'Why should anyone be interested in my boring, alienated, marginal, messy life?'
Angela Carter, 1981
After her death in 1992 Angela Carter received the greatest acclaim of her career. It was like a long dormant volcano suddenly erupting. She was 'the benevolent white witch' of English letters, an 'oracle', a 'high sorceress', 'always on the verge of bestowing something - some talisman, some magic token you'd need to get through the dark forest, some verbal formula useful for opening of charmed doors.' Untangling Carter from these well-meaning nets is the burden of Edmund Gordon’s biography.
It was Carter's burden too. For a writer who spent much ink telling us our sense of self is a performance, she suffered from chronic miscasting. During a party, an editor, fancying Carter as some kind of earth Mother, asked her to write something about the summer solstice. 'You just haven't got me, have you dear?' was Carter's withering reply.
Carter tried on more roles than a modestly sized theatre company. Many came from the splits in her personality, rooted in her childhood. Carter idolised her Grandmother, a flinty matriarch who combined Yorkshire bluntness with an infinite store of superstitions. When Grandma was out of the picture, Carter's Mother doted on her obsessively, fretting over, feeding, and finally overfeeding her daughter. It was no small achievement to have a fat daughter when rationing was still in force. As with many British parents, stuffing children up with food was showing how much you loved them. Carter later shed five stone in almost as many months and became a borderline anorexic, causing Mother to smother her even more, prompting yet more rebellion. It perhaps explains why Britain's best-known feminist novelist wrote so few Mothers into her work.
Carter worked hard, passing her 11-plus and netting a place at grammar school. An entire generation sprung from that much-derided institution - John Carey, Ted Hughes, William Golding, Alan Bennett, Tony Harrison. It was the first time, Carter believed, a genuine British intelligentsia had been created - 'a class of people who didn't believe they were born to rule, who had no stake in maintaining the class-bound structure of British society but who made their livings through dealing with ideas.' Unlike many Socialists before and since, she was not one for throwing the educational baby out with the bathwater. It seems likely a place at Oxford would have been hers. There was one problem. Mother proposed renting a flat to be near her, just to make sure she was ‘going about things properly.’ Marriage, Carter quickly saw, was the only escape route.
Things get a bit thin at this point. We infer that Carter's first husband was a withdrawn, uncomplicated man, much prone to depressive spells. Gordon does not cast him as the domestic tyrant Carter sometimes did. It seems he didn't care much for arty endeavours or hangers-on. He also had the old-fashioned idea that whoever wasn't working should keep the house clean - or, at least, clean enough so guests couldn't write messages in the dust on the kitchen surface.
Carter made a clean sweep by travelling to Japan. To her it was a place with first-world drive and third-world infrastructure. Sewers were primitive and laid a stink over the land thick as carpet. These chapters are by far the most satisfying part of the book, and rightly so. Japan charged Carter's intellect, and became the workshop where the best of her early work was made. Gordon has gathered much from two of her Japanese lovers. One was a virgin several years her junior, who made her feel like Humbert Humbert every time she took off his sturdy, sensible underpants. It was in Japan that the Angela Carter we know finally came to be.
Although only a few years older than the Amis-McEwan generation, Carter was always regarded as a senior figure, and somehow easier to ignore. While she never grabbed the same attention or sales in her lifetime as her contemporaries, she rarely begrudged their success. Kazuo Ishiguro was one of Carter’s pupils, and made her beam with pride when he won the 1989 Booker Prize. There were a few exceptions, however. She never liked Ian McEwan, whose fiction, she said, never failed to make her joints stiffen. Carter didn’t seem to like American writers either. She detested Joan Didion, Philip Roth (‘boring') and delighted in running down Raymond Carver in front of her students. She also seems to have sincerely regarded Jean-Luc Godard films as some kind of cultural landmark.
Carter’s fortunes improved in the 1980s. As much as she detested the Thatcher government, Carter was honest enough to note that she enjoyed her greatest success during its era, finally making real money from her work. Her 1984 novel Nights at the Circus, for many her best, provoked outrage when it failed to make the Booker shortlist that year. Luckily the novel went on to win the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and was later judged the best winner in the history of the award. We learn the novel wasn't shunned, as commonly supposed at the time, but was pushed by many of the Booker judges, including the chairman. It seems a pity that lively book failed where Anita Brookner's stupefyingly dull Hotel Du Lac triumphed.
A pity, also, how Carter’s refusal to follow the party line also went largely unrecognised. In Britain, her publisher, Virago, was seen as a ghetto rather than a platform. In America, she was patronised for not being feminist enough, on the grounds she took a younger man as her common-law husband and bore him a son whilst in her forties. One of her wittiest books, The Sadeian Woman, about attitudes to pornography, still draws venomous remarks in some quarters. I remember reading it one balmy afternoon at Keele. A Canadian exchange student passed by, took one look at the cover, then stared at me as if I'd just set fire to her sister.
Gordon is right to point out that The Bloody Chamber is her best work. Although other writers such as Robert Coover and Donald Barthelme explored the potential of fairy tales in their work, Carter wasn't merely following a trend. Fairy tales obsessed and influenced her right from the beginning. To read the stories in The Bloody Chamber is to watch a gifted, If wayward, writer come into her full fictional inheritance.
If this reads like an interim biography (no input from the first husband or her students) this one will do well while we wait.