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Die Wohlgesinnten

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Die Wohlgesinnten wurden von der Kritik als ein neues Krieg und Frieden gefeiert: die fiktiven Lebenserinnerungen des SS-Obersturmführers Maximilian Aue, Jahrgang 1913, Sohn eines deutschen Vaters und einer französischen Mutter, promovierter Jurist, frühes NSDAP-Mitglied, in die SS eingetreten, um sich der Strafverfolgung nach §175 zu entziehen, aber lebenslang seiner Zwillingsschwester inzestuös verbunden.
Es sind die verstörenden Erinnerungen an die Schauplätze des Zweiten Weltkriegs und an das Grauen der Verfolgung und Vernichtung der Juden von Juni 1941 bis April 1945, an die Einsatzkommandos und Massenhinrichtungen in der Ukraine und im Kaukasus, an Babi Jar, den Kessel von Stalingrad, Auschwitz und Krakau, an Mittelbau Dora, das besetzte Paris oder das kriegszerstörte Berlin.
Es sind die beklemmenden Erinnerungen an all die Begegnungen mit den Nazigrößen, an Himmler, in dessen persönlichen Stab Aue 1943 aufgenommen wird, an Abendessen mit Eichmann, an Heydrich, Höß oder Speer.
Es ist ein erschreckend detailgenauer Roman über die nazistischen Verbrechen, konsequent erzählt aus der Perspektive eines Täters, der sich nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg in die sichere Existenz eines Fabrikdirektors in Frankreich gerettet hat.

1385 pages, Hardcover

First published August 21, 2006

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About the author

Jonathan Littell

28 books412 followers
A bi-lingual (English / French) writer living in Barcelona. He is a dual citizen of the United States and France and is of Jewish background. His first novel written in French, Les Bienveillantes , won two major French awards.

His father is the writer Robert Littell, also resident in France and who authored numerous spy novels.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 1,587 reviews
Profile Image for Vit Babenco.
1,782 reviews5,777 followers
February 12, 2025
The Kindly Ones is an unsentimental journey to the darkest side of the human history.
Fascism turned the Germany into a factory of death… And every factory must have an effective technology… So any technology must be perfected and the technology of murder as well.
Killing was a terrible thing; the reaction of the officers was a good proof of that, even if they didn’t all draw the consequences of their own reactions; and the man for whom killing was not a terrible thing, killing an armed man as well as an unarmed man, and an unarmed man as well as a woman and her child, was nothing but an animal, unworthy of belonging to a community of men. But it was possible that this terrible thing was also a necessary thing; and in that case we had to submit to this necessity. Our propaganda repeated over and over again that the Russians were Untermenschen, sub-humans; but I refused to believe that.

The novel is an uncompromising story of fascism – starting with its bloodthirsty snarl at humanity and ending with its agony and rigor mortis. Ideology can pitilessly transform an ordinary man into a killing machine and use it until this machine breaks.
But even in such inhumanly perfect society as fascist state there are corruption, intrigues, hatred and fear and they keep destroying the power from within. And the rest of humankind started destroying fascism from without.
“So what’s the most atrocious thing you’ve seen?” He waved his hand: “Man, of course!”—“I meant medically.”—“Medically, atrocious things don’t interest me in the least. On the other hand one does see extraordinary curiosities, which completely revise our notions of what our poor bodies can endure.”—“What, for example?”—“Well, a man will catch a tiny piece of shrapnel in the calf that will slice through the peroneal artery and he’ll die in two minutes, still standing, his blood emptied into his boot without his noticing. Yet another man might take a bullet through the head, from one temple to the other, and will get up on his own to walk to the first-aid post.”—“What an insignificant thing we are,” I commented.—“Precisely.”

War is a most atrocious evil and it is capable to lower human being to the primordial animal state so humans become monsters, beasts and cattle.
Profile Image for Glenn Russell.
1,511 reviews13.3k followers
August 23, 2024


“Please, mein Herr, shoot the children cleanly.”
― Jonathan Littell, The Kindly Ones

Such a fiercely compelling novel, one of the most evil stories ever told. I had to listen to the audio book while taking my walks and let all the evil from the novel run down my legs and out the bottom of my feet; so much evil, thus my initial reluctance to write a review and highly recommend. However, the writing is excellent and the insights on human nature, history and culture numerous.

The first-person narrator starts his story by telling us nowadays his head begins to rage with the roar of a crematorium, that when he is at a bar he pictures someone entering with a shotgun and blasting away; that when he is watching a film in a theater he imagines a live grenade under the seats; that when he is among dozens of happy families on a pleasant Sunday afternoon attending a festival in the town square he sees a car filled with explosives blowing up, turning the festivities into unending carnage, blood and guts everywhere, groan, screams, pitiful cries filling the air and then a long harrowing silence and emptiness for the survivors.

Such are his thoughts since, as he also tells us, he is a veritable memory machine, unceasingly manufacturing memories whenever he has the time to think. Thus, he discovers when he once took a leave-of-absence from his responsibilities as manager of a lace factory, he can’t be left alone too long to think.

So, Little’s novel has Maximilien Aue recounting memories in the spaces between his normal round of work and family, recounting memories as a man in his mid-fifties currently living in 1970s France. And what is the focus of his memories? Back when he was a young man, an Untersturmführer, that is, a Nazi SS Lieutenant living through the bitter cold and mass killings at the Russian Front, the slaughter of the concentration camps, the murders he committed with both his own pistol or his own hands, the perversions of his personal life and violence of his family life, all recounted and reported in chilling detail, in a narrative voice unflinchingly calculating and as cold and as hard as steel, say the steel of an abandoned tank in subzero January. As a good number of readers have remarked once finishing this thousand pager, not an easy read, in many respects, a downright harrowing and horrifying read. Once read, never forgotten.

Rather than the killings, slaughter, perversions and other violations of humanity in Max’s waking life, I will synopsize four of the Nazi SS officer’s vivid, intense dreams:

ONE: Max is on a high cliff watching a procession of gondolas glide down a river, he clearly sees his gorgeous identical twin sister sitting cross-legged, her long flowing black hair falling over her perfectly shaped breasts. (Sidebar: in real life Max is sexual infatuated and romantically in love with Una, his identical twin sister). Max shouts her name many times. She raises her head and their eyes meet. At this point Max feels violent stomach cramps, undoes his pants and squats down, but instead of shit, real live bees, spiders and scorpions gush out his anus. He screams out and then turns his head and sees identical twin young boys staring at him in silence.

TWO: Max is gliding at different levels high up in the sky looking down, almost more like a camera than a human, looking down at a huge city set out on a uniform grid, seeing thousands and thousands of blue-eyed men and women and children, faceless, moving mechanically through birth, growth, adulthood and death creating a perfect equilibrium which reminds Max of what an ideal concentration camp would be like.

THREE: In a dark bedroom Max sees a tall beautiful woman in a long white dress. He recognizes the woman is his sister. She suffers uncontrollable convulsions and diarrhea, black shit oozes through her white dress causing Max to experience great disgust and nausea.

FOUR: Max exchanges cloths with his sister Una, he putting on her dress, she putting on his uniform. He sits in her chair at her dressing table and then Una carefully makes up his face, combing his hair, applying lipstick. Una then straps on an ebony phallus. After an intense session of intertwining like snakes, Max rests on the floor and says he is her sister and she is her brother to which Una replies that you are my sister and I am your brother.

Of course, we could envision what a psychoanalyst, either a Freudian or a Jungian or an analyst from any other school would make of Max’s dreams. Let me simply conclude by saying that anybody wishing to read this novel must be prepared for the many more brutal, cruel and murderous scenes of Max’s waking life, reminding me of the hell scenes of the artist Hieronymus Bosch . Again, one of the most evil tales ever told.

Profile Image for Matt.
1,052 reviews31.1k followers
July 4, 2018
Lugging this gigantic book around, from Omaha to Minneapolis to Dubai to Chicago back to Omaha, I began to question why I was reading it. It's nearly a thousand pages long; it's poorly translated; it was apparently edited by a monkey dying of Ebola; it has paragraphs that run on for pages, and pages, and pages; for some reason, there is no indentation for dialogue, so you're left guessing which indistinguishable character is saying which facile/stilted/cliched/boring thing; the translation is imprecise; and the overuse of the semicolon is rampant.

In the end, the unasked question - why are you reading this? - is answered by a phrase provided me by the US Supreme Court's case-law on obscenity: it appealed to my "prurient interest."

The Kindly Ones is an ambitious wreck. It's a hot mess, but with aspirations. (It's opening line - "Oh my human brothers, let me tell you how it happened" - smacks of Homer). Indeed, right up until the penultimate chapter, I was halfway enjoying it. The novel, told in first person my SS officer Maximilien Aue, attempts to encompass the whole horror of the Holocaust. Like a sadistic, bloodstained Forrest Gump, Aue bounces from einsatz aktions in the Caucuses (there is a grim depiction of the massacre at Babi Yar), to the winter hell of Stalingrad, to the concentration camps of Auschwitz, and finally to Hitler's bunker and the twilight of the gods.

I heard of this book by way of its controversy. It was a big hit in France, which should forever lay to rest any lingering belief that the French know anything about art. Here in America, it was severely panned by none other than Michiko Kakutani. When she described its unsavory elements - murder, incest, sodomy, unrelenting gore - I knew I had to purchase this work immediately.

