reason, or because you understand how dogs think and comprehend the world. But being knowledgeable about dogs doesn’t guarantee a charming and handsome, TV friendly exterior. The theories are also often too complex to be put into a list of easily digestible bullet points. They are not sexy and promise low effort miracles. But shouldn’t your devoted best friend be worth a little effort? Furthermore they obviously don’t give you a dæmon or make you believe you already have one, which is clearly a massive downside. Sadly, dæmons are the stuff of fantasy realms, even when they have Cesar Millan instead of Philip Pullman on the cover.