Peter Jones begins this remarkable book with a bold and striking claim: “the dark forces of Sauron have taken power in the once Christian Shire of Western culture. First appearing as secular humanism, these forces have now grown into a much more formidable opponent of Christianity: a full-blown cosmology of pagan lore.” The LoTR reference initially comes across as cliched, but as the book continues, Jones’ thesis becomes first credible and then compelling. In short, he sees all worldviews and religions as being in one of two categories - either recognising the Creator-creature distinction or failing to do so. He calls these two categories “Oneism” (pantheism or monism) and “Twoism” (cosmic duality), which is initially simple but actually incredibly powerful as an explanatory tool when seeking to understand contemporary culture. His secondary contention is that, with the credibility of humanistic secularism as a coherent and compelling worldview, a pagan spirituality similar to that encountered by the early church is the main alternative to the monotheistic faiths. While his primary focus is on the West, thinking in terms of Christianity and post-Christian spirituality, the same principles can be applied anywhere and are useful in understanding any faith system or worldview. As he unpacks these ideas in the Western context, he shows that the post-secular age we are now in - the age of oneism - has adopted a synthetic worldview that combines science, Western romanticism and Eastern mysticism. Further, he shows that there is deep compatibility between secular humanism and pagan spirituality, which allows the prevailing non-Christian Western worldview to appear both coherent and convincing.
The first few chapters set out the essential building blocks for the prevailing ‘oneist’ worldview in the 21st-century West. He begins by setting out some definitions, and his explanation of what we mean by “worldview” is excellent: “A worldview contains a series of convictions and conclusions about the nature of the world that provide fundamental meaning and direction for our lives, just as the Tube map will direct a journey across London. Though our beliefs often are unarticulated inklings or unexamined hunches, we all have a worldview - the simple act of opening our mouths to speak shows a belief that life has significance and somehow fits together. Interpreting a map of life is more complicated than that of the London Underground, so we sometimes give up and hop on the next train that comes by.” In a Western context, Jones continues by pointing out that our previous (more or less) Christian civilisation and its related plausibility structures have been replaced by a new system of spiritual beliefs and practices. These include: “Morality is relativized by varied (and often contradictory) personal or social convictions; Honesty means being true to one’s inner commitments and longings more than to external expectations or objective facts; Acceptable models of sexuality and family allow various combinations of persons and genders; Marriage is often functionally indistinguishable from mutually convenient cohabitation; Motherhood is celebrated in the same breath with abortion on demand.” Further, “The meaning and context of spirituality and religion have undergone a paradigm shift no less fundamental. The notion of God now allows for polytheism (many gods) or pantheism (a god identical with the universe)...Spirituality has become a do-it-yourself life hobby that blends ancient Eastern practices with modern consumer sensibilities.”
In comparing and contrasting these two prevailing worldviews, he comments that, “Oneism sees the world as self-creating (or perpetually existing) and self-explanatory. Everything is made up of the same stuff, whether matter, spirit, or a mixture. There’s one kind of existence, which, in one way or another, we worship as divine (or of ultimate importance), even if that means worshipping ourselves. Though there is apparent differentiation and even hierarchy, all distinctions are, in principle, eliminated, and everything has the same worth…Twoism…the only other option is a world that is the free work of a personal, transcendent God, who creates ex nihilo (from nothing). In creating, God was not constrained by or dependent on any preexisting conditions…There is God, and there is everything that is not-God…This worldview celebrates otherness, distinctiveness. We only worship as divine the distinct, personal, triune Creator, who placed essential distinctions within the creation…Both of these worldviews, whether implicitly assumed or explicitly embraced, require the same fundamental certainty. In other words, if one is ultimately true, the other must be false.”
Next, Jones examines the rise and fall of secular humanism, describing “a period of about two centuries during which the secular humanist program was an immense success. Even the church was invaded in full force and began seeking to reinterpret the Christian message in anti-supernatural terms. In the 19th century, secularism in Christian dress, known as theological liberalism, became a powerful factor in the Christian movement…So, what is secularism or secular humanism, and what has it become? It is now known under other names. As an intellectual discipline it is called philosophical materialism; as a social movement it is known as modernity; as a somewhat religious expression it is described as atheism; as a political theory it is practiced as Marxism; and for many people, it is an un-thought out, default way of living as if God did not exist. All these expressions of secularism reject the supernatural as a holdover from superstitious, primitive faith systems.” Jones argues that secular humanism has largely run its course, helped along by postmodernism: As a philosophy, postmodernism deconstructs the validity of the claim of rational discourse to be an objective account of the true nature of things. Truth, taken in this sense, is merely personal power that one person or social group attempts to impose on others or to employ for selfish ends. A rational explanation has become impossible…the end of secular humanism is also the end of postmodernism. As a reasonable critique of rationality, postmodernism is, in some ways, the last gasp of enlightenment philosophy, which presupposes a metanarrative of its own, one perhaps more subtle than others, but in the end no less subject to deconstructive criticism.”
