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Very Short Introductions #452

Epicureanism: A Very Short Introduction

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Epicureanism is commonly associated with a carefree view of life and the pursuit of pleasures, particularly the pleasures of the table. However it was a complex and distinctive system of philosophy that emphasized simplicity and moderation, and considered nature to consist of atoms and the void. Epicureanism is a school of thought whose legacy continues to reverberate today.In this Very Short Introduction, Catherine Wilson explains the key ideas of the School, comparing them with those of the rival Stoics and with Kantian ethics, and tracing their influence on the development of scientific and political thought from Locke, Newton, and Galileo to Rousseau, Marx, Bentham, and Mill. She discusses the adoption and adaptation of Epicurean motifs in science, morality, and politics from the 17th Century onwards and contextualises the significance of Epicureanismin modern life.ABOUT THE The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

160 pages, Kindle Edition

Published December 10, 2015

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About the author

Catherine Wilson

16 books32 followers
Librarian note:
There is more than one author in the GoodReads database with this name


Current Academic Position:
Distinguished Professor of Philosophy
Andrew Heiskell Research Scholar

Education:
Ph.D. Princeton University
B.Phil. University of Oxford
B.A. Yale University

Research Interests:
17th and 18th Century History and Philosophy of Science
Moral and Social Theory
Philosophy of Literature

Courses Recently Taught:
Biology and Morality (Spring 2008)
Empiricism: Bacon to Hume (Fall 2007)
Egalitarianism: For & Against (Spring 2007)
Rationalists (Fall 2006)
Evolution and Ethics (Spring 2006)
Materialism, Politics and Morals in 17th Century Philosophy (Fall 2005)

Representative Publications:
Moral Animals: Ideals and Constraints in Moral Theory. Oxford University Press, 2004.
Descartes's Meditations: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope. Princeton University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. (paperback) 1997.
Leibniz's Metaphysics: A Historical and Comparative Study. Princeton University Press/Manchester University Press, 1989.
"What is the Importance of Descartes's Sixth Meditation?" Accepted for publication in Philosophica 74 (2006).
"Evolutionary Ethics." (12,000 words) To appear in Handbook of the Philosophy of Biology, ed. M. Matthen and C. Stephens, Elsevier, 2006.
"Love of God and Love of Creatures: The Astell-Masham Debate," History of Philosophy Quarterly, 21 ( 2004).
"Simone de Beauvoir and Human Dignity." In The Legacy of Simone de Beauvoir, edited by Emily Grosholz, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 90-114.
"Kant and Leibniz," Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2004.
"Epicureanism in Early Modern Philosophy: Leibniz and his Contemporaries," in Brad Inwood and Jon Miller, eds., Hellenistic and Early Modern Philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 90-115.
"Capability and Language in the Novels of Tarjei Vesaas" Philosophy and Literature 27 (2003) pp. 21-39.
"A Humean Argument for Benevolence to Strangers," Monist 86:3 on Moral Distance, edited by Deen Chatterjee., (2003) p. 454-468.
"The Role of a Merit Principle in Distributive Justice," Journal of Ethics 7 (2003) pp. 1-38.
"Morphogenesis, Organisation, Teleology," Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome, 2003.
"Corpuscular Effluvia: Between Imagination and Experiment," in Claus Zittel and Wolfgang Detel eds., Ideals and Cultures of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe/Wissensideale und Wissenskulturen in der frühen Neuzeit. Concepts, Methods, Historical Conditions and Social Impact. 2 vols., Frankfurt, Akademie-Verlag 2002, pp. 161-184.

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Displaying 1 - 26 of 26 reviews
Profile Image for Jordan B Cooper.
Author 23 books411 followers
March 10, 2022
The descriptions of Epicureanism were helpful enough, but the author's constant derogatory comments about Christianity (and religion in general) were obnoxious.
Profile Image for C. Varn.
Author 3 books398 followers
November 29, 2018
While far from perfect, Catherine Wilson treats Epicureanism from Epicureanism and Lucreatius as more than an ethical philosophy. Indeed, many of the treatments of the Stoics and Epicureanism (or Hellenistic philosophical schools in general), ignore the physics, metaphysics, and politics that grounded the various schools ethical assumption. Wilson starts with atomism, works through materialism, Epicurean theories of life and theology, Epicurean political and ethical assumptions, and the pure Epicurean ethics. Wilson also shows its historical reemergence in the late Renaissance and early Enlightenment and traces Epicureanism influence from Baron Holbach to David Hume to Thomas Hobbes to the Utilitarians as well as responses against Epicureanism. While some many find this overly sceintific and metaphysical, it is a stark contrast to those treatments that concern themselves almost solely with ethics.
Profile Image for Vikas Datta.
2,178 reviews142 followers
April 4, 2016
A lucid introduction to the misunderstood philosophy..
167 reviews3 followers
September 5, 2025
This seemed like a pretty good introduction to Epicureanism, a philosophical school from classical times. It was in direct competition with Stoicism, but even less source material about Epicureanism has survived. This is probably due to the fact that other philosophical schools were more popular and also were more easily adaptable to Christianity, which held a stranglehold on intellectual thought during the Middle Ages.

