121-Social psychology-David Myers-Psychology-1983
Barack
2017/05/ 20
2020/05/1 3
—— " Truth becomes obvious only when it is discovered. "
"Social Psychology", first published in the United States in 1983. Psychological books. It mainly explores how people think, influence and connect with others.
David Myers was born in Seattle, Washington in 1942. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Chemistry and a Master of Social Psychology from Whitworth University, and a PhD in Social Psychology from the University of Iowa. Representative works: "Social Psychology", "Psychology", "Where is the Charm", "Invisible Influence", etc.
Part of the catalog
1. Introduction to Social Psychology
2. Self in society
3. Social beliefs and judgments
4. Behavior and attitude
5. Genes, culture and gender
6. Follow the crowd
7. Persuade
8. Group influence
9. Bias: dislike others
10. Aggressive behavior: hurt others
Social psychology can be considered as an interdisciplinary subject of sociology and psychology. It studies the psychology and behavior of people in certain social situations.
Humans are creatures in situations. The environment, especially the social environment, often affects people's attitudes and behaviors. Because we are inseparable from the collective, we often correct our behavior by observing the collective behavior in order to integrate into the collective. However, the behavior that most people do is not equal to the right behavior, and the things that most people don't do are not the same as wrong behavior. Therefore, if someone uses "everyone else to do this or others do not" as a reason for their behavior, you should realize that this argument is pale and weak.
"Pride and prejudice" are almost everyone's personality traits, but the degree and the target are different. We are often blindly optimistic about things. A good example is that people often take longer to complete their work than they estimated. We tend to like people who agree with us, and hate people who are different from us.
Everyone has a potential motivation to maintain their own image. This invisibly makes people not only insist on what they believe, but also gradually believe in what they insist on. From a sense, a lie told a thousand times becomes a psychological truth, and "three into a tiger," the law often come into play. This law can also be used on the positive side, and can be used to give positive psychological hints to the self.
Conformity is a very interesting phenomenon, and the book "The Crowd" has discussed it a lot. The evil of the collective is a topic worthy of further investigation. It makes people realize how individual alienation is produced in the collective. In the war, the collective evil is most obvious. When individuals in a group cause harm to others, the more the group, the further the distance between the perpetrator and the victim, and the easier it is for the perpetrator to complete the process of violence. When soldiers are in the army, even acts of fornication, looting and genocide do not seem so terrible; when soldiers use bullets, artillery shells or even remote control drones to launch attacks, the killing behavior is even greater. Easy to produce . Studies have shown that during World War II, many soldiers often seemed hesitant and hesitant when fighting face to face.
There is a inducing others to obey your way , that is, to induce people to make your desired behavior, and gradually induce the other party to make a deeper level of behavior. If you have the opportunity, you can try this method. For example, when you want to ask someone for help, first ask the other person for a smaller favor and get the other person’s promise, and then you make a more difficult request to the other person. , This is more likely to be accepted than if you directly make a difficult request to the other party. Conversely, when people try to persuade you in this way, you can try to ask more questions about the persuader, or you can have multiple people narrate the persuader 's position and viewpoint.
Refutation helps to cultivate critical thinking and resist persuasion. I often encounter this situation in my home environment and school environment. When I ask questions about the other side’s point of view, the other side always interrupts roughly or does not answer directly, but says rudely, "Listen I just said it. Now you are talking to me about the problem, it doesn’t matter what you think. The important thing is to listen to my point of view.” In this case, I often have no intention to continue the discussion, and always perfunctory It's a matter of fact, the preaching or advice of the other party is quickly forgotten. Conversely, if each of your attacks on the opponent's point of view can be answered to your satisfaction, then you will accept this point of view willingly instead of being forced to accept it.
People often internalize actions that are made automatically, publicly, and repeatedly. Our emotions and attitudes affect our behavior; in turn, our actions also affect our emotions and attitudes. When we are in a bad mood, singing may be able to make us feel positive.
" Social psychology is a science that studies the power of the situation around us, with particular attention to how we perceive others and how we influence others. More precisely, social psychology is the subject of how people perceive others. How to influence others and how to relate to each other is the subject of scientific research. It achieves this goal by asking questions that arouse the great interest of all of us . "
" What is the important subject of social psychology-what is in its all-encompassing basket? There are many fields in this discipline, the results of tens of thousands of studies, the conclusions drawn by thousands of researchers, and The insights put forward by hundreds of theorists can be condensed into a few core viewpoints. "
The reason why we say that books are the ladder of human wisdom is because it can carry the wisdom of predecessors. Later generations do not need to rethink and explore the problems that the predecessors have studied in depth , but can basically understand the most valuable conclusions drawn by outstanding scientists in 10 years of research through just 10 hours of reading. . So we can use the wheels made by our predecessors to solve new problems in our lives , instead of continuing to spend time on old problems .
" Psychology as a science, it reveals an amazing unconscious mind-a mind manipulated by intuition behind the scenes-this is a mind that Freud never told us. Before we have no consciousness 10 years or more before the time. Thinking is not carried out on the stage, but carried out under the stage, out of our sight. As we will see, the "automatic processing" , "Implicit memory", "heuristic thinking", "immediate feature inference" research, instant emotion and nonverbal communication all reflect our intuition ability. Thinking, memory and attitude are all operating on two levels at the same time : One is conscious and intentional: the other is unconscious and automatic. Scholars today call it "dual processing." We know more than we know ourselves. "
Jobs is a person who relies heavily on intuition to make decisions. This aspect allows him to keenly discover details and ideas that other people cannot pay attention to. But on the other hand it also made him sometimes seem too stubborn, denying some objective facts.