From here, Jones moves on to look at the influence of Carl Jung and his dream for a ‘new humanity’. The parting of ways between Jung and Freud mirrored the wider cultural victory of spirituality over humanistic materialism, as “Jung was not just proposing a theory of psychological therapy, but a worldview by which all could reach higher levels of personal liberation.” Importantly, the view of psychological health that Jung promoted, and which remains so influential today, is deeply influenced by historic pagan religion. Jones points out that, “We doubtless have little understanding of the new spirituality’s origins if we are only now, in the 21st century, noticing its arrival. We are not, as some may think, entering uncharted territory. Spirituality always grows from deep roots. Jung’s use of ancient pagan archetypes in psychology was only new because of its application to modern therapeutic techniques. Many people today identify themselves as “spiritual but not religious,” but where did that come from?... What Jung and his circle promoted in the first half of the 20th century…is now appearing on the surface of our culture as what it really is - the return to the West of an elaborate, extensive, impressive paganism that in one form or another has flourished throughout the entire course of human history.” Jones is careful to point out here that pagan does not in this context refer to ancient tribal religions or immoral, ‘godless’ people. Most modern pagans are opposed to organised religion in any form - what unites them is an essentially oneist worldview. A connected idea is what Huxley referred to as the ‘perennial philosophy’, which finds in the soul something similar to or even identical with divine reality. In other words, the divine ultimately lies within creation, or even within the individual, rather than outside and separate from the creation.
Jones wraps up this first part of his book by considering the spiritual and sexual revolution of the 1960s. In short, the Christian view of God was reinterpreted via a pantheism that was heavily influenced by Hinduism: “In the Sixties, during the postmodern deconstruction of secular humanism, an odd spiritual phenomenon with no real precedents in Western history arose, calling itself 'the New Age.’ A stream of Eastern spirituality merged with a brook of Western esoterism (the search for the true divine self) to become, in a few short years, a flood engulfing what had been for over two centuries a historically theistic/ Twoistic culture.” Jones concludes that the result of these changes is “social and personal implosion,” explaining that “The public interest or the common good are meaningless unless we have a common measure, an agreed principle of justice and a concept of human flourishing. Pragmatism can only take us so far. We need convictions about moral truth, and we no longer have them…Oneists describe what seem to be civic or political issues, but which hide a deep spiritual program below the surface…eliminating a final hell eliminates an absolute Judge, thus obliging the human race to create its own set of morals and to enforce them. This produces hell on earth. There is no ultimate justice or accountability with regard to real evil - only the values imposed by human power.”
In the second part, Jones draws out some of the results of this giving over of Western culture to an essentially pagan worldview, and the ways it challenges or opposes a Christian worldview. He begins with a helpful and striking summary of what he has said thus far: “America has become the creator and incubator of a worldview that joins Eastern spirituality with Western pragmatism. It is promoted as a new wisdom tradition of Western shamans for the salvation of the entire planet. Christian believers must understand the systematic character of this wisdom tradition, both in order to speak the gospel clearly to it and also to avoid subtle temptations to compromise.”
One such challenge, also noted elsewhere, is in the subtle redefinition of tolerance: “After decades of undermining the West’s Christian heritage, the new utopian, totalitarian vision, empowered by a sense of historical destiny, is using selective tolerance to make it obvious that in the future there will only be one way or the highway…the postsecular era can claim to be on the right side of history in representing the triumph of a pagan cosmology over both materialistic secular humanism and biblical faith.”
Another is the blurring, indeed synthesis, of good and evil. Jones explains that, “for Jung, all archetypes or mythical powers are finally united, pointing to ‘the sphere of the unus mundus, the unitary world… the ultimate ground of the universe.’ Experiencing this unity is the key to mental health. His analytic psychology saw the task of the self to unify all polarities into a psychic whole. The self is the total complex of unconscious archetypes (that is, our instincts) whose conscious integration brings wholeness. For wholeness to occur, good must be integrated with evil, male balanced with female, darkness with light…This joining of the opposites means that there is more to a spiritual high than mere trancelike ecstasy. Going beyond the limitations of the mind also goes beyond rational definitions of right and wrong. Everything about you is okay. All your instincts are valid. In pantheism, good and evil are part of the whole. When we go within, notions like right and wrong, guilt and bad conscience disappear. Jung speaks of drawing strength from the dark or shadow side of the self, accepting evil as the partner of good, assuming both to achieve self-reliance or individuation.” This is a striking insight, and extremely helpful in understanding some of the more puzzling aspects of recent societal and cultural change in the West, from a Christian perspective. Jones concludes that, “Jung indeed has succeeded where the pagan apostate emperor Julian failed.” He expands on this by explaining that “Once a person or a culture adopts the idea that this world is all there is, as is typical of pagan myth, certain things follow regardless of the primitiveness or the modernity of the person or culture. Among these are the devaluing of individual persons, the loss of an interest in history, fascination with magic and the occult and the denial of individual responsibility. The opposites of these, among which are what we have taken to be the glories of modern Western culture, are by-products of the biblical worldview. As that worldview is progressively lost among us, we are losing the by-products as well. Not realizing that they are by-products, we are surprised to see them go, but we have no real explanation for their departure.”