A renewed interest in Epicureanism increased starting in the 17th century, and this book talks not only about the foundational ideas of Epicureanism but also about how they have affected modern science and philosophy.

The author talks in turn about Epicurean ideas about atomism, knowledge, life and love, materialism, religion, politics, and ethics. One of the most interesting chapters to me was on atomism. The Epicureans believed that everything was made up of small, indivisible things they called atoms ("uncuttable"). Atoms had shape, size, and weight, but no color, odor, or taste, and were too small to be seen. Atoms came together to create everything in the world, and existed in a void. This idea was completely opposed to Stoicism, which believed there was no such thing as a void and everything was made of one consistent piece of matter, just in different forms.

What was fascinating to me was the author describing the empirical way that the Epicureans developed this idea. First, nothing can come from nothing. But things are destructible, and they come into being and fade away. Mountains, houses, animals, and plants all appear and disappear. Wet clothes dry out, roads wear into ruts, an herb rubbed between fingers creates a smell. All of these things were seen as evidence of atoms. Parts of this idea have been shown to be true, but Wilson also points out places where the Epicureans got it wrong.

Another interesting part of Epicureanism is their ethics. To them, being happy consisted of having as much pleasure and as little pain as possible. This led to accusations of them being hedonists, seeking pleasure above all things, but they did argue that unbounded pleasure seeking leads to pain, so moderation is necessary. One of the reasons Epicureanism was unpopular is because it is very selfish. Stoicism, on the other hand, promoted civic duty and helping others, and both of those were valued by the civilizations of the day.

Finally, it was interesting to read the author's views on how Epicurean ideas influenced modern politics. The idea that people are fundamentally motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain got expanded into societies banding together and creating governments and laws so that individuals could avoid pain as much as possible. This leads to the idea of the social contract, where individuals give up their liberty to do whatever they want, including taking whatever they can by force, in order to be protected from having someone else do whatever they want to them and cause them pain. The social contract idea is fundamental to many of today's democracies, but the Epicureans would not argue that there are any such things as fundamental human rights, such as those enumerated in the Declaration of Independence of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

The duty and altruism of Stoicism appeal more to me and I don't really agree with Epicurean ethics, but it was really interesting to learn not only about what they taught but how their reasoning got them there and how Epicurean ideas have influenced the world we have today.
129 reviews2 followers
November 18, 2025
Not a bad introduction, but the author spends way too much time talking of modern alternatives and challenges, to the point that most of the time is not relevant to epicureanism. There must be better and more concise introductions out there.
Profile Image for Kevin.
169 reviews7 followers
December 19, 2022
If you only know one thing about the Epicureans, you probably know that they were party animals addicted to hard-drinking and fine-dining. You’d be wrong.

It’s true that the Epicureans valued pleasure as the highest of goods and that actions were only valued to the extent that they led to pleasure but, for Epicurious, fine-dining meant a hearty bowl of barley gruel rather than Lobster Thermidor with a bottle of Champagne. The rumour that Epicureans loved to party and hang out with prostitutes was propaganda invented by rival schools to discredit them. They did like to hang out in the garden with friends and enjoy life but, for an Epicurean, enjoyment did not imply sex and drugs and rock ’n’ roll— they preferred to banter about the meaning of life. The thing about the prostitutes came about because the Epicureans invited women to their soirées to discuss philosophy at a time when women were barred from other schools.

Epicureanism: A Very Short Introduction gives us a whirlwind tour of Epicurus’s teaching in Athens in 300 BC. Epicureanism was one of several schools in Athens around this time (rival schools included Plato’s, Aristotle’s, the Cynics and the Stoics). Epicureanism waned as Roman influence grew and was pretty much wiped out once the Romans found God. Almost everything written by Epicurus was lost and most of what we know about his philosophy we know from a poem written in the last days of the Roman Republic by Lucretius. Even this poem was lost until it was discovered tucked into a scroll hidden in the back of a dusty library some 1500 years later. Though epicureanism was long forgotten, anti-epicureanism lived on as an atheist, sensualist bogeyman held up as a warning to budding philosophers. Even Dante put Epicureans into one of his circles of hell.

After it was rehabilitated by the humanists of the 17th century, epicureanism made enormous contributions to the science of the day.

