Mental Games and Madness
On board a ship en route to Buenos Aires during World War II, the narrator discovers that the world chess champion, Mirko Czentovic, is also a passenger. His friend fills him in on Czentovic’s meteoric rise from an obscure peasant amateur to defeating the most talented, experienced players in the world. Which was all the more amazing because the young man had limited intellectual capacities: he couldn’t write a sentence or play chess from memory, playing “blind,” but must have a board to make his moves. In addition, “his play was dogged, slow, unshakeable” (95), never lifting his head from the board.
The boy’s talent had been unexpectedly discovered in a rural village on the Danube, where he had simply watched two amateurs play and then been able to take a seat and win games. This excited the local Graf, a chess fanatic, who agreed to subsidize his training in Vienna; “after six months, Mirko had mastered various secrets of chess technique” (97), and finally, at twenty, he became world champion. His singular accomplishment flew in the face of previous champions, whose ranks included an “illustrious pantheon of masters who united the most varied types of intellectual pre-eminence--philosophers, mathematicians, perceptive, ingenious or often creative minds,” while Czentovic was “a total stranger to the life of the mind” (98). In addition, his behavior remained crude and became marked by vulgar greed as his limited experience exposed him only to winning at chess and earning money by winning. He had no idea of other accomplishments that gained fame, no exposure to Rembrandt, Dante, or even Napoleon.
As it turns out, the narrator is fascinated by obsession, thinking that “the more a person restricts himself, the closer, conversely, he approaches to the infinite”…They are people who “build their particular obsessions into the most extraordinary and unique abbreviations of the world outside” (100). While a chess player’s obsession with his game might be excused as necessary for success, the fact that obsession itself poses possible dangers is not considered. This reality is overlooked by those enamored of the “royal game,” with its play devoid of chance, awarding “its laurels only to the intellect, or, rather, to a particular form of intellectual ability” (101). In fact, it may include aspects of science and art, providing “a unique synthesis of all opposites…its mechanical structure animated by the imagination…always developing yet ever sterile, a logic with no results…the only game that belongs in every era and among every people…Where is its beginning and where its end?” (101). The game has developed a specific type of genius, perhaps resulting from unique mental abilities, for it’s hard to imagine anyone with a normal mentality willing to reduce his life “to the cramped monotony of black and white…to whom a new opening in which he moves forward a knight instead of a pawn signifies the great feat that will secure his niggardly corner of immortality in the recesses of some chess book…without going insane” (102). While the narrator seemingly glamorizes obsession as an approach “to the infinite,” when obsession is applied to chess his attitude becomes more sardonic, implying the victory of chess obsession results only in a “niggardly corner of immortality.” Apparently obsession has variants, not all of which are exemplary.
Being on the same ship with one of these “enigmatic fools” (102), he becomes fixated on getting Czentovic’s attention by playing chess with McConnor, a Scottish mining engineer, who had made “a vast fortune drilling oil in California” (103). However, the man is an “egotistical high achiever who takes a defeat in even the most inconsequential game as an aspersion on his personal sense of self” (103). If he lost, he immediately demanded a rematch. After three days, Czentovic notices their game, but after a brief glance moves on. “Weighed and found wanting” (104) is the narrator’s guess, who tells McConnor that their observer is a chess master. Immediately, McConnor wants a match and quickly learns Czentovic only plays for money, specifically two hundred fifty dollars a game, not an inappropriate price for an expert in McConnor’s book. He had been deeply offended by the narrator’s calling their game that of “third-rate amateurs” (106) and is determined to disprove that aspersion.
When Czentovic appears for the match, he doesn’t introduce himself, implying, “You know who I am and who you are doesn’t interest me” (107). He suggests they play as a group against him; he’ll go to the opposite side of the room while they discuss their moves. Twenty-four moves later they are defeated, and what is worse “Czentovic let us feel how easily he was dispatching us” (107). Such “unashamed rudeness” (108) appalls the narrator, but the suddenly red-faced McConnor provocatively asks for a rematch, displaying “the uncontrolled passion that otherwise seizes people at the roulette table” when they have repeatedly lost their bets (108). McConnor, too, is capable of playing Czentovic endlessly until his fortune is exhausted, one of obsession’s routine dangers. The second match moves slowly but surely until it seems that McConnor might be able to capture a second queen, although it seems so easy that it might be a trap. He’s about to make the move in any case, when a strange forty-five-year-old man interjects and stops him, explaining the subsequent sequence of moves that will end with their defeat, calculating “a checkmate nine moves in advance” (110). Clearly a high-level expert or even champion, the new man advises them to “escape, evade instead!” and shows them how to play the game to a draw, seeming almost to be “reading the moves from a printed book” (110). As they follow his instructions, Czentovic looks at them carefully, and “our excitement expanded boundlessly…We had forced him to put himself on the same level as us, at least spatially” (111). The man explains Czentovic’s moves and changes tactics as needed to hold him to a draw. The crowd is both elated and “shocked by this improbable event” (112).
