A leading scholar of British political thought explores the relationship between liberalism and empire
Reordering the World is a penetrating account of the complexity and contradictions found in liberal visions of empire. Focusing mainly on nineteenth-century Britain - at the time the largest empire in history and a key incubator of liberal political thought - Duncan Bell sheds new light on some of the most important themes in modern imperial ideology.
The book ranges widely across Victorian intellectual life and beyond. The opening essays explore the nature of liberalism, varieties of imperial ideology, the uses and abuses of ancient history, the imaginative functions of the monarchy, and fantasies of Anglo-Saxon global domination. They are followed by illuminating studies of prominent thinkers, including J.A. Hobson, L.T. Hobhouse, John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, Herbert Spencer, and J.R. Seeley. While insisting that liberal attitudes to empire were multiple and varied, Bell emphasizes the liberal fascination with settler colonialism. It was in the settler empire that many liberal imperialists found the place of their political dreams.
Reordering the World is a significant contribution to the history of modern political thought and political theory.
Duncan Bell is Reader in Political Thought and International Relations at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Christ's College. His books include The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860-1900 (Princeton).
Duncan Bell’s Reordering the World: Essays on Liberalism and Empire (Princeton University Press, 2016) consolidates and extends the author’s influential re-examination of the intellectual foundations of modern liberal imperialism. Comprising a series of revised and interlinked essays, the book develops the arguments first advanced in The Idea of Greater Britain (2007) and situates them within a broader genealogy of political thought about empire, civilization, and global order. Bell’s central concern is to trace how liberal theorists and policymakers, from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, conceptualized empire as both a moral duty and a structural necessity for sustaining international order. The result is a work that stands at the intersection of intellectual history, political theory, and international relations, offering a rigorous and unsettling portrait of liberalism’s imperial entanglements.
At the core of Reordering the World lies a methodological and historiographical intervention. Bell challenges both the “whig” narrative that treats liberalism as the natural antithesis of imperial domination and the postcolonial critique that reduces liberal imperialism to hypocrisy or ideology. Instead, he argues that empire was integral to the liberal project itself. Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century liberals—from J. S. Mill and T. H. Green to Alfred Zimmern and Lionel Curtis—sought to reconcile their commitment to liberty, progress, and moral order with the realities of imperial governance and global hierarchy. Bell shows that for these thinkers, imperialism was not merely tolerated as an unfortunate necessity but embraced as a vehicle for realizing liberal values on a world scale.
The essays in this volume explore different dimensions of this liberal-imperial nexus. The opening chapters revisit foundational figures in British political thought, situating them within their historical contexts and exploring the conceptual vocabularies they employed to justify imperial rule. Bell’s reading of J. S. Mill, for instance, highlights how Mill’s vision of “civilizational tutelage” framed empire as a moral pedagogy—an instrument for uplifting “less advanced” peoples toward the eventual attainment of self-government. Similarly, Bell’s examination of T. H. Green and the British Idealists reveals the ways in which their moral and organic conception of the state informed a vision of imperial unity as a higher form of ethical community.
The middle section of the book turns to late Victorian and early twentieth-century debates about global order, focusing on imperial federation, Anglo-Saxonism, and the imagined future of international governance. Here Bell traces continuities between the “Greater Britain” discourse of the 1860s–1900s and the interwar projects of liberal internationalism. Figures such as J. A. Hobson, Lionel Curtis, and Alfred Zimmern emerge not as isolated thinkers but as participants in a transnational conversation about how to preserve civilization through collective institutions of imperial or international order. Bell’s nuanced treatment of Zimmern and the early League of Nations idealists is particularly compelling, revealing how their faith in “international society” rested on assumptions inherited from imperial hierarchies and racialized notions of political maturity.