" Knowledge is one unit. Dividing it into different disciplines just succumbed to human weakness. "
The knowledge stored by mankind has developed to this day. Because the amount of knowledge stored in various disciplines is too large, no one can master all the fields he is interested in. But he should have a basic understanding of the core ideas in all areas of interest. To do this is feasible. He does not need to be experts in every field, but will need to have a way to understand the various parts of the knowledge of the subject of the effect , and through integration of the capability. This means that we look at the problem to be able to start from more perspectives, such as from an engineering point of view, from the artistic point of view, from an economic point of view, from a psychological point of view, from a political point of view, from a philosophical point of view. As all the world's polyhedron things are the same , when the number of angles that we can run out to analyze and predict things, we tend to be easier to get accurate predictions, therefore, we understand the past and present as well as the ability to predict the future will also be Promote.
" Objective realities do exist, but we always observe them through the glasses of beliefs and values. "
It is precisely because when everyone wears different glasses, we will have differences and cannot reach cooperation. A person who can lead and influence others has the ability to change the glasses of others . Either you are equipped with multiple pairs of glasses and can always look at problems with others' glasses . And those who are unable to influence the opinions of others , nor can they imitate the opinions of others, are the majority of ordinary people.
" Like many scenes in life, the discoveries of social psychology sometimes seem obvious. However, the results revealed by the experimental studies only become "obvious" after the facts are known. This kind of hindsight prejudice often Cause people to overestimate their own judgments and predictions. "
This is very obvious in life. In fact, most difficult decisions or wonderful innovations in life are not difficult to understand. After piercing the window paper and telling the neglected truth or innovative method , people feel that if they are in the situation at the time, they can easily come up with this idea. This is an obvious overestimation of self.
" "Science is built by facts, just as houses are built by bricks." "But a pile of facts is not science, just as a pile of bricks is not a house. " "
The house essentially refers to a structure. Even if we change a building material, what is formed according to this organizational structure is still a house. Similarly , in some theoretical science attempts to reveal the also it is some kind of universal representation under the concept. The facts developed and embodied according to this law are what we see. The difference between ordinary people and scientists is that ordinary people will not think further after seeing specific facts. Sometimes the situation changes, the facts we see will be different. But the laws behind this fact are still the same. When ordinary people see a house , we see bricks. When a wise man sees a house , he sees the concept of a virtual house that only exists in our minds.
"The common change between two variables allows us to use one variable to predict another variable. But correlation does not clearly explain the causal relationship. "
Attribution fallacy is a mistake we often make. We all know that rain and thunder will produce lightning and thunder. But lightning is not caused by thunder , nor is thunder caused by lightning. This means that when we find that event a and event b have the same tendency to appear or disappear at the same time, it is not necessarily because a leads to b , or b leads to a. It is also possible that a and b are caused by a factor c that we do not yet know .
" The setting of questions in the survey is a very delicate link. Even when people say that they have answered a certain question very positively, be aware that the form and wording of the question may also affect their answer. The order, options, and the effectiveness of the wording make Politicians use the results of surveys to show public support for their views. Consultants, consultants, and physicians use "constructed" options to influence our decisions. "
So when we see a survey, we should not be busy expressing opinions, we should first look at the specific content of the questionnaire. When the survey results indicate that X% of people have a certain opinion , it is possible that what X% really wants to express is different from what we imagine they want to express .
" Social psychologists construct their ideas and discoveries into theories. A good theory will extract many short prediction principles from a long list of facts. We can use these prediction principles to verify the theory. Or modify it to Generate new research and apply it to practice. "
" There is one thing in the entire universe, and there is only one thing, and that is that we know more than we can learn from external observation," "This is'ourselves'. We, so to speak, have inner information; we know inner information. " "
Although we can be the world's most understanding of their own people, but we have run out of a life time , not able to do fully understand. Some people give up self-exploration, and some people choose to stick to the last moment of their lives.
. "When there is a feeling they felt like it would never leave; When it left, it felt as if they had from the future: When it come back, they sense that it seems to never leave."
The so-called "this was wrong," Today I could not understand yesterday's I , myself tomorrow also may not understand their own today. When we are in a certain emotion , it is difficult to escape from this emotion, and when we are not in this emotion, it is difficult to imagine this emotion.
" We often "wrongly want to get something". People often imagine having an idyllic desert island vacation with sun, waves and sandy beaches, but once they realize "how much they need daily life, intellectual development or fashionable dress" Sometimes, you may be disappointed. "
" Dogs who are locked in a cage and cannot escape the electric shock will learn a sense of helplessness. Later these dogs will only cower passively even under other conditions that can evade punishment... If the dog learns to control itself ( Successfully avoiding the first shock) will make it easier to adapt to new situations. "
"A lot of studies have shown the benefits of efficacy and control. People who believe in their ability and efficiency and those who are internally controlled will cope better than those who are learned helpless and pessimistic and hopeless. And achieve greater results. Achievement. "
Jobs is an obvious person with high self-esteem. He was not only wanton ridicule and insult shame those who in his view, lack of capacity. Still unscrupulously regard other people's ideas as his own original.
" When we are convinced that we feel good, our sense of self-defense will decrease. We will not be so thin-skinned and good to comment, and will not praise those who like us or accuse those who do not like us. "