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Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance

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What don't we know, and why don't we know it? What keeps ignorance alive, or allows it to be used as a political instrument? Agnotology―the study of ignorance―provides a new theoretical perspective to broaden traditional questions about "how we know" to Why don't we know what we don't know? The essays assembled in Agnotology show that ignorance is often more than just an absence of knowledge; it can also be the outcome of cultural and political struggles. Ignorance has a history and a political geography, but there are also things people don't want you to know ("Doubt is our product" is the tobacco industry slogan). Individual chapters treat examples from the realms of global climate change, military secrecy, female orgasm, environmental denialism, Native American paleontology, theoretical archaeology, racial ignorance, and more. The goal of this volume is to better understand how and why various forms of knowing do not come to be, or have disappeared, or have become invisible.

308 pages, Paperback

First published May 12, 2008

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About the author

Robert N. Proctor

13 books35 followers
American historian of science and Professor of the History of Science at Stanford University.While a professor of the history of science at the University of Pennsylvania in 1999, he became the first historian to testify against the tobacco industry.

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Displaying 1 - 24 of 24 reviews
Profile Image for عبدالرحمن عقاب.
802 reviews1,017 followers
February 6, 2025
هذا كتاب فيه اثنتا عشرة ورقة علمية تبحث في "الجهل"!

قد يكون الجهل فجوة معرفية، وغيابا للمعلومة. لكنه قد يكون خللا بنيويا في البناء المعرفي مثل هامش الظن في المعرفة العلمية، أو الناتج الضمني من التركيز على جانب دون آخر. وقد يكون الجهل منتجا مصنوعا متعمدا يُخلق خلقا لتحقيق غايات اقتصادية أو سياسية أو اجتماعية.
ناقش الكتاب كل تلك الأنواع من الجهل، لكنه جعل تركيزه في ذلك الصنف المختلق المصطنع.

لا أرى أنّ الكتاب بمقالاته قد أوفى الجهل حقه، ولكنه فتح أبوابًا كثيرة تستحق ولوجها، والنظر فيما ورائها.
تفاوتت جودة الأوراق وأهميتها، وكذلك صياغاتها.
الكتاب جيد كمقدمة، وغير كافٍ كمدخل للموضوع.
وأسأل نفسي إن كان من الممكن تقديم مدخلٍ شافٍ لموضوع غامض وشائك ومتسع كالجهل.
Profile Image for Catherine.
110 reviews
February 7, 2015
I thought there were some great essays here, as well as some not great ones.

I thought the strongest were: "West Indian abortifacients and the making of ignorance", "Social Theories of Ignorance", "White Ignorance", and "Smoking out objectivity: Journalistic gears in the agnotology machine".

The two essays I thought were terrible (because they were unreadable and said nothing) were "Coming to Understand: Orgasm and the Epistomology of Ignorance", and "Mapping Ignorance in Archeology: The advantages of historical hindsight".

On balance, I am left with lots to think about and would recommend this as a thoughtful read.
Profile Image for Elari.
271 reviews57 followers
July 16, 2021
"Ignorance is neither marginal nor aberrant in its impact. It is a pervasive and fundamental influence in human cognition, emotion, action, social relations, and culture." - Michael J Smithson

Out of the few books I found on ignorance, I picked this one because Robert Proctor is one of two people who originally worked on and coined the term agnotology in the nineties (main credit goes to linguist Iain Boal). As it turns out, the book was not a solo effort, with contributions by a dozen different authors. Like any such book, Agnotology enjoys wide variety, and suffers from uneven quality. Despite the occasional dullness, I think it's important for anyone to be aware of what's being said here (I especially enjoyed the essays on climate change and on abortifacients). Give it a shot - it would change your perception of society.

