This is the perfect real mad scientist book to get you in the mood for Halloween (Douglas Field's "Electric Brain" and Randi Hunter Epstein's "Aroused" are honorable mentions though the later cover's endocrinology's relationship with vivisection which is gruesome and not for the faint hearted... though early neurology is morbid in a different way). As a Veteran, the Doc's story is relatable as a good portion of it covers a the schizophrenic ridged bureaucracy for mind numbing slow procedures but also the glimmer of groundbreaking and state of the art research as the nation's guinea pigs. The book covers a wide rarity of topics as his original practice was in orthopedics (and the Piezoelectric explanation of collagen, copper, and calcium only one of many gems and another reason to stay active for bone density), as well as magnetic anesthesia, Nazi radiation regulations (they've probably been updated but it is clickbaity and true as thermal resonance was the only consideration), acupuncture points and charge, but the key piece as far as I am concerned is a detailed exploration of the phenomena of regeneration. So with that, I think there's way more work to be done in this field although he kind of killed the initiative with other crusades that would have hampered DoD research (as well as increased corporate costs for things like power lines {the psydo-control example is brilliant example of deception or incompetance with the tests on monkeys} but only where applicable and not to the "Better Call Saul" psycosometic level).
Regeneration Revisited (Star Trek Healing)
* Social Proof - The biggest hurdle in discovery is like that of a treasure hunt: the world is a big place and only a mad man (or woman) would waste a lifetime looking with no map or story to narrow the location. Thankfully, the treasure of regeneration does have a vague location in abstract mental space with newt, flatworm, hydra, earthworm, toad, and frog islands. It only takes a you tube video to see how a gecko can be picked up by it's tail, detach it still twitching, and regenerate another later on. Creates like flatworms and microscopic hydra can be cut in half and still regrow both sides for two new creatures. Salamanders, newts, and the like are very gifted at regenerating whole limbs and he even lists cases of dissected hearts in these creatures being regenerated in a Lazarus Effect. Frogs and Toads are not as great at regeneration and tend towards regrowing stumps but missing digits and details so that hopping functionality is maintained even if form isn't. So with this variability the the doctor started digging deeper for the "potential" factors as to why certain species preformed this task better than others.
* The Process - The homo stasis charge polarity mapping is detailed enough in the book for many species (part of that mad scientist tome vibe) but the major pay dirt came in examining the damaged area's charge change over time. Normally, the outer extremities (distal for the medical nerd) are more negatively charged and the central (proximal) areas tend to be more positive. However, directly after a limb amputation, the polarity flipped and became extremely positive in charge. During this process, old damaged tissues withered (something like clearing a construction zone and sealing it off) and a thin layer of skin tissue formed as a cap. Below this cap, a blastema formed which is essentially a large blob of pluripotent cells at or stem cells. Without modern epigenetic research, the doc gives a good discription of how every cell in the body has the total blueprint to make any cell in the body. Yet from the fertilized egg onward, cells differentiate into more and more specific expressions of the DNA so as to eventuall become one type of cell like an individual leaf on a tree with the stem cell being like the trunk (Nessa Carey's "Junk DNA" goes over the complexities of this with things like long non coding RNA's coating large sections to make them inaccessible with other newly discovered processes) . Creatures like salamanders and frogs are able to form their blastemas by dedifferentiating their blood cells and modifying them from the leaf back to the trunk so they are ready to return to a new leaf in this blob of stem cells. Once the neurons link into the the dermis cap of the newly formed blastema the charge suddenly switches from positive to highly negative and the the cells in the blastema change into the exact cells need to fit next to their neighbors and the process grows the limb back a layer of cells at a time (that part is not totally clear since this was 60-70s level tech).
*Experiments with Observations
The major factor variable and correlation the Doc noticed was that salamander tended to have a high polarity and duration of their negative regeneration charge and also had fuller and more detailed regeneration results. So he tested the hypotheses that charge was a major causal variable (This being a causation test of Judea Pearl's "Do Operator" from the "Book Of Why") on frogs and toads. With a slight modifications on current delivery and cathode and anode choice metals (he's a big proponent of silver) he was indeed able to increase amount and digit development with higher and longer negative charges (with more of those eerie DaVinchi-esk diagrams). He details how he was able to get a slight increase in mice regeneration from what the amputated stump would have been without the added charge (yes... animles where injured and killed in this book... thus the mad scientist thing).
Modern Updates -
The mammal issue was a large problem for Becker back in the day despite the modest regeneration of the mice. Mammals do have (x)blasts like fibroblasts or other cells that are not differentiated to the level of leaves but not dedifferntiated to the level of the trunk... they're like branches and can travel paths to replace certain types of cells (the literal version of the metaphorical leaf once more). The big problem is that mammals had an evolutionary trade off in that our red blood cells lose their nucleus and can carry extra hemoglobin for transportation efficiency (the warm blooded thing). Most of the time that's a decent trade but the salamander's position looks a lot better when it loses a limb and has a system to deliver a constant supply of mobile cells to transform into stem cells anywhere in the body since they still have an inefficient nucleus. However, humans are incredibly intelligent when they choice to be and the need to become lizard people isn't necessary. Recently, Dr. Shinya Yamanaka discovered four protein transcription factors known as the Yamanaka(Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) which can dedifferentiate any human cell back to a stem cell. This is amazing unto itself as stem cells are general cure all and being able to take them from the person means they'll have the same major histocompatibility complex 1 so the body won't attack them (and none of the ethical implications or perverse incentives of gathering them from fetuses... the cringe). So someones skin cells (something easy to harvest) can be extracted and then regressed to stem cells with their own DNA and be cultured to produce induced pluritpotent stem cell as describe in Nessa Carey's "The Epigenetics Revolution." They're not quite a wonder cure yet as they can become cancerous and all the bugs aren't worked out but Nessa Carey's "Junk DNA" text does update how (look it up... lncRNA) can helps to stabilize the transition. There's obviously a need to revisit what's going on a molecular level with the neuronal linkages to the dermis cap and how cells read which ways to differentiate in the blastema (it seems to be the neighbor as he let the blasema form but note before the shift on a limb and grafted it on a tail and it turned into a second tail but when it grew a little it turned into a limb on the tail). Yet it should be that hard with modern technology in the form of sensitive lab equipment, machine learning, and synthetic biology to perfect a technique that could mimic this process and regrow limbs for amputees.