At first, through about 850 pages, I thought the controversy was a whole lot of nothing. Yes, there were some graphic passages, especially dealing with the einsatzkommandos slaughtering thousands of Jews and other undesirables by firing squad. Yet this is what good historical fiction does: it takes us to that place in time. In this instance, that place and time is unimaginably dark, but that doesn't mean that some light shouldn't be shed. I thought the recreation of the Belorussian slaughter was powerful. I also thought there were some clever moments, as when Aue meets a Caucasian peasant who has been gifted with the ability to have all memories at once. The peasant leads Aue to the mountain summit where Aue is supposed to kill him. For the most part, though, the book was - and I hate to say the word - dull. Hannah Arendt was right: evil is banal.

The book is filled with non-characters. There are names - a veritable who's who of Nazi Germany, with cameos by Himmler, Kaltenbrunner, Speer, Eichmann, and Mengele. For the most part, though, they remain names, an undifferentiated mass. There is an fascinating bit, here and there, such as a dinner party with Eichmann, or a grouse hunt with Speer, but they are lost in a sea of never-ending crap prose. There are lengthy, turgid passages on Caucasian languages, and a dense, meandering conversation about the similarities between Bolshevism and Fascism. Also, there are endless mentions of poop. Its smell; Aue's need to evacuate his bowels; detailed descriptions of said evacuation, etc. I've never been exposed to such scatological descriptions, and hope never to be again.

Still, nothing too loopy. Sure, Aue is in love with his twin sister, with whom he had an incestuous relationship, but this dark angle is not dwelt upon (in relation to how much Aue dwells on poop). And he also may-or-may-not have killed his mother, but this is just soap-drama. I started to think that Michiko might have been wrong. Where is the sick, depraved stuff that lured me in (and just to editorialize a little, I feel that many of these book reviews are very regressive when it comes to sexuality; just because Aue is a homosexual does not make him "deviant"; there is an underlying whiff of homophobia in many of the pans I've read).

Then, at page 865, I came to that chapter. Suffice it to say, it involves a lot of auto-asphyxiation, masturbation, and defecation. I could've done without that. Moreover, this all occurs while the Russians are encircling Berlin. With the whole nation collapses, Aue manages to get vacation time so he can spend some time with himself. That stretches credulity.

In fact, the whole endgame of this enormous book is terrible. Everything falls apart. There isn't a single believable instance (Anthony Beevor, I'm surprised at you for suggesting this book!) It's not just that Aue is led to Hitler's bunker and does something completely ridiculous, it's that in the final pages, all the main characters somehow meet each other. Really? The Russians are pouring into the city, bombs are bursting, mortar rounds are exploding, buildings are burning, bullets are whistling, yet everyone manages to come together for a final, bloody denouement.

This utter collapse - the same malady affecting The Dark Knight - really ruined things for me. For as I said, up till that time, this book has a lot of interesting things to offer. There are vivid, nightmarish descriptions that would make Dante proud. There is a strangely beautiful, ghastly scene in which Aue goes swimming in the Volga outside Stalingrad:

The swift current created whirlpools that soon carried me away under the ice. All kinds of things were passing by me, which I could clearly make out in this green water: horses whose feet the current was moving as if they were galloping, fat and almost flat fish, bottom-feeders, Russian corpses with swollen faces, entwined in their curious brown capes...Above me, the ice formed an opaque screen, but the air lasted in my lungs, I wasn't worried and kept swimming, passing sunken barges full of handsome young men sitting in rows, their weapons still in their hands, little fish threading through their hair agitated by the current. Then slowly in front of me the water grew lighter, columns of green light plunged down from holes in the ice, became a forest, then melded into each other as the blocks of ice drifted farther apart.


There are parts of this book that reminded me of the sweep of Herman Wouk's The Winds of War and War and Remembrance, if those great books had been written by Cormac McCarthy. Then there are parts of this book that remind me of Team America: World Police.

It's an interesting book, and I mean "interesting" in the Confucian sense. There are incredible moments, some of which I've mentioned, others I can only note in passing, such as gripping scenes set during the bombing of Berlin. There are moments of pure inanity, as Aue - a self-righteous, pretentious, preening gasbag - holds forth on various topics in his grating, solipsistic manner (the tragedy of Aue not being able to fornicate with his sister tends to pale next to the murder of 6 million Jews). Then there are moments of sheer weirdness, such as a dream sequence in which Rudolf Hoess, commandant of Auschwitz, masturbates next to Aue's bed. I don't know why, though perhaps this could be a thesis topic if I ever go for my PhD in English.

I guess the best praise I can give this book is that it got a reaction from me. Which ain't nothing.
Profile Image for William2.
859 reviews4,046 followers
October 9, 2025
Notes (since the book is unsummarizable)

1. Deeply transgressive novel that's Dovstvyeoskian in length and intellectual depth. I feel assailed by the book yet I keep on reading.

2. It reminds me a little of my emotional response while watching the 9-11 World Trade Center collapse from my UWS rooftop. (In the days after, whenever a plane flew over, everyone would look up: "Oh, it's one of ours. . .")

3. The narrative often feels derived from post hoc historical considerations, but I suppose this is inevitable. For instance, the talk our Dr. Aue has with his friend Thomas about the possibility of the Wehrmacht failing to subdue Moscow before the winter. There’s a post-hoc feeling, too, when Sturmbannführer Blobel rants against the Wehrmacht’s efforts to distance themselves from the killing. Examples might be multiplied. So, I wonder, were these considerations undertaken by the Germans themselves during the war? But then isn’t this the problem with historical novels generally? Didn’t Tolstoy have to deal with it too?

4. Years ago I began reading widely on the Holocaust. So it's almost as if I can recognize the source material as I read. No doubt I am sometimes mistaken, but sometimes I think I've absolutely nailed it. Here are a few of my suspicions.

Ordinary Men by Christopher Browning
Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust by Daniel Jonah Goldhagen.
Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth by Gitta Sereny
The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide by Robert Jay Lifton
Russia Under the Old Regime and The Russian Revolution by Richard Pipes
Eichmann in Jerusalem by Hannah Arendt
Life and Fate by Vasily Grossman
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut
Times Arrow by Martin Amis
Kaputt by Curzio Malaparte
Death Dealer: The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz by Rudolf Höss
In the Shadow of the Reich by Niklas Frank.
Into That Darkness: An Examination of Conscience by Gitta Sereny
etc.

5. The Einsatzgruppen— death squads which entered Poland with the Wehrmacht in September 1939 — found the direct killing of Jews too traumatic. This repulsion was one of the reasons why an industrialized killing process requiring less human involvement had to be devised, resulting in the lethal adaptations of Auschwitz and other camps. These “factories” however were not up and running until late 1941 at the earliest, and most of the mass killing — gassing— began in 1942.

“As the weeks went by, the officers acquired experience, and the soldiers got used to the procedures; at the same time, one could see that everyone was searching for his place in all this, thinking about what was happening, each in his own way. At table, at night, the men discussed the actions, told anecdotes, and compared their experiences, some sadly, others cheerfully. Still others were silent; they were the ones who had to be watched. We had already had two suicides; and one night, a man woke up emptying his rifle into the ceiling, he had to be held down by force, and a noncom had almost been killed. Some reacted with brutality, sometimes sadism: they struck at the condemned, tormented them before making them die; the officers tried to control these outbursts, but it was difficult, there were excesses. Very often our men photographed the executions; in their quarters, they exchanged their photos for tobacco, or stuck them to the wall - anyone could order prints of them. We knew, through the military censors, that many of them sent these photos to their families in Germany; some even made little albums of them, with captions: this phenomenon worried the hierarchy but seemed impossible to control. Even the officers were losing their grip. Once, while the Jews were digging, I surprised [SS officer] Bohr singing: ‘The earth is cold, the earth is sweet, dig, little Jew, dig deep.’ The Dolmetscher was translating; it shocked me deeply. I had known Bohr for some time now, he was a normal man, he had no particular animosity against the Jews, he did his duty as he was told; but obviously, it was eating at him, he wasn't reacting well. Of course there were [also] some genuine anti-Semites in the Kommando.” (p. 88-89)

6. The author evinces a deep knowledge of the units and divisions and legions of the Wehrmacht and the SS, the place names, terrain, equipment, ranks (Hauptscharführer, Obersturmführer etc.), not to mention some of the many German euphemisms for killing. My favorites are Sonderbehandlung or special treatment (gassing), and Aktion or bloody massacre. Victor Klemperer wrote an entire book about such Nazi euphemisms; it’s called The Language of the Third Reich: LTI--Lingua Tertii Imperii.

7. The author was about 38 when the novel was published by Gallimard in French, though he’s American and a Yale grad. One wonders in what way his father’s many novels of espionage — The Amateur, Mother Russia, etc. — were influential. The father was publishing in the 1970s when the author was in short pants. How fortunate such a dad must have been for the author's development. I am reminded of other literary fathers & sons, — a relatively rare phenomenon — Kingsley Amis & Martin Amis; etc.

8. Dr. Aue’s speech about the ancient rituals of homosexuality is both preposterously long and clearly an evocation of Remembrance of Things Past. It cleverly seeks to provide his handsome young friend, whom he meets on leave in Crimea, with something like a National Socialist basis for homosexual behavior.

