From our vantage point in 2016, it may seem that many of the most significant changes for lesbians in North America have occurred in recent years, with marriage equality and greater acceptance and visibility. However, the late 1960s and early 1970s were also a period of major change for the lesbian community, and in many respects these changes were tied with to the broader social protests of the era, including the women’s movement and actions against the Vietnam war.
Set in 1967 in Chicago, Summer of Love takes the reader into that era of dynamic change, and gives it a very personal perspective. The protagonist, Mary Frances Fitzpatrick, is 21 years old when she learns that the way she feels about women is not unique to her and comes to the realization that she is lesbian. Her initial foray into the lesbian community is via a lesbian bar. In that setting, we see many aspects of the stark situation of being gay during that time period - the bar’s owners must pay off the police, and all the women who patronize the bar face its frequent police raids, and the ever-present possibility of being hauled off to the police station, or even being formally arrested.
The social life of the women in the bar is enlightening to Mary Frances, who gains the nickname Fritz. But while the older women in the bar ardently adhere to the accepted butch-femme dichotomy, and Fritz’s mentor advises her to do the same, we see that as a result of generational change, a new dynamic is emerging in the lesbian community moving beyond these strictly socially enforced roles. I found the characters’ discussions and experiences regarding these traditional butch-femme roles provided a good background with regard to how these dynamics existed in the past. The book also introduces us to the lesbian slang of the era.
Summer of Love is at once a romance, a character study of a woman at significant period in her life - a time of self-realization - as well as an examination of the dynamics of being a woman and a lesbian in 1967.
The story is told entirely from Fritz’s point of view and we see her enchantment when she meets Courtney, a woman who is unlike her in so many ways, but understands her in so many others. Courtney is from a comparatively wealthy background, attends university and is active in every sort of protest movement. While the two women have an emotional and physical attraction to each other, they have nearly opposing political views, which mostly arise as a result of their different socio-economic and family backgrounds. We see class differences in the sense that those who have family wealth, such as Courtney, who feel they can afford to speak their mind or protest on political and social issues, and those who must toe the line in order to keep a job and remain economically secure, such as Fritz.
It’s hard to say whether a book set in the relatively recent past should be classified as historical fiction. However, I think that given that the temporal setting is itself a significant aspect of Summer of Love, it could be classified as such.
There are so many aspects in which Summer of Love brings the reader into the socio-political context of the era, but in ways that are integral to character development and to the story. From Fritz’s experiences of working in a bank we see the type of sexism in the workplace that existed at the time, not just the pay gaps and the “old boys club” mentality, but also the difficulties women had advancing their careers in an era where there were arbitrary, unwritten rules such as the fact that there could only be one female officer in each of the bank’s groups (divisions). It was also interesting to see the early introduction of computers in the banking sector and how this affected women’s roles.
Summer of Love addresses all aspects of lesbian life in the era - private life, romantic (or purely sexual) relationships between women, social relationships within the lesbian community including the aforementioned butch-femme roles, relationships with parents and other family members, and the need to be firmly closeted in the workplace.
Courtney is active in protests against the Vietnam war, and although we don’t see Courtney’s experiences of these protests from her point of view, we see them through Fritz’s eyes. In many ways, given her working-class background, Fritz is more conservative than Courtney when it comes to issues such as the protests against the war. Fritz’s perspective is quite skeptical of both the anti-war protests in general, but she still often fears for Courtney’s safety.
Although the events and characters in Summer of Love are not directly connected to the “summer of love” in San Francisco in 1967, the title is apt in the sense that it truly is a summer of love - first love - for Fritz and Courtney. The book also ties to the “summer of love” in San Francisco with its inclusion of Courtney’s role in various protest movements in Chicago.
Summer of Love is a compelling and enjoyable read, as well as a book that has significant value for those who wish to understand lesbian life in a previous era. It provides an important link to our community’s past - the struggles and discrimination, but also the moments of realization and hope.