Throughout the book, Bell advances a key historiographical claim: that the liberal imagination of world order has long depended on the conceptual grammar of empire. Whether framed in terms of “civilization,” “trusteeship,” or “development,” liberal thought consistently reproduced asymmetrical relations of authority under the guise of moral universalism. This argument is both historical and diagnostic. By excavating the imperial origins of modern liberalism, Bell invites readers to reconsider the moral foundations of contemporary international order. The liberal internationalism of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, he suggests, continues to bear the imprint of its imperial genealogy.
Bell’s essays are unified not only by their thematic coherence but also by a consistent methodological stance. Drawing on the Cambridge School tradition of contextualist intellectual history, he insists on situating political ideas within their linguistic and institutional environments rather than treating them as timeless doctrines. Yet his work also transcends the limits of contextualism by engaging with normative and theoretical questions about global justice, sovereignty, and moral community. The result is a form of historical political theory that illuminates how inherited ideas shape the present configuration of world politics.
Stylistically, Bell writes with precision, lucidity, and intellectual restraint. His prose avoids polemic, favoring a reflective and interpretive mode of argumentation. Each essay is carefully constructed, with close textual readings and extensive engagement with both primary sources and the secondary literature. The book’s structure allows Bell to weave together case studies of individual thinkers with broader conceptual analyses, moving from the moral psychology of liberal empire to the institutional imagination of global order. While the essays can be read independently, their cumulative effect is to reveal a continuous line of development in liberal thought from empire to internationalism.
One of the book’s major contributions is its reinterpretation of the intellectual continuity between British imperial federalism and the emergence of international organization. Bell demonstrates that the political visions of the early twentieth-century liberals—such as Zimmern’s conception of the League of Nations and Curtis’s Commonwealth of God—were not a repudiation of imperial ideology but its reconfiguration in cosmopolitan form. The aspiration to reorder the world around shared norms of law, commerce, and civilization reflected a persistent belief in the moral vocation of the English-speaking world. In this sense, Reordering the World serves as a bridge between the history of British imperial thought and the intellectual history of international relations.
Critics might observe that Bell’s focus on the British intellectual tradition risks marginalizing non-European and anti-imperial perspectives. Although he acknowledges these absences, the book remains primarily concerned with reconstructing the self-understanding of liberal imperialists rather than their opponents. Some readers may also wish for a more explicit engagement with the material and economic dimensions of imperialism, which are largely bracketed in favor of ideological analysis. Yet these limitations stem from the book’s chosen focus rather than from oversight. Bell’s objective is to elucidate the conceptual underpinnings of liberal empire, not to offer a total history of imperial practice.
In historiographical terms, Reordering the World stands as both a culmination and an expansion of the “new imperial intellectual history.” It complements the work of scholars such as Jennifer Pitts, Uday Mehta, and Karuna Mantena, while distinguishing itself through its analytical rigor and its sustained attention to the intersections of liberalism, race, and global order. Bell’s argument that imperial ideas continue to structure the moral architecture of the international system offers a powerful challenge to triumphalist narratives of decolonization and globalization.
Duncan Bell’s Reordering the World is a masterful exploration of the ideological and moral topography of modern liberalism. By uncovering the imperial foundations of liberal international thought, Bell compels readers to confront the ambiguities and contradictions at the heart of the liberal tradition. The essays collected here demonstrate that the project of “reordering the world” has always been shadowed by hierarchies of race, civilization, and power. For scholars of political theory, imperial history, and international relations, this book is indispensable—not only for understanding the intellectual origins of the modern world order but also for interrogating the moral assumptions that continue to sustain it.
แนะนำครับ เล่มนี้ถือเป็น The must ในประเด็นด้าน Political theory of Empire หรือทฤษฎีการเมืองเรื่องจักรวรรดิ์ ซึ่งคือหนึ่งใน sub field ที่ร้อนแรงที่สุดในการศึกษาทฤษฎีการเมืองตะวันตกในปัจจุบัน ใครที่สนใจเรื่องทฤษฎีหลังอาณานิคม จักรวรรดิ์ในยุคสมัยใหม่ หรือทฤษฎีการเมือง/ประวัติศาสตร์ความคิดทางการเมืองสมัยใหม่ ควรอ่าน