*Organs
In Mark Mindownik's "Stuff Matters," there's chapter on prosthetics and more specifically a 3d printed, dissoluble polymer scaffold for organs. The example is Professor Alex Seifalian's 2011 successful implant of a synthetically made windpipe (with said polymers structures and pluripotent cells from bone marrow known as mesenchymal cells). The process doesn't have a lot of details since it is one of many in the chapter and probably has trade secrets... but still. The process could no doubt be improved with a further study of natural regeneration in nature with the aid of induced pluripotent stem cells and what I'm guessing had to not only be a scaffold but continual nutrient supply and sterilization process that is a marvel. Mindownik lists out the benefits of such technology as transplant organs have different MCH1s and the immune system with attack them so immunosuppressant drug need to be used that put the patient at increases risk of pathogens... but also that the demand is much greater than supply for long waiting lists which can mean death... but also that this can make for a lucrative black market for organs which has unintended consequences for innocent victims... so the research for this umbrella tech with all it's necessary sub-components have a synergistic benefit network.
*Paralysis
This is just an aside but but I remember there being a portion on spinal cord injuries and how they nerve in it's (epithelial... glial?) sheath remains separated but if if the tube is connected and both ends can fire in synchrony, the nerve can be rejoined (though their might have been something on scar tissue). I both books are out of country so this is out of memory but Field's "Electric Brain" had an interesting case study that might open a door to healing paralysis based on these observations. Towards the end of the book he covers how a paralyzed man was given a BCI (Brain Computer Interface) that was coupled to machine learning so his motor commands could be understood from the implant. Next his arms had small electrodes on the small muscles controlling his heads and the the computer with shock the muscle from signal the motor cortex was giving... the interesting part was that after some time (if I remember right) the man didn't need the interface for movement though I can't remember to what degree. The point being that if you could take a paralyzed individual, somehow read the motor cortex and then stimulate the neurons below the break after treatment of the spinal scar tissue (of just use stem cells) to rejoin the main nerve and mobility but not through mechanical means of surgery (once again, he has a cool dialog on bone's self healing property though a little guidance is nice)... please read the texts for accuracy if you're interested in these abstractly... embryonic... fields
*Most likely Reason for Charge Influence -
In J.E. Gordon's "Structures" (a lesser mad scientist mention as their aren't gruesome experiments of the past but a similar vibes in comparisons with biological structures to materials science and engineering for a Frankenstein feel at time), he mentions who the unique tensile strength of surface tension and cellular life overlap. While other structures are brittle and require large amounts of energy to repair when damaged, water droplets can stretch a great deal and reform when brought back together. So the premise of life starting it's journey with water droplets with some protocols and slowly forming lipid layers with more complexity doesn't seem too far a stretch (mitosis of splitting droplets after accumulating so many chemicals in ratio like 'stabilizing the emulsions' with charges from ions he mentions). So with that their are some great works on the many geometric-molecular-energy structures (crystal has become a wooy word though it's a shorter one) and the most pertinent is Gerald Pollock's "The Fourth Phase of Water." I've only skimmed it an watched videos but a main point is that the surface tension of water (or EZ layer) is a hexagonal patterned and negatively charged layer that is different from the positively charged "bulk water." Thus the correlation and more so causation as you can "do" variation in the charge and the strength of surface tension across two cups at corresponding differences. A similar finding can be visualized with Emoto Masura's "The Hidden Messages of Water" which has a sort of duality of pictures between orderly hexagonal snowflakes and disorganized blown out blobs. He notes that negative valence words and music produce the blobs and positive valence words, music, and prayer make a variety of snowflakes (a hexagonal crystal). I believe this happens as a correlation of the words with the activation of the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system which would alter the EM field of the pacemaker cells in the heart to reorient the little molecular triangles (two positive corners and one strong negative for the hexagonal form). This wouldn't be beyond the scope of Maxwell's Equations and an older Austrian gentlemen intuited the difference between "implosive" spirally verse "explosive" spirals (or vortexes) in Olof Alexandersson's "Living Water" (though more refinements of his methods seem necessary with some contradictions most likely due to multiple variables). So the gist of all that would start with the positive charge destabilizing the amputated area with a reduction in surfaces tension effecting the lipid membrane... the negative charge would bring back stability and perhaps add in growth somehow with a stronger than normal surface tension... there's also the matter of biophotonics on a different biological octive. In Bob Berman's "The Sun's Heartbeat" he mentions how calm water absorbs UV rays but harsh waves and mists can scatter it... using the polarity of the water that would mean more of less biophoton emission based on the structure of the water crystals.