"’After the thirteenth of June,’ I went on, ‘when it turned out that many of Röhm's accomplices, like Heine’s, were also his lovers, the Führer was afraid that the homosexuals might form a State within a State, a secret organization, like the Jews, which would pursue its own interests and not the interests of the Volk, an Order of the Third Sex, like our Black Order. That's what was behind the denunciations. [“The Night of Long Knives”] But it's a political problem, not an ideological one. From a truly National Socialist point of view, you could on the contrary regard brotherly love as the real cement of a warlike, creative Volksgemeinschaft. . .' — ‘Yes, but still! Homosexuals are effeminate, men-women as you said. How do you think a State could tolerate men that are unfit to be soldiers?’ — ‘You're wrong. It's a false notion that contrasts the virile soldier with the effeminate invert. That type of man does exist, of course, but he's a modern product of the corruption and degeneration of our cities, Jews or Jewified men still caught in the clutches of priests or ministers. Historically, the best soldiers, the elite soldiers, have always loved other men. They kept women, to watch over their household and give them children, but reserved all their emotions for their comrades. Look at Alexander! And Frederick the Great, even if no one wants to acknowledge it, was the same. The Greeks even drew a military principle from it: in Thebes, they created the Sacred Band, an army of three hundred men that was the most famous of its time. The men fought as couples, each man with his lover. . . .’” (p. 197)

(See James Romm’s The Sacred Band: Three Hundred Theban Lovers Fighting to Save Greek Freedom.)

9. In my view, the book doesn’t take off until page 291. It’s the winter of 1941-42 and the narrator and his fellow officers are 450 miles south of Stalingrad, in the Caucasus Mountains, distracting themselves with “Who’s the Jew?” Here’s a portion of the discussion:

"‘From the Abwehr's standpoint,’ von Gilsa explained, ‘it's a purely objective question of the security of the rear areas. If these Bergjuden cause disturbances, hide saboteurs, or help partisans, then we have to treat them like any enemy group. But if they keep quiet, there's no reason to provoke the other tribes by comprehensive repressive measures.’ — ‘For my part," Bräutigam said in his slightly nasal voice, ‘I think we have to consider the internal relations of the Caucasian peoples as a whole. Do the mountain tribes regard these Bergjuden as belonging to them, or do they reject them as Fremdkörper [foreigners]? The fact that Herr Shadov intervened so vigorously in itself pleads in their favor.’ — ‘Herr Shadov may have, let's say, political reasons that we don't understand,’ Bierkamp suggested. ‘I agree with Dr. Bräutigam's premises, even if I cannot accept the conclusion he draws from them.’ He read some extracts from my [narrator Aue’s] report, concentrating on the opinion of the Wannsee Institute. ‘This,’ he added, ‘seems confirmed by all the reports of our Kommandos in the theater of operations of Army Group A. These reports show us that dislike of the Jews is general. The Aktions against the Jews — such as dismissals from public offices, yellow star, forced labor — all meet with full understanding from the general population and are heartily welcomed. Significant voices within the population even find actions so far against the Jews insufficient and demand more determined actions.’ — ‘You are quite right when it comes to the recently settled Russian Jews,’ Bräutigam retorted. ‘But we don't have the impression that this attitude extends to the so-called Bergjuden, whose presence dates back several centuries at least." He turned to Köstring: ‘I have here a copy of a communication to the Auswärtiges Amt from Professor Eiler. According to him, the Bergjuden are of Caucasian, Iranian, and Afghan descent and are not Jews, even if they have adopted the Mosaic religion.’ — ‘Excuse me,’ said Noeth, the Abwehr officer from the OKHG, ‘but where did they receive the Jewish religion from, then?’ — ‘That's not clear,’ Bräutigam replied….’” (p.295-96)

The subject, historiography perverted for genocidal ends, has been explored elsewhere, but to my knowledge its treatment has not been equalled in fiction.

10. The virtues of narrative — continuity, catharsis, closure etc— are things that the Holocaust does not possess. The book abounds in the pleasures of storytelling; it’s masterly. There’s an account of famished soldiers dying in Stalingrad that’s terribly sad. Does it humanize the Einsatzgruppen, too? I’m afraid it does. No doubt this is what director Claude Lanzmann meant when he criticised the novel. Are the pleasures of narrative misplaced in such a story? Someone said, after Auschwitz to write a poem is barbaric. That’s a noble view. But, there is poetry, there is art.

11. In the Stalingrad kessel – a few days before General Paulus's surrender to the Red Army — Dr Aue, feverish and lice-ridden, begins to ramble; his narration soon turns phantasmagorical.

"I was walking on the Volga . . . . In front of me, a dark hole opened up in the ice, quite wide, probably pierced by a high-caliber shell that had fallen short. . . . I dove in. The water was clear and welcoming, a maternal kind of warmth. The swift current created whirlpools that soon carried me away under the ice. All kinds of things were passing by me, which I could clearly make out in this green water: horses whose feet the current was moving as if they were galloping, fat and almost flat fish, bottom-feeders, Russian corpses with swollen faces, entwined in their curious brown capes, pieces of clothing and uniforms, tattered flags floating on their poles, a wagon wheel that, probably soaked in oil, was still burning as it swirled beneath the water. . . Above me, the ice formed an opaque screen, but the air lasted in my lungs, I wasn't worried and kept swimming, passing sunken barges full of handsome young men sitting in rows, their weapons still in their hands, little fish threading through their hair agitated by the current. Then slowly in front of me the water grew lighter, columns of green light plunged down from holes in the ice, became a forest, then melded into each other as the blocks of ice drifted farther apart. I finally rose back to the surface to regain my breath. . . . Upriver, to my left, a Russian ship was drifting in the current, lying on its side, gently burning. Despite the sun, a few large flakes of luminous snow were falling, which lay hidden as soon as they touched the water. Paddling with my hands, I turned around: the city, stretched all along the shore, lay hidden behind a thick curtain of black smoke. Above my head, seagulls were reeling and shrieking, looking at me curiously, or possibly calculatingly, then flying off to perch on a block of ice; the sea was still far away, though . . . ." (p. 415-416)

And then it corkscrews into something close to slapstick. Dr Aue comes out onto the far side of the Volga where he sees a dirigible aloft and walks toward it. Soon uniformed men without military insignia accompany him aloft in a kind of balloonist's basket to meet a mad doctor (foreshadowing Auschwitz) whom he interviews then has to escape from by climbing a ladder, running across the dirigible's convex surface chased by thugs with guns, before parachuting to safety.

12. Many historical figures appear. Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Eichmann, Rudolf Höss (see Death Dealer: The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz), Odilo Globocnik, Josef Mengele, Albert Speer (see Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth), and Hitler himself, batshit in the Führerbunker. When Aue travels to Occupied Paris in the center of the book he meets old pro-Nazi friends again like Robert Brasillach, Lucien Rebatet, Charles Maurras, and is newly introduced to another rabid antisemite, Louis-Ferdinand Destouches (Celine). All the names but Celine's I had to look up. Moreover, Dr. Aue walks insouciantly around Paris. He's on convalescent leave and primarily concerned with his next posting. He's a careerist.

13. Meanwhile a hideous extermination is taking place in Poland. This is the background to Aue's days. While cracking jokes with his friend Thomas, dining out, "having my ass drilled by unknown boys," (p. 763) taking his twin sister to Potsdam, seeking a new post, while all this and more transpires — 6 million Jews are executed. Goldhagen called it "eliminationist anti-semitism." Eleven million if we include the Roma, "asocials," homosexuals, and 3 million Soviet POWs who were starved to death in open camps.

14. There's a twins motif. Dr. Aue and his sister, Una, are twins. When he goes to visit his mother in Italy, she is watching the children of friends, twins who can't be told apart. I think the image has popped up about five or six times. This might make it convenient for Aue when he visits Auschwitz, where Dr. Mengele performed infamous pseudo-scientific experiments on twins, causing enormous pain and death. See Robert Jay Lifton's The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide.

15. A great enigma is the tussle within the SS between those who want to exterminate the Jews, and those who wish to employ them as slaves. It's interesting to see dramatized a conflict that some scholars have blamed for Germany's loss of the war, since it diverted essential investment from a commitment to so called total war. They couldn't work the prisoners as slaves because they were too intent upon killing them. In this sense, they were shooting themselves in the foot. Here's the fundamental argument: Eichmann wants to kill the Jews, and Aue wants war production out of them.