Without looking at McConnor, Czentovic took “a sharp glance directly at our rescuer” (112), recognizing his real opponent. The stranger demurs, explaining he hasn’t played in twenty-five years and apologizing for breaking into their game. McConnor can’t believe this, but Czentovic casually remarks that he’ll be available tomorrow at three because “the gentleman’s play certainly was interesting and quite unusual” (113). The crowd is delighted at the chance “to see such unswerving pride humiliated…We were fascinated, provoked, by the idea that the grandmaster’s laurels might be wrested from him on our very own ship” (114) causing instant fame. Plus they are fascinated by the “almost timorous modesty” (114) of the stranger, who is revealed to be an Austrian, so the narrator, his countryman, is selected to make the request. When he introduced himself, his famous family name is immediately recognized, and Dr. B. is baffled by the request--he had no idea he was playing against a grandmaster. But he demurs, wondering if he’s “capable of playing a game of chess by all the rules,” (115), a puzzling question that’s answered when the narrator hears the strange story about how he had learned to play chess.
After the start of World War II, his father’s small, legal practice had specialized in very discretely saving the assets of monasteries and the imperial family from the Nazis. Nonetheless, a spy had entered their employ, a talentless clerk hired because of a priest’s recommendation, so they would appear a normal business. However, when the Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg resigned and the Nazis marched into Vienna, Dr. B. was immediately arrested by the SS; fortunately he had quickly dispatched all important documents in a laundry basket to a safer location. Dr. B. wasn’t sent to a concentration camp, but like other important individuals, such as Schuschnigg and Baron Rothschild, he was imprisoned in a single room in the Hotel Metropole, which was also Gestapo headquarters. The idea was “to extort either money or important information” (119) by keeping each of them in “the strictest conceivable isolation…in total nothingness…without any possessions…all my senses starved of nourishment…left irrecoverably alone with your body and four or five mute objects (120)…In a complete timeless and spaceless void” his “thoughts began to rotate and revolve around themselves; they, too, cannot endure a nothing” (121). After two weeks interrogations began, which were structured so as to be the most intimidating and confusing, making the victim wonder how much the Gestapo knew, and when he returned to his room ceaselessly forced to review his answers for slip-ups. Soon he had lost the ability to organize, concentrate, calculate, and plan; he tried “mental arithmetic” (123) but couldn’t concentrate, always wondering what they knew and what had he said or must say.
Four months reduced him to a muddled individual who feared he was going mad, but when he was taken to a new interrogation room he found the simple differences in the waiting room exciting, even observing water-drops on officers’ hung-up overcoats and a bulge in someone’s pocket that looked like a book. He carefully moved toward the coat, slipped the book into his trousers, and in his room briefly fantasized about its contents, only to discover in dismay that it was “a collection of 150 chess matches between grandmasters” (128). But how could he play without a partner? Or a board and pieces? There wasn’t even any writing; just diagrams and “initially incomprehensible notations” (129). At first he made chess pieces from bread and used his checkered bedspread, but quickly he “projected the chessboard and its pieces into my interior and could see the current position in the formulae just as a practised musician can hear all the orchestra’s voices and harmonies merely by looking at the score” (130). Soon he could “play any match in the book from memory--or to use the technical term: blind” (130). Now he had an activity to keep his mind active and focused “that nullified the nothing around me” (130). His chess activity honed his brain’s “agility and vigour,” and he began to enjoy the game, to “understand its finesse, its tricks and stings in attack and defence…the technique of forethought, of calculation, of riposte” (130). The grandmasters he studied became his “beloved comrades” (130).
These chess techniques were also applicable during interrogations “to defend against false threats and concealed manoeuvres” (131), making the Gestapo regard him with a certain respect because he didn’t go to pieces as most others did. However, to keep his mind active, he now had to invent new games and to compete against himself, which is “a logical absurdity” (131). He had to divide his brain so that one part didn’t know what the other was doing and plot several moves in advance for each part, “a total division of consciousness…wanting to play chess against yourself is as much of a paradox as jumping over your own shadow” (132). The “limitless strains” of this activity…the splitting of my self…and devising matches made me lose the ground beneath my feet” (133). Previously, play had been simple memory work; he was simply a spectator of the game, but “to play against myself, it was myself I began unknowingly to challenge” (134). Each part was filled with “ambition, an impatience, to win and to conquer…that crowed triumphantly when the other made a mistake, and yet cursed itself for its own clumsiness” (134). An artificial schizophrenia occurred that combined with his rage at his confinement and morphed into a “lust for vengeance” (134). He becomes manic as the two parts of himself battled for victory, “it was an obsession against which I had no defence” (135). Even asleep he played and his interrogations became so confused the questioners began to wonder; he lost desire to eat and only drank water feverishly, paced up and down his cell faster and faster; “the craving to win, to subjugate, to defeat myself, was transformed into a kind of rage…a pathological type of mental over-exertion…chess poisoning” (136). He had vague memories of “my own voice, hoarse and malignant, shouting ‘check’ or ‘mate’ at itself” (136).