From the essay by David Michaels:
"And so it goes today, in industry after industry, with study after study, year after year. Data is disputed, data has to be reanalyzed. Animal data is deemed not relevant, human data not representative, exposure data not reliable. More research is always needed. Uncertainty is manufactured. Its purpose is always the same: shielding corporate interests from the inconvenience and economic consequences of public health protections."
"Many of these manufacturers of uncertainty do not want 'sound science'; they want something that sounds like science."
Profile Image for Jane.
467 reviews
April 25, 2011
My bookclub chose this for our last month's discussion. Although it was a very difficult book to read (more of a text book than anything else) it lead to an excellent discussion. The book studies "ignorance": the quantity of what isn't known, the skill of creating ignorance for personal gain, the art and use of ignorance by corporations and the how people have been kept intentionally ignorant as a means of control. A simple nugget of wisdom gleaned from the book was that I need to be careful of sounding too sure of my opinions: "know-it-alls" tend to seek out information that confirms their point of view.
Profile Image for حسين كاظم.
357 reviews112 followers
December 11, 2023
الكتاب عبارة عن مقالات متفرقة، كتبها كتّاب مختلفون، تتمحور موضوعاتها حول "الجهل". ولكن هذه المقالات التي يتشكل منها الكتاب، تتفاوت في الجودة والروعة تفاوت الثرى والثريا، إذ بينما بعض المقالات هي غير قابلة للقراءة أساسا لشدة سوئها وخلوها من الفائدة، ثمة مقالات أخرى (ولا أكاد أفكر في غير مقالتين هنا من أصل ١٢!)، كانت جميلة ومفيدة.

خيب الكتاب ظني بشكل عام.
Profile Image for Ebaa Momani.
46 reviews1 follower
January 13, 2019
This is an eye opening book. I believe that people should be aware of the plots that are shaping our beliefs. It's truly sad that in such a time of knowledge and spread of education that such things exist and in such vastness.
Profile Image for Sandy.
59 reviews
November 22, 2020
If you are trying to figure out why climate denial works, this is a great plce to start. Fascinating story telling about how modern advertisting technology was used by the tobacco industry makes it really clear how that evolved into the modern techniques used to fit climate change.

I started this book because I was interested in the rise of bullshit on social media. This is a great place to start.
Profile Image for Dandy Lyons.
31 reviews7 followers
April 24, 2021
I gave this book 3 stars because Agnotology is somewhat esoteric and it is difficult to find other literary sources to compare, to see if it really hits the mark and is necessary and worthy of being its own field of study. If they ever publish a 2nd version with more contemporary essays I will definitely run out and buy it. While it didn't resonate with me as much as I would like, there is still a lot of value and knowledge in this book that makes it worth the time. Overall I think the book does a great job of meeting its goal of showing how "various forms of knowing do not come to be, or have disappeared, or have become invisible".

At some point in the future, I would like to reread this.
Profile Image for Vic.
Author 3 books9 followers
December 8, 2023
Pretty good read with academic and at times comical (at least I perceived it that way) tones about how ignorance impacts our lives. We begin life not knowing anything and seek out knowledge for the rest of our lives. Several capitalistic or governmental groups study ignorance to purposefully hide certain information that would’ve changed people’s perspectives if only they had known before. One of my favorite takes was how cigarette companies has taken advantage of the public for decades if not a century, starting ad campaigns for doctors, then the impressionable youth, or for weight loss groups.
Very insightful book especially with all the information we own, a lot of misinformation accompanies it.
Profile Image for Jay Bridget.
16 reviews1 follower
December 23, 2025
The concept is more groundbreaking than some of the example essays, in particular the one about female anatomy and mapping archaeological ignorance both could've been great but were really bogged down in obtuse overly academic postmodern jargon, which is a shame because they're inherently interesting topics, not sure how you fuck that up. Some of the essays seemed to be detached analysis of the theory of agnotology without actually recognizing it in themselves.

But, the editors' theory of ignorance, a thing so central to our conception of the world, is at least conceptually revolutionary. Ignorance is not an ever-receeding mass defeated by an ever-increasing number of facts, it is something dialectically bound with knowledge, sometimes growing alongside it, sometimes being purposefully maintained, and often weaponized by the powers that be. You can't know everything, and you shouldn't. Some knowledge is just plain bad, some ignorance is good, it's all relative, but also there are concrete truths and skills, forgotten or surpressed, that can be found when both knowledge and ignorance are properly investigated.