Did you know that the Epicureans had an atomic theory that was better than any other theory of matter for another 2000 years? And, when the theory was rediscovered in the Middle Ages, it had to be hidden away because it challenged the (wrong) competing theories championed by the church?

Epicureans had a credible theory of evolution (without the natural selection bit) which, not surprisingly, also had to be hidden away because it made a nonsense of Genesis. In another nail in the creation story’s coffin, Epicurus told a story of how men had once lived in caves but, over time, invented language, clothing and other technologies long before they came up with civilisation. Predating Marx by millennia, they taught that society had gone through a series of economic structures before settling on the one that emerged in classical Athens.

While they did believe in the gods, Epicureans thought the gods were remote beings who cared nothing about puny humans. Our planet is just one of an infinite number of worlds. Epicureans figured out how sex led to reproduction with a theory more advanced than Aristotle’s and the Christians didn’t like that theory very much either.

Epicureanism: A Very Short Introduction book is structured with short chapters that describe an Epicurean theory and then contrasted it with the equivalent modern theory in surprisingly rich detail. While it’s nice to see the comparisons, the book is about twice the size that it would have been if it was just about Epicureanism. Unlike most of the other books in the series, it’s not “Very Short”. Well worth a read though.


Profile Image for Bernie Gourley.
Author 1 book114 followers
November 4, 2021
Like all ancient schools of philosophy, Epicureanism birthed an adjectival oversimplification that has eclipsed the word’s original meaning and obscured the full story of this philosophical system. Platonic refers to the teachings of Plato, but platonic is a friends-without-benefits scenario. A Cynic is a minimalist who eschews comfort and rejects social norms, but to be cynical is to think the worst. A Stoic believes that there are things one can control and things one can’t and that one should act virtuously in the former case and indifferently in the latter, but a stoic is an emotionless automaton. Epicureans developed a comprehensive system of philosophy that included metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy, but an epicurean is a hedonist, probably dripping butter from his chin. The tenet that there is nothing wrong with seeking pleasure became the whole picture, and lost was the understanding that moderation is a virtue.

Being unacquainted with Epicureanism, I was surprised to learn that it was the least superstitious, as well as the most compassionate, of all the ancient Greek philosophies. Like most people studying ancient philosophies, I’m most interested in those aspects that might be called “philosophy of life” - i.e. ethics, politics, and other aspects that deal in how one should live. [As opposed to the more arcane questions of metaphysics and epistemology.] The reason is simple; the former ideas have aged better, while ancient metaphysics, for example, appears ridiculous in light of all the science that has come along. For this reason, I tend to overlook the long-discredited ideas of ancient philosophers. However, I’ve come to see that these ideas informed the life philosophy of each school (and, also, that there are degrees of wrong.) For example, the Epicureans, being atomists, were correct to a point, and in rooting their entire system in nature (rather than gods and the supernatural) they avoided preoccupation with pleasing the gods and developed an acceptance of the fact that sh!% happens (and it’s not due to angry gods.) So, while many of the details of Epicurean atomism were far from the mark, it did yield a less superstitious outlook (and was less wrong than most ancients.) My point is that I ended up benefiting from this guide’s comprehensive approach.

If you’re looking for an overview of Epicureanism, or you think the defining characteristic of an Epicurean is a love of heavy sauces, you should definitely check this book out.
Profile Image for Gumbo Ya-ya.
130 reviews
August 27, 2020
Wilson presents a highly readable, easily digested introduction to the philosophy of Epicurus and its legacy.

the metaphysics of the Epicurean school is given, to my mind, a disproportionate word count relative to what it has to say on ethics; what interests me in philosophy is the art of living well, rather than the speculation as to the nature of reality, and Wilson seems to veer reasonably heavily the other way.

My other gripe with this account is its focus on the legacy of Epicureanism, particularly the resurgence of many of its ideas during and following the Enlightenment. While this is certainly of interest, it felt like most of the book was given over to what people have made of Epicureanism since the 17th century rather than how it was originally presented and lived.

Of particular interest to me were the exposition of the Epicurean atomic model, which I had not previously known any detail of, and the chapter on politics and society.

Wilson is very evenhanded in her approach, citing supporters and critics both across the centuries, without seeming to really come down on one side or the other but instead to focus on what positive lesson can be, and have been, taken from this ancient philosophy.
Profile Image for Simon.
76 reviews
December 29, 2017
A pleasant read. More than about Epicureanism, I would say it deals with the legacy of Epicurus and Lucretius. Very little is said about Epicureanism in its own days, yet a lot about how the rediscovery of Lucretius “On The Nature of Things” inspired many thinkers from the renaissance on, including Spinoza, Hobbes, Rousseau, Bacon, Locke, Leibniz, Hume, Kant, Marx, but also Noam Chomsky is named. Personally I think there is an over emphasis on the - less interesting - scientific, religious, political aspects of Epicureanism, namely atomism, religion as fear, social rules from nature instead of god, and way less on their ethical views of limiting pains and increasing pleasure, and the subtleties of these views. For example the importance of friendship for a good life is hardly mentioned at all in this book, while this is a prime and exceptional component of epicureanism. Personally I prefer Pierre Hadot's approach way better, namely looking at ancient philosophy as "philosophies of life", much different from the current fragmented academy philosophy.

