The question of life's meaning is a paradigmatic philosophical question, but it is also a very practical question with which students and readers can relate. ON THE MEANING OF LIFE has two main aims. The first aim is to explore different perspectives on the meaning of life through contrasting Western and Eastern, existential and phenomenological, and other approaches. The second aim is to argue for specific answers as to the nature of the meaning of life. The Wadsworth Philosophical Topics Series presents readers with concise, timely, and insightful introductions to a variety of traditional and contemporary philosophical subjects. With this series edited by Robert Talisse of Vanderbilt University, philosophy students will be able to discover the richness of philosophical inquiry across a wide array of concepts, including hallmark philosophical themes and topics typically underrepresented in mainstream philosophy publishing. Written by a distinguished list of scholars who have been noted for their exceptional teaching abilities, this series presents the vast sweep of today's philosophical exploration in highly accessible and affordable volumes. These books will prove valuable to philosophy teachers and their students as well as to other readers who share a general interest in philosophy.
آیا پرداختن به نه اشتباه رایج در فهم معنای زندگی به لحاظ فلسفی مفید است؟
البته که بله
آیا برای دست یافتن به معنای زندگی کفایت می کند؟
خیر
آیا می توان از لابلای آن معنای زندگی مورد نظر فیلسوف را استنباط کرد؟
بله، البته با دشواری هایی
چطور ممکن است؟
روش رد گزینه و پرداختن همزمان به ابعاد مدنظر یک روش فلسفی است که اخیرا توجهم را جلب کرده. روش مفیدی است، اما هزینه اش صرف زمان و انرژی کافی برای فهم همزمان نظر نویسنده، و نظرات مورد نقد است. بنابراین، پیش از هر چیز، این کتاب اثری ساده نیست. اما در نهایت ارزش مطالعه اش را دارد
نویسنده، رویکرد جدیدی به معنای زندگی ارائه می کند، که در حدفاصل بین رویکرد الهیون، یعنی مبتنی بر معنای زندگی عینی فراتر از جهان، یا معطوف به هدفی الهی، و رویکردی پست مدرن یا پدیدارشناسانه که معنای زندگی را مبتنی بر زندگی فرد و حتی ساخته شده توسط فرد یا جمع میداند قرار می گیرد. یعنی رویکردی که هم عینی است، هم می بایست کشف شود، و هم معطوف به زندگی فرد و به نوعی دریافت یا کشف ارزشهای غیرابزاری است که فرد با آنها مواجهه شده یا برای یافتن ارزشهای جدید فراتر از خود می بایست تلاش به خرج دهد.
ممکن است در مواردی سه نظریه مختلفی که برشمردم، با هم خلط شوند، یا قلم نویسنده چندان واضح نباشد، اما پرداختن به ارزش های غیرابزاری از یک سو، و تلاش برای فهم چنین ارزش هایی که ممکن است برای ما آشکار نباشند و در رابطه با فردیت سایر افراد جامعه قابلیت آشکارشدگی دارند، هم روش فلسفی جدید و زیبایی است و هم مشابهتی با مهمترین نظریات فلسفی دارد که اخیرا درباره معنای زندگی با آنها آشنا شده ام. یعنی به نوعی کانون توجه همچنان در ارتباط با دیگران باقی میماند و معنای زندگی با هر نظریه و رویکرد، بخش بزرگی در مواجهه با زندگی و ارزش ها و تجربیات دیگران دارد. با این تفاوت بزرگ که در اینجا، این معنا نیست که باید خلق یا کشف شود، بلکه ارزشهای عینی غیرابزاری دیگران هستند که نیاز به فهم و کشف دارند و می توانند توسط دیگران به شیوه های مختلفی ایجاد شوند. اما در نهایت همین ها و فهم آنها به شیوه ای پدیدارشناسانه، با معنای زندگی خود ما مرتبط می شود
در نهایت چند کلامی در باب ترجمه. به نظرم کتاب سخت و شجاعانه ای برای مترجمان جوان است. در نیمه ابتدایی به نظرم کیفیت ترجمه از میانگین کیفیت ترجمه های فلسفی این روزهای بازار به مراتب بالاتر بود. اما در نیمه دوم افت محسوسی داشتیم که شاید دلیل آن، وجود دو مترجم و تقسیم کار بین آنها باشد. اما در نهایت، من به طور همزمان دو متن فارسی و انگلیسی را با هم مطالعه کردم تا فهم متن برای خودم آسان تر شود و به نظرم متن انگلیسی هم دشواری های خاص خود را دارد، اما متن فارسی مخصوصا در نیمه دوم آن، ایراداتی دارد که امیدوارم در ویرایش های بعدی اصلاح شود
I read this book largely because it was written by one of my favorite professors, though also because I'm in a bit of a "where is my life going?" part of my life. It's part of a series of introductory philosophy texts. The book is not as over-ambitious as it sounds, as its point is not to supply some grand answer to the question, so much as to address a number misconceptions about the concept, for example that meaning can only have a religious foundation. It was interesting hearing a number of arguments I remember hearing in class years ago, although the last few chapters seemed a bit rushed to me, a common problem with these types of books. This book is not for everyone, but a certain audience will find it worth reading.