247 reviews3 followers
November 30, 2023
The term "agnotology" (the study of ignorance) caught my attention during a faculty introduction which I participated in some years ago. I had not heard the term before, and it immediately caught my attention, but it took a while to zero in on a good book with which to learn more. Robert Proctor's contribution here proves an excellent starting point, and his Introduction in particular provides a valuable framework for future reading on the topic. The value of the essays are mixed, but do serve to give Proctor's framework some helpful context. This is one of those books which will automatically make you smarter!
Profile Image for Patrick.
58 reviews2 followers
August 17, 2022
Excellent broad coverage of how the creation and acknowledgement of ignorance affects various disciplines. Not an easy read, at my level I had to review the use of many terms and I had to read a different book to get through chapter 8. Well worth the extra explorations.
26 reviews3 followers
January 22, 2021
Certainly one of the most important books I’ve read of late. Each essay has its strengths and all contribute to the development of a timely and necessary field of study.
23 reviews
November 25, 2022
I love non fiction but I couldn't finish this. It was too dense and I could not follow a lot of what was being said. A lot of words, not enough substance for me.
Profile Image for Ehab mohamed.
428 reviews96 followers
October 22, 2024
نظرة جديدة للجهل تجعله يستأهل نظرية تفسيرية مستقلة بعده شيئا إيجابيا مكتسبا ومشيدا، لا مجرد غياب سلبي للمعرفة كما وصفته نظريات المعرفة السابقة.
Profile Image for مروة الجزائري.
Author 11 books195 followers
June 23, 2025
تشهد مجتمعاتنا العربية اليوم تصاعدًا في التوترات السياسية والاجتماعية، وانهيار البنى الثقافية لصالح سرديات شعبوية تتغذّى على التواطؤ والتضليل. في هذا السياق، لا يعود الحديث عن استراتيجيات صناعة الجهل ترفًا فكريًا، بل ضرورة ملحّة تفرضها الوقائع. فلم يعد التواطؤ مع المحتل مجرّد نتيجة لقهر مادي، بل نتاجًا لجهلٍ مُمنهج، تسلّل إلى العقول عبر منظومات تعليمية مُوجَّهة، وخطابات إعلامية نمطية، ومنصّات تواصل تحوّلت إلى أدواتٍ لإنتاج الوهم وتعميمه. وفوق هذا، هناك أفراد اختاروا طوعًا تعطيل وعيهم والانجراف خلف خطابات طائفية ضحلة. حين نُصادف تعليقاتٍ تقطر تكفيرًا، أو تبرّر المجازر تحت يافطاتٍ قومية أو مذهبية رخوة، يتّضح أننا لا نواجه غيابًا في المعرفة، بل فائضًا مَرضيًا من التعتيم الممنهج.
اختُزلت المعرفة إلى محتوى استهلاكي، وتوارت الحقيقة خلف ضباب كثيف من «المعلومات». وفي خضمّ هذا المشهد المربك، يطرح كتاب «صناعة الجهل وتفكيكه» أطروحة مركزية: الجهل ليس فراغًا في الوعي، بل صناعة مُحكمة، لها بناها ومؤسساتها ومقاصدها. وعبر سلسلة من الدراسات المتنوّعة، يتتبّع الكتاب كيف يُنتَج الجهل عمدًا في مجالات كالتاريخ، والسياسة، والطب، والعرق، والإعلام، ليغدو أداة للهيمنة والتضليل، لا مجرّد أثر جانبي لقصورٍ معرفي.
هذا الطرح الجريء ينتمي إلى حقل الأغنطولوجيا، علم الجهل، الذي يُزحزح مركز الاهتمام من سؤال كيف نعرف؟ إلى سؤال أكثر خطورة: لماذا لا نعرف؟ ومن يُريد لنا أن نجهل؟
«بُذل جهدٌ عظيم كي لا نَعلم.»
«الشكّ منتجنا»
الجهل هنا لا يُفهم بوصفه نقيصة، بل كبنية فاعلة، مُمنهجة، مُمولة، ذات حماية قانونية، وأهداف سياسية. بل ويذهب الكتاب أبعد من ذلك، حين يظهر كيف يُصبح الجهل نظامًا يُدار ويُنتج، لا حالة مؤقتة أو قصورًا في الإدراك.
