ماموریت در ایران؛ خاطرات سولیوان آخرین سفیر آمریکا در ایران

by William H. Sullivan, ابراهیم مشفقی فر (Translator)

Ambassador Sullivan tells of his many meetings with the shah and gives a unique insight into the character, the moods, and the motivations of that complicated man. He explores the political, economic, and social backgrounds of the opposition to the shah, and in doing so shows us the force of Islam in Iranian society and the flat impossibility of the shah's attempts to industrialize the country. Other highlights of this eminently readable narrative include the General Huyser mission, which Washington mindlessly thought could reverse a revolution that was all but completed, the evacuation of 35,000 American citizens from a country in turmoil, and the destructive seizure of the embassy compound in February 1979, a full nine months before the taking of the hostages.


The policy recommendations that Sullivan made to Washington during the Iranian crisis were rejected by President Carter and Zbigniew Brzezinski in favor of policies that seemed, then as now, unrealistic. This account is valuable not only as a record of recent history, but as an example of how United States national interests can be damaged by the absence of clear, informed leadership in the White House.

Genres: Iran, History, Biography

311 pages, Paperback

First published November 1, 1981

Reviews

[Ehsan'Shokraie' · Rating 4 out of 5]

"شاه به بوتو نخست وزیر پاکستان خاطرنشان ساخت اتلاف منابع محدود مالی پاکستان برای رقابت اتمی با هند کار عبث و بیهوده ایست.و در ضمن به او افزود به فرض اینکه پاکستان بتواند با هزینه هنگفت یک یا دو بمب اتمی بسازد،فقط می تواند مثل شیاف از آن استفاده کند."

  خاطرات سولیوان :"قالیچه چهل تکه ای بر روی آتش"

[Hotavio · Rating 3 out of 5]

If not for American dependence on oil, the Middle East would not get near the level of interest that it generates. Iran in 1977 was no exception. William H. Sullivan’s assignment to the ambassador’s post in Iran appeared arbitrary, other than the need to put an esteemed ambassador in an oil rich country whose previous ambassador had resigned. In his Mission to Iran, Sullivan relays his experience as the American ambassador in an Iran that was largely misunderstood by President Carter’s administration. Throughout the book, Sullivan points out discrepancies in the Iran he had observed and the Iran the United States presumed existed. These presumptions led the United States to disavow Sullivan’s judgments while the country disintegrated into a state of civil disturbance.
Sullivan makes clear from the very beginning of the Mission to Iran that he had no real desire to be reassigned to Iran. His lack of background in Iran, along with an initial limited interest in the country, and no knowledge of Farsi are admitted. Because of this, Sullivan’s scrutiny of every element of Persian life, Iran’s leadership, and Islam itself, comes off as insincere and cynical. In one telling part of his account, Sullivan and his wife visit the holy city of Masshad, a pilgrimage site to the tomb of Shiite Imam Reza. Sullivan describes how pilgrims violently bash their heads on a gate in fits of passion over the buried holy man. It is only at this point, after shocked by what he saw, that Sullivan admits he needed to know more about the religion. The author’s disconnect with this culture comes off as crass not only in this instance but throughout the book as he often shares generalizations that he had about the Iranian people throughout this assignment.
Sullivan is fluent in sizing up his surroundings (he articulately shares the layout of Tehran as well as other relevant locations), but also disassembles every persona he encounters. In his first meeting with Shah Reza Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, he determines “…the external image of the haughty autocrat that had been cultivated by his court was not an accurate one. He was not truly cast to be a leader of men or the nation in time of crisis.” Sullivan does this throughout the book. This could reveal his candidness as an author, sharing general impressions, but could also be his way of pointing out glaring ineptitudes to heighten his argument on how foreign policy and governance in Iran should have been conducted. In this vein, Carter and Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, Zbigniew Brzezinski, have a disappointingly ambiguous and antagonistic role in Sullivan’s attempts to smooth the U.S. position in Iran’s transitional government.
Sullivan’s distaste for Brzenzinski is particularly scathing as Brzenzinski put what Sullivan considered an excessive amount of faith in the reliability of the Iranian armed forces as it concerned American causes. Ayatollah Khomeini’s return prompted the disintegration of then Prime Minister Bakhtiar’s military. As they began to attack a military facility with American Advisory group present, Sullivan had an emergency conference call with the State department, chaired by Brzenzki. In this state of urgency, Sullivan was continually asked what the prospects were of a coup d’état. When Sullivan implied they were slim, he was told that Brzenzinski did not find the comment “particularly helpful.” Scathingly, Sullivan asked if Brzenzinski needed the assessment translated in Polish. Later in the book, after Sullivan resigned his post, Sullivan digresses, “The feckless manner in which the Carter administration conducted its affairs continued, the erratic ambitions of Brzezinzski were unabated, and the failure to understand events in Iran were compounded. All of this, in November of 1979, led to the taking of the hostages in the American embassy and to a period of national humiliation unmatched in our history.” In so adamantly identifying a culprit, Sullivan detaches himself from the failures in American policy in Iran while assigning them gravid consequence.
The aforementioned lambasting aside, Sullivan does relay his early concerns with Iranian policies in productive manner. Some continuous concerns are the Shah’s forced industrialization program, the massive weapons purchases, and identification of the ignored civil unrest, among others. While Sullivan also expresses his willingness throughout the various stages of the Revolution to communicate with the subversive elements, especially as it is clear to him that the US supported Iranian government is crashing. What Sullivan does not do is give a clear synopsis of what happens beyond what he has had a part in. He gives a primer on the history of Persians and the Pahlavis, but Mission to Iran ceases as he resigns his position in Iran and accepts an offer to be president of the American Assembly. It is with this that Mission to Iran speaks neither of the crisis nor its legacy, but the crumbling of an American supported country as he saw it.