"'You know, Obersturmbannführer [Eichmann],' [Aue] replied evenly, 'in 1941 we had the most modern army in the world. Now we've gone almost half a century back. All our transports at the front are driven by horses. The Russians are advancing in American Studebakers. And in the United States, millions of men and women are building those trucks day and night. And they're also building ships to transport them. Our experts confirm that they're producing a cargo ship a day. That's many more than our submarines could sink, if our submarines still dared to go out. Now we're in a war of attrition. But our enemies aren't suffering from attrition. Everything we destroy is replaced, right away, the hundred aircraft we shot down this week are already being replaced. Whereas with us, our losses in materiel aren't made good, except maybe for the tanks, if that.' Eichmann puffed himself out: 'You're in a defeatist mood tonight!' . . . 'I'm not a defeatist,' I retorted. 'I'm a realist. You have to see where our interests lie.' But Eichmann, a little drunk, refused to be logical: 'You reason like a capitalist, a materialist ... This war isn't a question of interests. If it were just a question of interests, we'd never have attacked Russia.' I wasn't following him anymore, he seemed to be on a completely different tack, but he didn't stop, he pursued the leaps of his thinking. 'Were not waging war so that every German can have a refrigerator and a radio. Were waging war to unify Germany, to create a Germany in which you'd want to live. You think my brother Helmut was killed for a refrigerator? Did you fight at Stalingrad for a refrigerator?' I shrugged, smiling: in this state, there wasn't any point in talking to him." (p. 767)

16. Himmler, declaring the "Jewish Question" solved, orders Auschwitz shut in October 1944. Subsequently attempts were made to demolish it. Dr Aue's account of the Death Marches rings true, but not his involvement in them. Not his running about trying to secure food and clothing for the exhausted inmates or trying to stop the killing of those who can't walk.
Profile Image for Violet wells.
433 reviews4,480 followers
June 26, 2018
I felt like abandoning this just about every day. At times it irritated me, at others it bored me. My stubborn nature finally won out though and I ploughed through all its 975 pages.

It's always going to be an act of hubris to believe you can explain the Nazis. The Kindly Ones purports to offer an insight into the transformation of an ordinary young man into a Nazi monster. Early on, Max Aue, the narrator, an SS Obersturmbannfürher, makes a case that all of us might have done what the Germans did in their place, that we are mistaken to believe that what the Nazis did was some sort of unique phenomenon confined to Germans in the middle of the 20th century. First off, I'm not sure most of us do believe that. We might not believe the scale of the Nazi death machine could be repeated but racial hatred is still a political factor in modern life. Fervent nationalism, a disenfranchised underclass, an economic crisis and a handy racial scapegoat are the first prerequisites for a fascist state. Many countries are presently vulnerable. There are still plenty of potential Nazis in the world and probably always will be. Nor do I think most of us delude ourselves that we would have actively opposed the Nazis were we living under the terrifying close surveillance of the Gestapo. However, there's a big difference between, for example, turning a blind eye and zealously reporting anyone you don't like to the Gestapo; an even bigger difference between serving as a soldier in the regular army and executing naked women and children by the side of the ditches. The author however tells us all are equally culpable, that there's no difference between a member of the Einsatzgruppen and the railway worker who changed the tracks for the freight cars. With this logic the airline employees who sold the 9/11 terrorists their tickets were no less responsible for the deaths in the twin towers than the terrorists themselves. Of course, the Nazis held to a mantra of collective responsibility so, given our narrator is an unrepentant Nazi, we can perhaps forgive him his trite philosophising.

But seeing as Littell begins with this idea of collective responsibility you assume he will have as his narrator a kind of everyman who will bear his theory out that we are all potential Nazis. Before long though we find out our narrator's pivotal childhood memory is of engaging in anal sex with his twin sister at the age of twelve. I stopped here to ask myself how many people there are currently in the world who have known this experience. I concluded less probably than people born with three eyes. Max Hue is like some twisted adolescent fantasy character conceived after immersing oneself in the complete works of the Marquis De Sade. In fact, twisted sexuality is often a subplot, with the suspicion that the author is implying that Nazism was some kind of symptom of sexual deviation. Max Hue is a closet homosexual; he's also an intellectual and an aesthete. In other words, everything the Nazis loathe. He could hardly be less representative of a typical Nazi. I never once understood why the author chose to make his narrator so preposterously unbelievable. Probably the one thing he did do well for me was to delve into the dissociative ingenuity of the human brain. But dissociative identity disorder was an inevitable consequence of Nazi barbarity rather than, as Littell implies, its cause.

I could have got past this misgiving about the foundations of his central reasoning if the novel hadn't very quickly showed innumerable sins of crude artistry. Strip this book of its reportage, its non-fiction and what remains is a framework of gothic kitsch. A man as a child engages in anal sex with his twin sister, idolises his father for no apparent reason, later murders his mother and stepfather, is pursued throughout the war by a couple of preposterous Keystone cops who are still intent on bringing him to justice when the Russians are advancing down a neighbouring Berlin street. It's often like bad slapstick comedy which Littell perhaps acknowledges when, towards the end, his narrator takes a fervent dislike to Hitler's physiognomy and instead of accepting the medal from his führer sinks his teeth into Adolf's nose and then speculates why history has remained unaware of this event.

A whole section is devoted to Aue's sexual fantasies. In a novel of nearly a thousand pages the last thing we need is an endless repetitive cataloguing of all the ways Aue comes up with to desecrate his sister's home. He made his point and then went on making it for forty odd pages. Then there's the dialogue. The dialogue is consistently bad. Even straightforward exchanges are heavy-handed and bereft of fluidity. Often a character is drafted in with an encyclopaedic knowledge of a section's pertinent subject which allows Littell to write long unbroken treatises in the form of thoroughly unconvincing dialogue. There's the feeling the author wants to cram in absolutely everything he's read about the war. The most impressive thing about it for me was the quantity of research that went into its construction. But this is also one of its problems because with its endless lists of SS officials and departments it often reads like a non-fiction book with a kind of Forest Gump narrator who always manages to gatecrash every pivotal moment of Nazi history. There's little artistry in the way the research is fed into the novel. He's there at the Babi Yar massacres, he turns up at Auschwitz and, of course, he finally makes it to the Hitler bunker. Also, I often found its voyeurism more disturbing than the atrocities themselves. He's been accused of being a pornographer of violence and I'd agree with that and add to it, a pornographer of bodily functions.

Another massive problem is the punctuation. I don't think I've ever read a book with such shoddy punctuation. Paragraphs continue on for pages with little rhyme or reason. Sometimes sentences too.

At the end of the day you have to ask yourself how well did this novel succeed in its intention of providing an insight into the Nazi psyche? I'm afraid I didn't buy into Max Hue at all. At times you might say it's a brilliantly researched book of non-fiction; every time however the fiction in it asserts itself I kept feeling Littell is a long way from being a first rate novelist.
Profile Image for BlackOxford.
1,095 reviews70.3k followers
August 15, 2017
It Begins and Ends in Bad Politics

It is possible for human beings to justify all behaviour, no matter how irrational and cruel. Because this is so, some philosophers justify their view that moral norms must lie outside of human control, that there must be a God who knows what good behaviour is. This justification is also irrational and frequently just as cruel.

As for example when the philosophers and theologians of Nazism preached radical anti-Semitism based on universal genetic imperatives of tribal competition. Inhumanity, therefore, is what human beings are good at. As one of Littell's characters has it, "... there is no such thing as inhumanity. There is only humanity and more humanity." This from a man whose job it was to kill wounded German soldiers who were of no further usefulness.

Nevertheless, irrationality and cruelty have to be arrived at incrementally. One's political and legal culture cannot be radically altered too suddenly lest irrationality and cruelty become obvious and rejected as such. It takes time to create new, not to say contradictory, social attitudes. War is a tried and true method for cultural change. War is preceded by exclusionary politics to prepare the collective psyche. War then has its own inevitable agenda of escalating brutality. The aftermath of war requires its own victims. These are supplied by another sort of exclusionary politics. The definition of justice, a reliable barometer of social norms, invariably changes to accommodate the times. Littell has Adolph Eichmann summarise the situation: "...politics change people."

The Kindly Ones is a fictional exploration of the process of radical cultural and political change in Germany from the 1930's to the 1950's. The protagonist and narrator, Max Aue, is a gay SS officer. This irony is compounded by the fact that he is a lawyer and classically educated into a culture of civility and reflective empathy. He writes like a German Vassily Grossman: not to defend but to merely describe his actions and motivations. Slipping slowly from unconcern to acceptance to assimilation to diseased monster, Max isn't German or inherently psychotic or evil; he is Everyman.

It is as Everyman that Max plays a role in the Final Solution for the Judaism of Eastern Europe - in fomenting 'retribution' of Jews by Poles and Ukrainians, in the Einzatsgruppen, whose job it was to murder all Jews found in Russian territory conquered by the Wehrmacht, and in the preparation and supply of victims for the death camps. The scenes depicted are well rehearsed in many other books on the Holicaust.

Littell's take is innovative only because it is created from the point of view of the murderers, capturing their experiences and mental states as the war is prepared for, progresses, and ends. What they see is the terror of their own lives in the dystopia they have created. Meditating briefly on Auschwitz, Max muses, "Wasn’t the camp itself, with all the rigidity of its organization, its absurd violence, its meticulous hierarchy, just a metaphor, a reductio ad absurdum of everyday life?" The camps are the source of a new German culture: "a breeding ground for mental illnesses and sadistic deviations."

Max knows he is participating in a war like none before, "... when the State is democratized —then all of a sudden war becomes total and terrible ..." Only modern democracy is capable of the atrocities of war on a scale which would not have been tolerated in any other form of government. The democratic state has powers of coercion over its own citizens that could never be claimed by any monarch.

Democracy also possesses the cultural force necessary to turn evil into good through purely social sanctions. The murderer of wounded soldiers, for example, "...killed people or had them killed, so he’s Evil; but within himself, he was a good man to those close to him, indifferent to all others, and, what’s more, one who respected the law. What more do we ask of the individual in our civilized, democratic cities?"