In the final part of the book, Jones starts to plot a way forward for Christians as we seek to engage missionally with our culture, to challenge its assumptions with a biblical perspective, and ultimately to offer a better and more satisfying explanation for the nature of reality through the good news of the gospel. He begins with a warning, reminding the reader that “Well-meaning Christians have often made the mistake of thinking that their surrounding culture is, at worst, neutral and, at best, a redemptive work of the Spirit that shares authority with the Scriptures.” Hopefully, everything that has gone before has shown that this is not the case, and that the prevailing Western culture is indeed post-Christian, pagan, and radically incompatible with any form of biblically faithful Christianity.
One of the helpful insights from this section is the importance of the concept of holiness, a given for a twoist worldview but an impossibility for the oneist, to any coherent notion of justice and human rights. Jones explains the significance of this as, “Oneism is a form of spiritual holism where everything is considered good because it is an aspect of the whole - including God and Satan, virtue and vice. Twoism in its very essence contains holiness, where things are not confused but have their special, God-ordained places…To create is to separate and to separate is to make holy. They are synonymous terms. Thus, created things, in their separateness, reflect in a creaturely way the holiness of God…it is from a biblical understanding of holiness - things in their rightful, God-ordained places - that the civic principles of justice and rights derive…From justice flow human rights that make possible successful communal living…If Nature is denied, then justice will necessarily be reduced to what is willed, which, in turn, becomes right as the rule of the stronger.”
Another helpful insight is on the place and purpose of the mind. Briefly, for the twoist, the goal “is not to know an intellectual system, but to know the personal God behind it and be saved.” This flows from our cosmology, which must describe “the character of the divine as either ontologically transcendent and separate from nature or ontologically immanent within nature. These two options are mutually exclusive; there is no hope of bringing them together in some kind of hybrid system. The struggle will go on until the end of history, when the Truth will be finally and fully revealed.” For the Christian, the latter view (that of the divine as being ontologically immanent within nature) is what the Apostle Paul describes as blindness, the result of an undiscerning, debased mind. While not necessarily where we would start an evangelistic conversation, this is an important truth for Christians to hold onto as we remember the importance of the transformation of the mind that is part of regeneration and conversion. This cannot be overstated, as “The transformed mind that Scripture describes and offers enables us to know the essence of God’s revelation of the truth of existence. We are called to think and to worship God with all our mind, our heart, our soul, and our strength.” Among others, this transformation impacts on ontology (We glorify the person of God by recognizing his holiness as a radically distinct being, expressed as the essence of Twoist truth), theology (We recognize in God’s self-disclosure the personhood of God in the Twoist character of the Trinity— three distinct persons joined in the perfect unity of the godhead), cosmology (Because of the being of God as Creator and everything else as creature, the nature of existence is two), anthropology (We know who we are as intended created beings, not the results of chance, made for God’s glory), morality (Because God creates everything in its place, creation is holy, and from this we derive notions of right and wrong), soteriology (Because God is Trinity, and thus upholds a Twoist cosmology, he can be the effective Redeemer) and eschatology (This salvation has a final, cosmos-transforming moment).
It would be a grave mistake to read the above, and indeed the whole book, and to conclude that the task of the Christian is to win an intellectual argument with our non-Christian neighbours. What we need to work, pray and witness for is that they would encounter God himself in the person of the Lord Jesus. Jones explains that, “at the heart of biblical cosmology, extended to all, is a transformational meeting with the power of God…For Jung, getting in touch with one’s true harmonious self, joining the opposites of good and evil and eliminating guilt, was the world’s only hope. This solution illustrates a major problem of paganism and emergent liberalism— no real recognition of evil, and thus the inability to genuinely deal with it. Everything is finally excused and relativized away…Only the gospel offers an effective answer for the problem of cosmic evil…The same message that the early church preached is the one we now carry forward by the Spirit of God. The culture cannot renew the planet, forgive sins, or create eternal life. All is God’s doing.”
This, finally, is our hope in engaging with a perplexing and often hostile culture. Peter Jones has written a timely and supremely helpful book to help Christians in the 21st Century West engage more effectively, sensitively and thoughtfully with the cultural moment in which we find ourselves.