[Chris · Rating 4 out of 5]

This was well written and easy to follow. I was interested in Ambassador Sullivan's account of the events surrounding the Iranian Revolution. General Huyser was a personal friend of mine. It was interesting to read that in addition to General Haig, Sullivan felt the U.S. administration ignored his advice and was completely inept in the handling of the situation in Iran.

[Shahed · Rating 4 out of 5]

روایت دست اول از فعالیت گسترده سفارت آمریکا در تهران در طول دو سال منتهی به انقلاب ایران، در فاصله سال‌های ۱۹۷۷ الی ۱۹۷۹ میلادی
از متن کتاب
ص ۲۰ – در سال ۱۹۷۷ سی و پنج هزار آمریکایی در ایران زندگی می‌کردند. به استثنای قریب دو هزار نفر، بقیه وابسته به شرکت‌ها و مؤسسات خصوصی آمریکایی بودند
ص ۲۳ – درآمد نفتی ایران به بیست و دو تا بیست و سه میلیارد دلار در سال رسیده بود. ولی نیروی کار ماهر برای استفاده و به کار انداختن این ثروت وجود نداشت
ص ۲۸ – سفارت آمریکا در تهران فعالیت وسیع و پردامنه‌ای داشت. تعداد کارکنان آن به اضافه مأمورینی که در قسمت نظامی کار می‌کردند، بالغ بر دو هزار نفر می‌شدند که با اعضای خانواده‌هایشان به پنج هزار نفر می‌رسیدند. تعداد ایرانیان وابسته به سفارت هم به دو هزار نفر بالغ می‌شدند و نظارت مستمر بر کار همۀ آنها کار ساده‌ای نبود
ص ۳۴ – به عقیدۀ بعضی از محققین و مورخین، ایرانیان هویت ملی خود را به قیمت انعطاف و انطباق خود با شرایط زمان حفظ کرده‌اند
ص ۳۸ – شاه نظرات خود را با یک انگلیسی سلیس و لحنی که صمیمی و صادقانه به نظر می‌رسید، بیان می‌کرد... من او را شخصیتی سوای آنچه قبلاً مجسم کرده بودم، یافتم. من در رفتار وی دبدبه و کبکبه و تکبری ندیدم... او خیلی آرام و به نرمی سخن می‌گفت، رفتارش ساده و صمیمی و متواضعانه بود و اصراری در قبولاندن نظرات خود به مخاطب نداشت
ص ۴۶ - در سال ۱۹۷۷ ایران در حدود سی و شش میلیون نفر جمعیت داشت و نیمی از این جمعیت زیر پانزده سال بودند
ص ۷۷ – صنعت نفت ایران در سال ۱۹۷۷ ظرفیت تولید شش میلیون و دویست هزار بشکه نفت در روز را داشت
ص ۱۴۳ – در پانزده سال گذشته استحکام پایۀ سلطنت، ایران را بر سر پا نگاهداشته و اکنون که پایۀ سلطنت سست شده، ناچار باید این ثبات با تحکیم پایۀ مذهب تأمین گردد
ص ۱۶۲ - ... دولت ایالات متحدۀ آمریکا مصلحت شخص شاه و مصالح کلی ایران را در این می‌بیند که هر چه زودتر ایران را ترک کند

[Mickey Bits · Rating 5 out of 5]

This obscure book is an excellent history told soon after the Iran Hostage Crisis of the Carter administration. Interesting to read, especially in light of historical events that have occurred since that time.

[Nasser Ali · Rating 3 out of 5]

Sullivan's manipulative behavior can be seen in between the lines.