I loved this adventure tale of an exploratory U.S. Army expedition deep into the Alaskan interior by way of a frozen river, glacier, and mountain pass in 1885, followed by a descent of Yukon River watershed to the northeastern Alaskan coast. We are treated to the pleasures of teamwork of a small company against all the dangers you can imagine in this harsh wilderness and the excitement of first contact with certain Alaskan Native tribes. Rather than stick to a version of a single comparable historical trip by a Lieutenant Allen up the Copper River, Ivey creates from an amalgam of sources and models to make her story capture in microcosm the overall cycle and impacts of the European incursion on the New World. The innocence and bravery of the explorers, the cautiousness and fear of the Natives. The initial ferment of sharing their respective cultures, and the hidden agenda behind the trip in exploiting the resources of the new territories and the seeds of the destructive consequences the ‘gifts’ of civilization, such as commerce and Christianity.
These explorers largely respect Native culture and do not have missionary work in mind. The story is told largely through a collection of journal accounts by the expedition leader, Colonel Forrester, and correspondence with his relatively new wife, Sophie, who anxiously waits over a year for his return while in residence at the Army community at Fort Vancouver. While he is gone, she struggles to fit in with the morally rigid society. Her letters recount how despite a difficult pregnancy she takes up wildlife photography with a passion, creating a scandal by turning her pantry into a darkroom. These materials and physical artefacts from the trip have been collected by Forrester’s great nephew, Henry, who in old age wants donate them to a regional Native Alaskan museum. We experience a friendship develop through his correspondence with a Native curator, Josh.
The warmth of the love relationship of the Forresters and intercultural friendship between Henry and Josh are balanced by darker visions from other characters and apparently supernatural experiences of the company at various points on the trip. The Ewak Natives hired for support and navigation warn the soldiers that the Midnooskie tribe that reside where they are headed practice cannibalism, while rumor has it that this tribe slaughtered a Russian expedition to the region in the 18th century. The scientific officer, Lt. Pruitt, who is charge of navigation, meteorology, and photographic documentation, begins to struggle with madness and nihilism, facilitated by his sense of guilt over his participation in an Indian massacre during his Army career. Another dark figure is a Native guide known as “Man Who Flies on Black Wings” who comes off as a malevolent sorcerer, a man they depend on but have trouble trusting. The elements of magical realism in this tale include some cases that involve this character, while others appear as possibly bizarre hallucinations brought on by near starvation.
To give you an idea of Ivey’s marvelous prose and storytelling skills I now share a passage from Pruitt’s journal at a point where he is finding a path to sanity and redemption:
I am worthless weak coward but more appalling I am only this: a true specimen of humanity.
Once my heart was full and trusting. I believed. A soldier’s shot always true. A soldier’s ways steady and forthright. I would wear that code like a mantle. At Elk Creek [site of an Indian massacre], I came to a hard truth: the mantle is threadbare, the wind passes through it.
I would believe again if I could. In goodness. In magnificence. In simple benevolence. Yet even in these far and icy valleys, mankind is no different, just more poorly armed. Strip away psychometer and sextant, carbines and glass plates, skin shifts and quills and painted faces, and we are the same. Quivering maws. Gluttonous. Covetous. Fearful. We say we worship. A word. A man-god. A fiery mountain. But we worship only ourselves. And we are jealous gods.
For a perspective on the Ewak sorcerer, here we have Sophie writing in her diary about a photographic image from a plate she is printing from the beginning of Allen’s expedition:
He wears a top hat, a black vest, and a great assortment of decorations about his neck. … He is very near to the camera, his head is cocked at a strange angle, and he peers directly into the lens. … His shadowy form, with lame leg and odd tilt of the head, recall the raven that plagued me in the spring.
I have since studied the print with magnifying lens for perhaps longer than was good for me. It is the eyes that chill me the most.
Both Henry and Josh in the contemporary period recognize how the expedition led to settlements spurred by the mining and fur trading industries, resulting in decimation of tribes through disease and destruction of Native cultures through the residential school system. Yet both revel in the potential benefit to descendant Natives to experience a window on how they once were, regardless of the ongoing debate within their communities over future development initiatives that might create jobs at a certain cost to their environment. Josh writes eloquently on his reconciliation with the past:
It’s humanity. We’re complicated and messy and beautiful.
…
Every detail, about how people dressed and spoke and prepared their meals, is an exciting discovery. I love the idea that women could turn into geese at the edge of a marsh, that a young girl could marry an otter and then slay him for his hide when he was found to be unfaithful …There’s this sense in these stories that we were wrestling with a vibrant and fully spirited land. …
I’m not saying that other world is gone, because I’m not convinced it is. Maybe we just don’t have ideas for it anymore.
After reading great nonfictional narratives like Ambrose’s account of Lewis and Clarke’s expedition, “Undaunted Courage” and Bown’s biography of the Danish-Inuit explorer of Arctic peoples, “White Eskimo,” I was a bit wary of a fictional story that strays far from actual expeditions. But Ivey sold me on the power of her fictional approach, infused as it is with magical fiction elements, to elucidate truth. A great novel I would recommend to most readers.
This book was provided by the publisher through the Netgalley program.