This text covers modern plant breeding methods including the history of their development, current status and latest refinements especially through the application of biotechnology. It includes breeding plans with their genetic bases for each of the three distinct categories of crop plants - self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, and asexually propagated crops. Alternate approaches for the exploitation of heterosis and population improvement have been elaborated with the help of schematic diagrams. It includes a detailed account of biometrical procedures in molecular biology for genetical analysis and improvement of quantitative traits through QTL-mapping.