Judging by the evidence of the 20th century, democracy uses its powers more frequently and with less cause than any other form of government. Democracy inhibits conscience and promotes evil just as effectively as the alternatives. In fact by legitimatising greed for reputation and ambition for power, democracy provides a welcoming framework for their development. This is one of the principle messages of the book. A message as relevant in the age of Trump and Putin as it was in the age of Hitler and Stalin. There may be no Cosmic Organizer but there should be at least a few resistors who can stand against the flow of insanity that pops up from time to time in democracies. As Max knows, "The past is never over."
Profile Image for Agnieszka.
259 reviews1,131 followers
June 27, 2018

So what's the most atrocious thing you've seen?... Man, of course!

The Kindly Ones polarized both readers and critics all over the world. They argued on its literary values and scandalous content, pornocaust or holokitsch were amongst epithets, felt poised between admiration for the gigantic work Littell done and themes he researched and final product and message it delivered. The genre itself confounded almost everyone, was it a history novel or quasi document, a literary fiction or fictionalized story? And autoportrait of Nazi official and aesthete was widely discussed. I can’t say anything new or revealing on its subject so only some words about how this reader feels with this book.

The novel stuns with verve and panache, bewilders with erudition and literateness, overwhelms with magnitude of information, names and facts. The author had to dig through hundreds of historical documents up. Sometimes effect feels fascinating, especially deliberations on the vision of national socialism or motivations of the narrator of the novel, then again horrifying with descriptions of mass murders or concentration camps, and at times just fatiguing due to neverending reports full of names and military ranks. It strikes with enormity of violence and cruelty, with graphic depiction of every crime imaginable, and pornographic and scatological content and its matter-of-fact narrative comes almost as a shock. Combining sex with violence, or more precisely sexuality with Nazism is nothing new or original in literature or film. William Styron did it in Sophie’s choice and Lucchino Visconti in his stunning masterpiece The Damned, I prefer the Polish title Zmierzch Bogów refering to Wagner’s opera.

What makes this book unique and shocking, and what sometimes is its the biggest flaw, is the figure of narrator, Maximilian Aue. To establish a murderer main protagonist, to make us read his testimony, hear his thoughts, acknowledge that he escaped, in a way, justice was clever though rather dangerous task. At first everything starts rather innocently, I hope the ironic undertone can be sensed, Max is sensitive and kind of fragile man. We do not know at this point how deeply damaged he is, how unstable, and how twisted his family issues are. He doesn’t like the idea of extermination but since Germans and Germany comes to him first thus he succumbs to orders. But he doesn’t approve unnecessary humiliation and cruelty towards people that were to be killed. On Ukraine he not only observes killings but also as any other officer has to participate in it what effects a nervous breakdown. And it only keeps getting worse from now.

Max is well-educated, enamoured with literature and music, he quotes from memory ancient philosophers and yet is dilligent and amenable cog in machine, a valuable member of horrendous system. Maximilian Aue seems to confuse ethics with aesthetics but by no means is only bureaucratic murderer. He can in one breath talk about wisdom of ancient authors and beauty of human, well, male's body, about love and music and at the same time being able to participate at executions. As he admits himself at some point while standing over graves of murdered Jews: I was haunted by the passion for the absolute and the transcending of limits. And this duality makes him interesting narrator.

In The Kindly Ones can be spotted quite dinstinct references to The Oresteia, a killing of mother and stepfather, an incestuous relationship with sister and the title outright appeals to Erinyes, the gracious ones, translated also as kindly ones, incarnation of vengeance. There were criticisms that by employing the ancient idea of fate Littell intended to justify Max’, or in wider perspective German, deeds and omissions or lessen his crimes.

The novel explores acts that were done not by madmen or lunatics but by technocrats, lawyers, economists and administration. Littell examines damages done to ordinary soldiers that had to face with mass extermination especially in the first days of war, tries to draw a line between them and psychopaths and degenerate individuals relishing these deeds. Through Max' eyes allows us to experience war at Ukraine, Russia and Poland, leads us through battle of Stalingrad, hell of Auschwitz-Birkenau to final days in Berlin. He shows the birth of the idea of Final Solution and its bringing into existence. He depictures Holocaust as a kind of enterprise, a unique project that had to be done and gives us almost technical instruction of genocide. Report of Max is coldly precise and detailed then again hallucinatory and delirious but always intense and powerful.

The novel is truly gruesome and though I can’t say, for example, the slaughter in Babi Jar ravine was alien to me yet the description made me sick. Max makes his remorseless confession many years after the war ended, regrets, that’s for children as his colleague Eichmann would say, and what strikes me the most is his statement that we are not better men than he was, merely more luckier to live in different times and not forced to make his choices. In a way he makes us almost his accomplices who only by a bit of luck could avoid his fate. I find this revelation quite disturbing. Max is not trying to play a martyr or victim to ask for our forgiviness, no, he wants our sympathy and understanding for who or what he was. And it's even more disquieting. And thought-provoking.

I do not regret anything: I did my work, that’s all; as for my family problems, which I might also talk about, they concern no one but me; and as for the rest, I probably did go a little far toward the end, but by that point I was no longer entirely myself, I was off-balance, and anyhow the whole world was toppling around me, I wasn’t the only one who lost his head, admit it.
November 9, 2018
Με τον κίνδυνο να χαρακτηριστεί πομπώδες αυτό που ακολουθεί θα γράψω με απόλυτη επίγνωση και ειλικρίνεια πως αυτό το βιβλίο ειναι το είδος του μυθιστορήματος που μας θυμίζει γιατί πρέπει να υπάρχει η λογοτεχνία.
Τί είδους βιβλίο είναι αυτό.
Η μόνη απάντηση που μπορώ να δώσω μετά το ανθρωπολογικό τράνταγμα συνειδητοποίησης που υπέστη είναι πως πρόκειται για ένα βιβλίο το οποίο πάνω απο όλα αρνείται.
Αρνείται να δεχτεί, να απλοποιήσει, να κατηγορήσει,
να απενοχοποιήσει και να ταχθεί υπέρ ή κατά στο καλό και το κακό.
Αντί να επικεντρώνεται στο προσωπικό ή το εξατομικευμένο μαρτύριο, ενδιαφέρεται και πραγματεύεται έγκυρα και ιστορικώς αξιόπιστα την γραφειοκρατικοποίηση του θανάτου σε ναζιστικά γραφεία εντολοδόχων.
Αντί να εξετάζει το κολασμένο καζάνι του Ολοκαυτώματος ως ένα απο τα πιο αφόρητα, αιματηρά και απάνθρωπα εγκλήματα της κοσμικής ανοχής,
που φωτίζονται απο τα ανθρώπινο καμμένο λίπος στα φωτιστικά διακόσμησης της εξουσίας στολισμένα με καλύμματα ανθρώπινης σάρκας και γλυκερή μυρωδιά απο βιολογική στάχτη,
χρησιμοποιεί το προφανές που προανέφερα, ως πρόφαση, για να ουρλιάξει μνήμες και σκέψεις στον ανυποψίαστο αναγνώστη.

Αυτό το βιβλίο πίσω απο την κοινοτοπία του κακού που εμπεριέχεται σε πολέμους και παντός είδους συμφορές και βασανιστήρια ζητάει να σκεφτούμε μια παρακινδυνευμένη ιδέα ζωτικής σημασίας.
Ο Littell μας προωθεί να αμφισβητήσουμε την ιδέα του κοινότοπου και της κανονικότητας. Τίποτα δεν είναι τόσο απλό ή τοσο προβλέψιμο και δεδομένα αταβιστικό.
Η ιδέα της έννοιας του συνηθισμένου θεωρείται πως έχει ρίζες παιδαγωγικές, αστικές, επαρχιακές, μέτριες, αόριστες, παρεμποδισμένες και ψυχαναλυτικά φασιστικές.
Σύμφωνα με τον συγγραφέα η κανονικότητα, η ηθική οριοθέτηση, η ανθρωπιά, η συμπόνοια, η άρνηση καθήκοντος και φιλοδοξίας που εμπίπτει σε νόμους φτιαγμένους απο αδίστακτα και αρρωστημένα μυαλά,
με σκοπό κερδοφορία και εξουσία,
είναι μία συνέχεια και όχι μία σταθερή κατάσταση,
και βασίζεται σε ό,τι έχει σχέση με το πλαίσιο εντός του οποίου βρίσκεται το άτομο.

Επομένως ο καθένας απο εμάς και όλοι εμείς μαζί, με καρδιές και μυαλά πανανθρώπινων αξιών και ορθών επιθυμιών, με πνευματική καλλιέργεια και φιλοσοφική μόρφωση, με δημοκρατικές προσλαμβάνουσες και διαθέσεις απόλυτης ελευθερίας και αγάπης,
όλοι αυτοί, όλοι εμείς, είναι πανεύκολο και εφικτό κάτω απο κατάλληλες συνθήκες να παρασυρθούμε, να τρομοκρατηθούμε, και να εκραγεί απο μέσα μας μια ακατάσχετη αδιαφορία, μια πολιτιστική και πολιτιστική αμνησία εις βάρος των αρετών και του ελέους.