An overly scientific and “history of western philosophy” view of Epicureanism, yet valuable in its own regard.
Profile Image for Keith.
938 reviews12 followers
May 7, 2023
“The Epicurean hope is that the provision of a scientific account of the origins of the cosmos and of life, and an account of the causes of belief in powerful supernatural persons, can overcome the human tendency to believe that gods are involved in human life.” (p. 72)

This Very Short Introduction provides a useful look into the philosophy of Epicureanism and its influence on later human endeavors, including on the physical sciences and rationalism.

Title: Epicureanism
Author: Catherine Wilson
Series: The Oxford Very Short Introductions Series
Year: 2015
Genre: Nonfiction - Philosophy, science
Page count: 160 pages
Date(s) read: 5/4/23 - 5/6/23
Reading journal entry #101 in 2023
40 reviews
January 1, 2019
This is more than an introduction to the philosophy of Epicureanism -- it also discusses the ways in which the doctrines of this philosophy have affected the development of the modern world. From the belief in Atomism, the idea that everything is composed of tiny indivisible particles, to an ethic that seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain (a predecessor to the post-enlightenment ethic of Utilitarianism), many of the tenets of this belief system have found their way into the modern world (for better or worse).

I am looking forward to reading Wilson's more in depth/scholarly treatment of this subject -- Epicureanism at the Origins of Modernity.
Profile Image for Ystradclud.
105 reviews32 followers
November 28, 2024
"Death is nothing to us. When we exist, death is not; and when death exists, we are not. All sensation and consciousness ends with death and therefore in death there is neither pleasure nor pain. The fear of death arises from the belief that in death, there is awareness."

I only specifically cared about the sections on politics and ethics, but the rundown on Epicurean atomism was a welcomed surprise.
232 reviews17 followers
May 18, 2019
It was a sin that I was allowed to graduate high school, college and get a post-graduate degree knowing so little about epicurean-ism, but I have atoned for it - a very well done summary of the philosophy that is clearly written and very concise.
Profile Image for Jeffrey.
164 reviews1 follower
August 8, 2020
Covers topic well

Covers the basis of Epicurean philosophy, atomism, epistemology, love, life, death, mind, religion, politics and ethics. Also discusses the evolution of Epicurean like thinking through its inception to the contemporary.
Profile Image for Javier Rivero.
169 reviews12 followers
September 23, 2020
While the author does a good job in the segmentation of Epicureanisms main pillars, fails to provide a simple explanation on each one of them. Reading becomes complex due to the introduction of many other complex concepts within (what is supposed to be) an introductory book.
Profile Image for Frank Lawton.
78 reviews5 followers
April 4, 2022
Despite the author treating her metaphysical and cultural opinions as the baseline facts across which epicureanism and other philosophies evolve, this book was very informative and engaging as a first introduction to the history and content of epicureanism.
Profile Image for Andre.
409 reviews14 followers
September 24, 2019
This book is exactly what it advertises: a short concise intro that puts Epicureans in a historical context.
17 reviews
June 27, 2021
Accessible,yes. And very short as the name implies. But also quite dull...
Profile Image for Pidge.
24 reviews23 followers
February 24, 2022
A very quick read. If you're curious about Epicureanism but have no prior knowledge, like me, then I would say this is a good read to gauge if you want to read more on it.
Profile Image for Samuel.
127 reviews6 followers
March 4, 2023
Fascinating discussion of Epicurean physics and its reception history. Different way in to the philosophy than works that focus on Epicurean ethics.
Profile Image for Camilla Rose.
30 reviews12 followers
March 29, 2023
It's ok, and worth reading. I wish there had been more info about Epicurus and Epicureanism instead of comparisons to modern philosophy. It's not objective enough for my taste.
57 reviews
June 2, 2016
Helpful introduction to Epicureanism. I did not agree with some of the authors assumptions and biases. For instance, she wonders whether or not people could live as well without religion. The data is already out there. She might have benefited from doing more research on that issue.
Profile Image for Designated Hysteric .
379 reviews13 followers
March 16, 2023
In my opinion, the work excessively accentuates the physics and epistemology of epicureans and perhaps those sections should have been briefer while expanding on the sections covering epicurean ethics.
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