In the best traditions of a philosophical book, this provides few answers to questions about the meaning of life. Instead it clarifies the question(s), dissolves misconceptions and offers pointers towards where an eventual answer might be found.
Much of the book is focused upon avoiding wrong answers to questions about the meaning of life. A central part of the book is a rejection of what we might call ‘Eastern’ approaches, which tend to identify meaning with how we subjectively think about the world.
The book takes a firmly realist view. ‘Meaning is out there, waiting to be discovered.’ (p155). It is up to us to find it, not make it up for ourselves.
To unpack what that means the book takes us through nine wrong answers to question(s) about the meaning of life:
We hear that: it is not the case that only the infinite has meaning (1), nor can meaning consist only in having a goal or purpose (2). Finding meaning cannot be reduced to finding happiness (3), nor is it about subjective wishes or hopes, rather than objective realities (4). A materialistic and godless or soulless world does not preclude a meaning and value to life (5). Nor does our value reduce to our motives for actions (6). Having meaning does not depend on lives having certain qualities (7), nor is meaning excluded from lives because it is only a linguistic quality (8). And finally, meaning is not to be found only in lives which are following a life-plan (9).
Having clarified the wrong answers, we might well wonder what is the right answer to the question of meaning in life.
At this point the book becomes vaguer and less clear. It tells us that meaning(s) is to be found in the activity of ‘living a life,’ particularly in pursuing the more meaningful processes involved in doing so, as well as in appreciation of those activities. This seems to mean cultivating friendships, relationships and understanding our own ‘interests’ in order to pursue those as our valued and meaningful pursuits (as long as they are genuinely good for us).
One of the problems raised by the book is that religious accounts of meaning can actually strip meaning from life. If the purpose or point of life is preparing for heaven (or God). Then life is a means to an end; and that makes it an instrumental good, or merely instrumentally valuable. Life is only a ‘useful’ tool, rather than a ‘good’ in itself.
If we are inclined to think that aspects of the world are not instrumentally good, such as people not being means to ends, then the author suggests that typical religious outlooks cannot be right, as they turn everything in the world into means to achieve ends, such as God’s aims or heavenly bliss for ourselves.
One of the problems raised by the book, is that humans need to pursue ‘non-instrumental’ goods to find meaning or value. Religion is criticised for its failure in that regard. But the author doesn’t offer a clear alternative. People are ends, not means, so relationships with people are objective meaningful non-instrumental goods. But is that really so for everyone. A hermit in a desert eschews relationships with other people, is such a life meaningless or valueless because of that?
And what of the person who does find their own meaning in an activity like ‘conserving steam engines.’ If that really does give a person a meaning or purpose, does the activity become a non-instrumental good, or is the person just deluded into finding a false meaning, an objective pointlessness, which is merely subjectively thought to have a point: thus creating a pseudo-meaningful life?
The book was clearest and most thoughtful in its negative sections, denying wrong answers, but when it moved to trying to explain a meaningful life, its conclusions raised more questions than they answered.
امتياز واقعي 3.5 ستاره. مترجمين از آقاي ملكيان نقل قول كرده اند كه اين كتاب در موضوع خود به زبان انگليسي بهترين است كه به نظر من از كتابي كه تري ايگلتون در اين زمينه نوشته بهتر است ولي كتاب فلسفه قاره اي و معناي زندگي اثر حولين يانگ با و جود اينكه معناي زندگي را از نظر وجود و عدم وجود خدا بررسي مي كند كتاب خواندني تر و بهتري است. در كتاب تامسون به نكات مهمي كه چه چيز معناي زندگي نيست اشاره شده ولي با استدلالهاي سخت و گاه مبهم. كلا كتاب از صفحه 125 به بعد سخت تر مي شود و رواني و وضوح خود را از دست مي دهد و برداشت روشني از معناي زندگي به دست نمي دهد ولي كلا ارزش خواندن دارد