Δεδομένων των συνθηκών να συνταχθούμε με το ακραίο και το διεστραμμένο,να υποκύψουμε στα τέρατα και τα θηρία και να δεσμευτούμε απο όρκους χιτλερικών υψηλότερων καθηκόντων και ιδεών με την σκέψη πως απλώς εκτελούσαμε εντολές ανώτερων.
Ήμασταν θύματα της εξουσιαστικής παραγγελίας, έπρεπε να δράσουμε χωρίς συνείδηση και τύψεις, ισχυριζόμενοι ατομικά συμφέροντα με ακράδαντα επιχειρήματα περί κεκτημένων(οικογένεια, παιδιά, συγγενείς, φίλοι, πατρίδα, θρησκεία, μοιρολατρία) και αφοπλιστική αυτονόητη ειλικρίνεια που υποτίθεται ότι μέσα απο αυτά συνάγεται η αξιοπιστία μας.
Άρα, θα υπάρχουν πάντα λόγοι γι’αυτό που κάνουμε... καλοί λόγοι ή κακοί λόγοι δεν μπορώ να το ξέρω απο πριν, μα σε κάθε περίπτωση, ανθρώπινοι λόγοι.

Τρελαθείτε λίγο να δω κάτι.
Πάρτε ένα πνευματικό ισοδύναμο μιας βαθιάς αναπνοής, μήπως, προετοιμαστείτε πριν απο την κατάδυση στην τρέλα της νοητικής βλάβης και των ισοδύναμων του κακού, που αποτελούν και το περιεχόμενο αυτού του βιβλίου.

Διότι αν το αναλογιστούμε ακριβώς έτσι, έχει απόλυτο δίκιο ή και όχι.
Αν έπρεπε να διαλέξεις ανάμεσα στη ζωή του παιδιού σου και στο πάτημα ενός κουμπιού με το οποίο θα πεθάνουν χιλιάδες άνθρωποι αθώοι, καθημερινοί, συνηθισμένοι, ίδιοι με εσένα και με εμένα, αλλά ίσως φυλετικά ή ταξικά κατώτεροι, τί θα γινόταν.
Κυρίως αν μετά το πάτημα του κουμπιού και την εκκαθάριση, θα συνεχίζαμε να ζούμε αυτοάνοσοι στις πολιτικές, κοινωνικές και οικονομικές πιέσεις, συμμορφωμένοι με έναν κώδικα που θα θεωρούσαμε προσωπικά απαράδεκτο.
Δεν πρόκειται για το ολοκαύτωμα και τις γενοκτονίες.

Πρόκειται για τον τρόπο με τον οποίο ο κ. ΕσυκιΕγω πήγε σε εκείνο το φρικιαστικό μέρος με τους καθρέφτες των ψυχών και αντίκρισε όλη την Ιστορία του κόσμου, απο τις φυλετικές επεκτατικές επιδρομές των Μογγόλων εως την Αμερική του Βιετνάμ και του Ιράκ.

Ακριβώς έτσι ή κάπως έτσι, βλέπουμε την ανησυχητική εξέλιξη του βιβλίου μέσα απο τα μάτια ενός αξιωματικού, υψηλά ιστάμενου στην ιεραρχία των SS Max Aue.
Αυτός ο ίδιος προσπαθεί να πείσει τον αναγνώστη πως δεν θα συμπεριφερόταν διαφορετικά εάν βρισκόταν στις ίδιες συνθή��ες και το πιο τρομακτικό απο όλα είναι πως στη βάση ουσία δεν έχει άδικο ή δεν έχει απόλυτα δίκιο.

Ο Aue προέρχεται απο διαταραγμένο παιδικό υπόβαθρο, έχει ψυχολογικές εμμονές και σεξουαλικά διαστροφικές λαγνείες,όχι ως ομοφυλόφιλος, αλλά ως παρανοϊκά ανεξέλεγκτος σε μια σχιζοφρενική ηδονική λατρεία προς την δίδυμη αδελφή του.
Ένα τέρας, ένα γοητευτικό καλλιεργημένο τέρας.
Ένας Έλληνας μελετητής της αρχαίας φιλοσοφίας, λάτρης του ελληνικού πολιτισμού, της κλασικής μουσικής, της παγκόσμιας λογοτεχνίας.
Ένας φοιτητής του Πλάτωνα που δεν βλέπει καμία διχοτόμηση στην ευθυγράμμιση της ναζιστικής θεωρίας και τις υψηλότερες αξίες των αρχαίων. Προσπαθεί να δείξει πως οι σφαγές, οι δολοφονίες, η διαφθορά και ο φασισμός είναι αναπόφευκτες καταστάσεις εαν ο κόσμος μοιραστεί δικαιωματικά.

Οι ναζί διορθώνουν την παρακμή που έχει προέλθει σε μία παγκόσμια τάξη, κάνουν μια αναγκαία διόρθωση, μία επανευθυγράμμιση που θα επαναφέρει τα πράγματα στην φυσικής τους πορεία.

Ο συγγραφέας εισέρχεται στο κεφάλι ενός ανώτερου αξιωματικού των ναζί με τις μεθόδους του μαρκησίου ντε Σαντ και του Μπατάιγ. Τη λογοτεχνία της παραβίασης και των φανταστικών και ακραίων υπερβολών.
Δεν προσπαθεί να δικαιολογήσει τα αδικαιολόγητα, ουρλιάζει όμως, με κάθε τρόπο ενόχλησης και παραβίασης, ώστε να κατανοηθεί ο ίδιος περισσότερο.


Δεν πρόκειται για την Εβραϊκή εκκένωση σωμάτων μαι ψυχών απο έναν κόσμο φυλετικά και φασιστικά ανώτερο, αν και αναφέρονται εκτενώς και με απαράμιλλη σκληρότητα οι εκκαθαριστικές δολοφονίες του Άριου έθνους.
Δεν πρόκειται για τους Σταλινικούς μακελάρηδες που δολοφονούσαν προς τιμήν της αταξικής κοινωνίας με έναν Χίτλερ-Στάλιν μπολσεβίκο, υπέρμαχο της ουτοπικής ισότητας και της κολεκτιβοποίησης.
Ούτε καν για πανανθρώπινες ειρηνικές διαθέσεις και αξιώματα θαρραλέων ηρώων και πεσόντων, ιδεολόγων που πίστεψαν πως οι Ιστορία είναι κατεύθυνση που μπορούν να πάρουν ομαδικά οι πολιτισμένοι, και να την υπερασπιστούν οι διανοούμενοι με πνευματική ανώτερη δύναμη κατά του φασισμού.

Το κακό προέρχεται απο την εξουσία πάντα και απο κάθε μορφή της.
Την εξουσία που αγκαλιάζει κυβερνήσεις, σχολεία, βιβλία,τέχνες, κέρδη, θρησκείες.
Κυρίως όμως η εξουσία αγκαλιάζει ανθρώπους που εθίζονται σε νόμους, συμφέροντα, τιμωρίες, απαγορεύσεις, διαταγές και ανταμοιβές.
Αυτοί οι άνθρωποι είναι οι κουράδες του Μολόχ.

Μολύνουν τον πλανήτη, δεν ξέρουν να αγαπούν, φοβούνται να πεθάνουν και αρνούνται να ζήσουν. Τρεμουν οτιδήποτε απείθαρχο, χαοτικό, ελεύθερο και φυσικό.
Ειναι του κόσμου οι δυνατοί που ορίζουν τη μοίρα μας και τον πλανήτη ως τα πιο τρομακτικά και τρομαγμένα ζώα.
Στρατιωτικοί, κυβερνήτες, αστυνομικοί, επίσκοποι, άθλιοι μαλάκες μονσινιόροι, ανέραστοι και πρωκτό καταναγκαστικοί ελεγχομανείς-εξουσιαστές, καταστρέφουν την ομορφιά και τη σοφία της φυσικής νομοτέλειας και προκαλούν οδυνηρές πληγές στην ανθρωπότητα στο όνομα της ειρήνης και της αγάπης. Στο βωμό του Θεού.
Σταματώ εδώ ( ξύπνησε μέσα μου ο Τρυποκάρυδος και παραληρεί )
Διαβάστε αυτό το αφόρητο έπος.
Αξίζει.


Καλή ανάγνωση.
Πολλούς ασπασμούς.

💀☠️💀☠️💀☠️👽👿💀☠️💀☠️👽👿

(Δεν μπορούσα να γράψω λιγότερα). 😳
Profile Image for Metodi Markov.
1,726 reviews436 followers
October 19, 2025
Трябва да се прочете!

И за пореден път доказва, че една книга стига за да бъде авторът ѝ отличен от масата и запомнен за цял живот.

Както е писал моят книжен приятел Виктор - това е четиво изключително за подготвени читатели!
Profile Image for Darwin8u.
1,835 reviews9,034 followers
December 18, 2015
"I live, I do what can be done, it's the same for everyone, I am a man like other men, I am a man like you. I tell you I am just like you!"
-- Jonathan Littell, The Kindly Ones

description

This is a hard book to review. It is like walking out of a David Lynch movie and feeling brain raped by the artist. How exactly to you attempt to explore the depths of Nazi Germany without feeling dark, abused, and sick afterwards? From conversations I've had with those who've hated this novel (and British critics I've read) there is far too much shit, incest, anal sex and death. Certainly. But how exactly do you descend into the depths of Nazi hell without pushing through gouts of madness, clumps of wickedness and wads of depravity? You don't.