لكن برغم هذا الزخم التحليلي، يعاني الكتاب من غياب البنية الفلسفية العميقة؛ إذ تسرد بعض فصوله وقائع قوية، دون أن تؤسّس لنظرية فلسفية متماسكة تشرح الجهل بوصفه نسقًا وجوديًّا أو أخلاقيًّا. تبقى كثير من التحليلات حبيسة الإثارة الأخلاقية، من دون أن تُفتح على أفق أنطولوجي أوسع.
ثمّة نقصٌ في التنظير، يوازيه كذلك غيابٌ مؤسف لأدوات مواجهة هذا الجهل المُنتج؛ فالكتاب يصف بدقة، ويُعرّي بتوثيق قوي، لكنه لا يمنح القارئ الأدوات الإجرائية لتفكيك هذه البنى أو مقاومتها بفاعلية. كأننا نُترك في مواجهة الوحش بلا سلاح.
ومع ذلك، يمنح الكتاب لحظة فلسفية فارقة حين يوسّع المفهوم: الجهل لا يعمل فقط لصالح السلطة، بل قد يُستعاد من قِبل الشعوب المهمشة كأداة للمقاومة. السكّان الأصليون الذين يخفون معارفهم لحمايتها من التشويه الكولونيالي يقدمون مثالًا على أن "اللا-معرفة" قد تكون شكلًا من أشكال الحماية الثقافية.
«أن لا تعرف قد يكون شكلًا من أشكال المعرفة.»
«أن تصمت لا يعني دومًا أنك مكمَّم.»
«الجهل قد يكون نمطًا من الدفاع الثقافي.»
وفي السياق العربي، يُلقي هذا الكتاب ضوءًا كاشفًا على كيفيات اشتغال الجهل بوصفه آلية حكم، لا حالة عارضة. الإعلام الموجّه، المناهج المؤدلجة، تغييب الروايات البديلة، كلّها أدوات لإنتاج جهالات وظيفية تعيق النقد وتحوّل المثقف إلى موظف طاعة. إنّه جهل لا يُنتج من فراغ، بل يُنسَج على مهل، ويُدار كما تُدار السلطة.
وبرغم تمركز أمثلته حول السياق الأميركي، فإن أدوات التحليل التي يقدّمها تصلح لتفكيك البنى السلطوية في أيّ ثقافة، خصوصًا حين يتقاطع الجهل مع الدين، والهوية، والخطاب الجمعي. ولعلّ أعظم قيمة لهذا الكتاب أنه يُرينا أن الجهل ليس نقيضًا للمعرفة، بل صورتها المعكوسة، المصمَّمة.
«الجهل لا يُولَد، بل يُصنَع.»
«ثمّة نظام صُمِّم لكي لا نعرف.»
«مؤسساتٌ بأكملها تُبنى خصيصًا لتُبقينا في حالة جهل.»
في النهاية، لا يطلب الكتاب منّا أن نعرف كل شيء، بل يدعونا إلى السؤال الأخطر: من يقرّر ما يُقال، وما يُخفى؟ وما الذي يُراد لنا ألا نعرفه؟
وهنا، تبدأ المقاومة، لا بالضجيج، بل بصناعة معرفة مضادة، حرة، نزيهة، تُعلِي من شأن الحقيقة ولو قُدِّمت همسًا. فالعتمة لا تُهزم بالشتائم، بل بنقطة ضوء.
تحياتي
Profile Image for Joshua.
Author 2 books38 followers
July 18, 2021
Can't think of a book that's so terribly relevant. I wasn't even aware of this study until Philosophy Tube covered it. Since then I've begun digging more and more into understanding how ignorance functions not just in terms of education, but life, economics, politics, academia, what-have-you. I won't lie and say every essay in this collection was insightful or interesting, and in fact there were one or two articles that were far too dense for my taste. Despite these small examples this collection opened up so many new questions for me to consider as I try to understand what my ignorance is, how it's been established, how it has informed my life, and how other structures of ignorance can shape my understanding of reality.
Profile Image for Lesley.
Author 16 books34 followers
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July 24, 2011
A really good collection of articles about the construction of unknowledge and the framing of issues to ignore relevant knowledge - deliberately or through habit of mind and beliefs about who/what was important. Strongly recommended.
Profile Image for Jenny.
887 reviews11 followers
July 28, 2011
Academic. Not very readable. I read the intro and the beginning and end of every essay. Way too much on the tobacco industry - too repetitive.
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