Then one morning he awoke resting in a bed and thought he was dreaming. When he finally looked, he saw a nurse, who spoke to him softly, which he could hardly believe. A doctor arrived, who recognized his family name, and reported he’d been crying out curious formulae, which they didn’t understand. Later the doctor revealed they had thought he was fighting someone in his room, and when the warder entered he was attacked, so Dr. B had been sent for mental examination. The doctor promised not to reveal that he was now improved and managed to get him exiled from his homeland. Afterwards, as a safety measure, his mind blocked out what had happened, and only on this ship had he finally remembered. When he saw chess pieces moving on a board, the experience was like that of an astronomer, who finally saw a planet whose presence he had calculated (140). As a complete opposite to Czentovic, Dr. B. had experienced chess completely as a mental abstraction, not needing any physical reality for his play. Somewhat reluctantly he agrees to one match simply to see if he can really play chess, or “whether everything in the cell…had already crossed into madness” (141). He just wanted to settle up and not start something, which his doctor had warned about: “Anyone who has once lapsed into a mania is always in danger” (142). Avoiding a chessboard was advisable.
Nonetheless, he shows up at the time scheduled, and the players’ moves are too sophisticated for the crowd of onlookers to either understand or remember. Czentovic is his normal, stolid self, staring at the board, while Dr. B. seems “easy and unselfconscious…a real dilettante…relaxed” (142), always seeming to have anticipated Czentovic’s moves. The champion’s slowness in making his moves increases as the game proceeds, and the audience is unable to decide who has the advantage or even the strategy of the players. A “stultifying fatigue” (143) sets in for the audience, and Dr. B., whose mind works much faster than his opponent’s becomes impatient, “almost hostile” (144). Dr. B. makes a move and “triumphantly declared, ‘So, finished!’” (144). Czentovic doesn’t respond and Dr. B. starts to pace as he had in his cell, “the red light of madness in his fixed yet fevered gaze. But he still seemed to be thinking clearly” (145). Czentovic finally pushes the pieces from the board and capitulates, so as not to be checkmated. He immediately offers another game. Feverishly Dr. B. agrees and they set up the pieces, while the narrator reminds him of his pledge to play only one game. He scornfully says he could have played twenty games in the time it took for this one, and he hopes not to be put to sleep. “Something new happens between the two players, a dangerous tension, an ardent hate…two enemies sworn to the other’s destruction;” moreover, Czentovic “had realized he could use his slowness to tire and irritate his opponent” (146). Rather than speed up, Czentovic reminds Dr. B. they’ve agreed on ten minutes for a move.
Thus it went, as slowly as possible, and Dr. B. seems as if he “had diverted his thoughts onto something quite else” (148). He mumbles to himself, and the narrator guesses that he’s playing other matches mentally. Immediately after Czentovic’s move, “Dr. B, without even really looking at the board” makes a move and declares the king’s in check” (148). Czentovic slowly savors the moment and “with exaggerated politeness” says he doesn’t see a check (148). Even the onlookers can see that Dr. B.’s move is incorrect. Then he exclaims that Czentovic has made illegal moves and everything is wrong on the board, until the narrator reminds him what his doctor had said. Then he concedes the match, apologizes to all and leaves saying “it was the last time I try my hand at chess” (149). After he’s gone, Czentovic compliments his game, “The attack wasn’t at all badly set up. For a dilettante, that gentleman is actually extraordinarily gifted” (150). Because the reader knows how Dr. B. acquired his skill, Czentovic’s compliment becomes completely ironic rather than a simple compliment.
Zweig’s novella contrasts two types of minds, one slow, methodical without any understanding of the world outside of chess, a type of madness that fits within acceptable social norms. However, Dr. B’s mind is complex, involved with the world, and eager for challenges, which leads him to push himself into a destructive self-challenge that results in madness and requires external restraint. For the first mind, careful control over his limited environment provides both success and financial security, while for the second his chess obsession threatens his mental functioning. Two types of minds, both with the same obsession, both to some degree mad, and neither able to live successfully in the world.