Littell uses Obersturmbannführer Maximilien Aue (a "cultured", SS Zelig) to explore how an unrepentant rationalist, a bureaucrat, an intellectual could participate in, defend, and justify the extermination of a race. Aue doesn't wrestle any Jewish angels. No, he wrestles himself, his country, his ideology, his sanity. The slow decent of mad Max is a way for Littell to explore the absurd and tortured NAZI self-justifications for their actions.

Littell also uses Max to incriminate us all as a species. How close are we to those in Germany during WWII? We like to think we are better, more moral, kinder, respectable, innocent. Are we? Or are we simply blessed by chance because we don't find ourselves surrounded by madness, wickedness, and final solutions? Does circumstance and chance really make us better? Does the fact that we find ourselves, by fate's mad roll, distant from both victim AND victimizer give us any room to think we exist in a field that really separates us from the horrors of Germany (or Nigeria, or Sudan, or Afghanistan, or Somolia, or Serbia, or Cambodia, or Burma, or North Korea)?

Again, this is not a novel for the faint of heart (or my mother). It doesn't have a happy ending. Hell, it doesn't have a happy beginning, middle, or single clean signature. It is a cold book sewn together with sick corruptions, musical madness, and omnipresent death. It is a dance of evil, a fugue of plagues, a bile-filled nightmare on every page. Yes, I'm glad I read it, but I'm also sure as f#&k glad it is finished.
Profile Image for MJ Nicholls.
2,274 reviews4,845 followers
December 24, 2011
So . . . the war. The Second one. Or is that the Second One? Do we capitalise all Things Pertaining to the War? I think it’s appropriate to capitalise when referring to the Greatest Atrocity in All of Mankind . . . or if not appropriate, respectful. And people, well, people keep writing books about It. That War. That Pesky War! This near-1000-page novel is the rambling testament of SS officer Dr. Max Aue, devoted Hauptsturmführer (Captain), later Standartenführer (Major), semi-repentant monster and lunatic, following his humble beginnings liquidating all non-Aryans to his time, uh, liquidating all non-Aryans.

The novel is written in a flat first-person prose, heavily factual with some surgical dissections of the narrator’s complex emotional life. The breadth of research on display is outstanding (Littell spent five years researching and less than a year writing the book) and the reader gets swept along in these rhythmic flows of gruesome insider information—blandly descriptive horrors keep the reader going through shock, acting as an unfortunate emotional catalyst. Largely, however, the book is about the collapsing bureaucracy of the Nazi regime, rendering absurd their illogical brand of single-minded barbarism as a kind of Weltanschauung through cold unbiased fact.

Critics of the book complain about the narrator’s obsession with excrement, but excrement acts as an unpleasant metaphor for his disturbed mental state, for the rotten world of wartime Europe—Max Aue might have murdered his mother and stepfather, and still holds a torch for his sister whom he sodomised as a teenager. This warped one-way romance builds to a devastating pitch 900 pages in (worth the wait) where he falls into a perverse erotic fantasy, merging his body to his sister’s by writhing in her bed sheets, imagining himself back in the snug seat of his mother’s womb. The suggestion being Max, nor his colleagues, should have ever left the womb, or ever ceased being infants.

Plus, critics hate long novels. They have to review four or five per week, they can’t be doing with 1000-page monsters with conflicting moral messages. This Novel About the War, however, is an absolutely breathtaking piece—a fresh and contentious addition to an already bursting market. Sure, it has its flaws: suffocating marshes of micro-detail and long dialogues between SS officers of an often tedious nature, but the overall execution is coolly done, as if JG Ballard had written about the War. Oh, hang on . . . So, if you have a spare 25 hours this week, make this one a priority. A modern classic? No. But damn good.
Profile Image for Margarita Garova.
483 reviews264 followers
December 18, 2020
Те мислят доброто на човечеството. Искат да го отърват от това, което смятат за нечисти елементи в него, за да може светът да лъсне като новичка кръгла монета от една райхсмарка. Те анализират педантично всеки свой ход, защото мразят да оставят нещата на случайността. Те са блестящо ерудирани и често са горди носители на академични титли. Обичат хигиената въобще, не само расовата.

Добре дошли в света на Доброжелателните.

Макс Ауе, доктор по право, в миналото член на СС, понастоящем управител на фабрика за дантели някъде във Франция, също е бил в редиците на Доброжелателните. Разказът за живота му протича от първо лице, и да, включва и онези няколко години на Източния фронт. Вършел е неизразими, непроизносими неща. Читателят много иска да го намрази, не е ли това идеята на такива книги – да ни накарат да възневидим нацистите и налудничавата им идеология. Там е работата, че през по-голямата част от повествованието д-р Ауе не е садистът, психопатът и ненормалникът, на който сме склонни да припишем определени деяния. Всъщност, той е ужасяващо нормален. Като нас, останалите нормални хора, убедено вярващи, че не сме способни да извършим нещата, които той е вършил.

Всъщност, ако има нещо зловещо в него, това е идеализмът му и възвишено-болният стремеж, впрочем като у мнозина правоверни нацисти, към тотално унищожение, към един своеобразен “Залез на боговете” (по Вагнер). Широките културни хоризонти и мрачният му нихилизъм са просто цвят в бездната, която представлява биографията на Макс Ауе.

И ако си мислим, че циничните размисли на един философстващ нацист са плашещи, те всъщност осветляват един аспект на човешката природа, за който ни е страх да си дадем сметка. Статистически, хората със садистични наклонности не са мнозинството в едно общество. Голяма част от него се състои от “нормалните”, обитаващи средния житейски спектър. Подложени на системна идеологическа промивка, задвижени от “правилните” механизми на бюрократична машина, къде с повече, къде с по-малко приложен йерархичен натиск, тези хора са склонни да вършат, и всъщност вършат, немислими за тях неща. Страничните фактори и мотивации – кариерен напредък, малодушие, страх от санкции, разкриване на интимна тайна, дори чувство за дълг, играят второстепенна роля. Те са просто смазката, която гарантира, че машината работи гладко. Но последната вече е задвижена.

Международните наказателни трибунали наричат геноцида “престъпление на престъпленията”, ако въобще е уместна йерархията на антиобществените прояви. Наред с неговите мисловни архитекти, съществува голяма категория лица, без които осъществяването на престъплението е невъзможно – физическите извършители, набирани из “широките слоеве на населението”.

Та така, предимно съвестни, работливи и усърдни хора обитават пространството на романа.

“Доброжелателните” е трудна, мъчителна и изискваща книга, със сигурност не е за тези, които тепърва пристъпват към темата за нацизма и концентрационните лагери. Освен, разбира се, заради темата, трудността идва и от изумителната ерудиция, с която е написана, педантичното боравене с термини от нацистката бюрокрация, всестранността на посланията и идеите за размисъл на много нива.


Profile Image for Patrizia.
536 reviews164 followers
September 27, 2020
Sono queste le oltre novecento pagine con le quali ho chiuso il 2017 e iniziato il 2018. Indubbiamente una lettura poco adatta all’atmosfera natalizia ma, per me altrettanto indubbiamente, necessaria. Le Benevole è un romanzo storico in cui sapere che il protagonista, Max Aue, è un’invenzione letteraria non serve a rendere il racconto più accettabile o a mitigare l’orrore.
Un’eccellente ricerca, una documentazione accurata e una grande capacità introspettiva ci riportano indietro, fino alla seconda guerra mondiale per affrontare - impreparati, perché la conoscenza delle atrocità commesse non può mai preparare del tutto a una lettura del genere - il nazismo in tutta la sua ripugnanza. E non aiuta nemmeno il fatto che Max Aue sia una figura sgradevole. Nazista, colto, intelligente, melomane, incline alla violenza e alla perversione, ci dà fin dalle prime righe un’idea di quello cui andremo incontro perseverando nella lettura.
Fratelli umani, lasciate che vi racconti com'è andata. Non siamo tuoi fratelli, ribatterete voi, e non vogliamo saperlo. Ed è ben vero che si tratta di una storia cupa, ma anche edificante, un vero racconto morale, ve l'assicuro. Rischia di essere un po' lungo, in fondo sono successe tante cose, ma se per caso non andate troppo di fretta, con un po' di fortuna troverete il tempo. E poi vi riguarda: vedrete che vi riguarda.
In queste prime parole, la chiave di tutto e anche il massimo dell’orrore: la rivelazione che il male non è un’entità a sé stante, l’incarnazione di qualcosa di soprannaturale. Il male è umano, è commesso da uomini come noi. È la guerra, quel tipo di guerra nato col secondo conflitto mondiale e arrivato fino a oggi nei vari fronti aperti nell’ultimo secolo e non ancora chiusi, a rendere l’uomo capace di qualunque gesto, capace di umiliare, torturare, uccidere altri esseri umani, portandolo a ripetersi che è la necessità di vincere a chiederlo.
Non bisogna dimenticare, lo ripetiamo spesso. Non si deve dimenticare per impedire che si ripeta. Mai più, diciamo. Ma non abbiamo garanzie. E Littel in questo libro non fa che dirlo, ossessivamente, attraverso il racconto di Max Aue, col suo tono freddo, distante, tagliente, privo di qualunque emozione.
Profile Image for Richard Derus.
4,166 reviews2,264 followers
June 2, 2025
Rating: 3* of five

The Publisher Says: "Oh my human brothers, let me tell you how it happened." So begins the chilling fictional memoir of Dr. Maximilien Aue, a former Nazi officer who has reinvented himself, many years after the war, as a middle-class family man and factory owner in France.

Max is an intellectual steeped in philosophy, literature, and classical music. He is also a cold-blooded assassin and the consummate bureaucrat. Through the eyes of this cultivated yet monstrous man, we experience in disturbingly precise detail the horrors of the Second World War and the Nazi genocide of the Jews. During the period from June 1941 through April 1945, Max is posted to Poland, the Ukraine, and the Caucasus; he is present at the Battle of Stalingrad and at Auschwitz; and he lives through the chaos of the final days of the Nazi regime in Berlin. Although Max is a totally imagined character, his world is peopled by real historical figures, such as Eichmann, Himmler, Goring, Speer, Heyrich, Hoss, and Hitler himself.

A supreme historical epic and a haunting work of fiction, Jonathan Littell's masterpiece is intense, hallucinatory, and utterly original. Published to impressive critical acclaim in France in 2006, it went on to win the Prix Goncourt, that country's most prestigious literary award, and sparked a broad range of responses and questions from readers: How does fiction deal with the nature of human evil? How should a novel encompass the Holocaust? At what point do history and fiction come together and where do they separate?

A provocative and controversial work of literature, The Kindly Ones is a morally challenging read; it holds up a mirror to humanity--and the reader cannot look away.

My Review: The Kindly Ones is more than a morally challenging read; it makes me feel deeply unclean. I don't have any idea what I would do, in the same circumstances as the author sets his protagonist into, but I suspect I would have been this protagonist had the same things happened to me at the same ages. Now...well, a 50-year-old is a different creature than a 22-year-old, no matter that us 50+ers want to think otherwise.

I abandoned this book, a library 14-day checkout, at p364. Ivan and Max (who is our protagonist) are scuttling around looking for Croats, and I ran aground when "Feldgendarmen" and "ACHTUNG! MINIEN!" occurred in close proximity. I just could not endure one more moment of German military terminology and I dislike the German language with sincere fervor, and then there is the slickly sickly slimy Max, with whom I can't bear to spend one more eyeblink; but good lord people, the amount I've already read would be a novel by itself!

As anyone who's ever read one of my reviews knows, I don't do book reports. The events of this book aren't in any way a surprise to you if you've been awake in the past year. I can say, though, that anyone who wants to deny the existence of a Holocaust would do well to read this novel. It feels like the events could not possibly be true. No one could live through this, perpetrator or not, and face life as a sane being ever again. So far as I am aware, the German nation did not have a huge insanity problem after WWII, so ipso facto there was no Holocaust!

Littell's story shows how well he understands the history of the (factual) Holocaust, and his choice of a protagonist shows how well he understands human nature and its strengths. It's a deeply disturbing book for that reason alone. That a man could imagine this character, could write about him in his own voice and with clarity, precision, and artistry, is unsettling to my vision of authors as refiners of reality into truth.

If Truth can contain this, there is no safe place anywhere.

And there isn't.
Profile Image for Dmitry Berkut.
Author 5 books221 followers
February 6, 2025
The Kindly Ones by Jonathan Littell is an attempt to examine the mechanics of evil from within, through the eyes of SS officer Max Aue—a bureaucrat, an intellectual, and a murderer. The novel is historically precise, at once cold yet brimming with emotion, like a scientific report overflowing with pain.
The influence of Russian literature is felt: its philosophical depth and ambition to portray the catastrophe of an era in all its grandeur and detail. Aue, as a character, is reminiscent of Raskolnikov, but without the hope of redemption. Littell creates a figure who does not evoke sympathy but exerts a grim, almost hypnotic pull.
This is not a novel about war, but rather about a man who conformed to its logic, and a world where evil becomes ordinary and the measure of all things. One of the most uncompromising portraits of the 20th century.

Зима – время толстых романов;
Закончил читать «Благоволительницы» Джонатана Литтелла. Одним разом, почти без остановок. Исследование механики зла изнутри, глазами офицера СС Макса Ауэ – бюрократа, интеллектуала и убийцы. Книга жесткая как выстрел в затылок, безумная, страшная, настоящий кирпич во всех смыслах. Роман исторически точен, одновременно холоден и в то же время переполнен эмоциями и болью. Язык иногда канцелярский как в научном отчете (думаю, что это намеренно), а иногда, в противовес, словно поток сюрреалистических картинок. Написано, на мой взгляд, очень хорошо, во всех аспектах. Чувствуется влияние русской литературы, философская глубина и стремление изобразить катастрофу эпохи во всем ее величии и деталях. Множество культурных параллелей от Лермонтова до Достоевского. Ауэ как персонаж напоминает Раскольникова, но без надежды на искупление. Литтелл создает фигуру, которая не вызывает сочувствия, но оказывает мрачное, почти гипнотическое притяжение.
Это роман не столько о самой войне, сколько о человеке, подчинившемся ее логике, и о мире, где зло становится обыденностью и мерилом всех вещей.
Я думаю, что если прочитать эту книгу ещё раз, то она, благодаря ненадёжной памяти рассказчика и его раздвоенному сознанию, может раскрыться совершенно другим образом.
Profile Image for Emiliya Bozhilova.
1,911 reviews381 followers
December 30, 2024


На света не са останали много еринии, познати още като евмениди. Ериниите с гневни писъци преследвали престъпниците, а от един момент нататък те станали евмениди - справедливите, налагащите закона. Или наричани още “доброжелателните”.

Рядко съм срещала евмениди в действие в литературата. Джонатан Лител се е нагърбил с тази задача, след като снимката на обесена руска партизанка (Зоя Космодемянская), заснета от жизнерадостните ѝ горди нацистки палачи като скъп сувенир, го тласка в 5 годишен ад от проучвания из руски и немски архиви (той владее руски като един от 6-те или 7-те си чужди езика). Ад, пресъздаден изключително въздействащо и многопластово в “Доброжелателните” - от гледната точка на неуморно трудещите се край казаните дяволи.

Да се запознаем с оберщурмбанфюрер хер доктор Максимилиан Ауе. Образован, с интереси във философията, литературата и музиката, квалифициран юрист по международно право. Наполовина французин. И участник в айнзацкомандите в Киев и Житомир, поставили официално началото на индустриалното изтребление на евреи (и не само) в Украйна от страна на нацистите - с най-разно��бразни логистични средства, описани в детайли. Компетентен бюрократ, опитващ се в някакъв “разумен” минимум да издейства леко увеличение на дажбите за концлагерниците в Аушвиц, след като добросъвестно е инспектирал няколко концентрационни лагера отблизо. Въплъщение на пълноценна кариера в сферата на геноцида, с увеличаващ се брой нашивки. Чудовище? Не. Работа, просто отвратителна на моменти работа, подчинена на специфична технически неутрална терминология (пасивна форма на глаголите, с което се губи кой е извършител на действието; “евакуирани” вместо “изпратени за изтребление”; “окончателно решение” вместо “геноцид” и т.н.”). Работа, подплатена с малко патриотизъм, с необходимата идеологическа мотивация и параноични усилия на героя да не поглежда твърде встрани или твърде надълбоко, за да не види това, което не е за завиждане и да не бъде принуден да действа отвъд рамките на ясната си нациоаналсоцислистическа религия. Завършен портрет на палач - не по призвание, нито пък подвластен на душевно заболяване (поне не в тази насока). Палач по силата на обстоятелствата и избраното (без)действие, както и на собствената си (на моменти умишлена) ограниченост. Никога не научаваме това, което избираме да не знаем.

Благодатно поле за ериниите, наричани евмениди или “доброжелателни”, без ограничения във време и пространство.

Лител прави многоаспектен разрез на тема “Престъпление”, наред с изобилие от други въпроси, пръснати из тези близо 1000 страници. Като например защо германците толкова малко се противопоставят на Хитлер; защо болшевизмът и нацизмът се хващат за гушите; каква е връзката на музиката с националсоциализма; как се вмества императивът на Кант в расовата идеология и т.н.

Юдеохристиянският подход по темата за престъплението е нюансиран. Признават се степени на вината в зависимост от волята на извършителя - умишленост и неумишленост. Взема се предвид и разкаянието за стореното. Античният светоглед, където свистят връхлитащите върху Орест еринии, или хайде - евмениди - е далеч по-прост. Престъплението е действие. Съпътстващите обстоятелства и душевни терзания (каквито тормозят Ауе във видима или неосъзната форма през целия роман) са без значение. Веднъж извършено, действието е безвъзвратно и окончателно - и неподлежащо на оправдание. Престъплението е плод на граници, които сами си поставяме, с оправданието че нямаме друг избор.

Елементи от древногръцките трагедии на Есхил надничат в най-неочаквани моменти от тази енциклопедия за периода 1941 - 1945 г. От елегантните салони на Берлин, полята на Украйна, планините на Кавказ, зимата и канибализма на Сталинград, крематориумите на Аушвиц, политическите интриги на Третия Райх и падащият Берлин. Поръсени с толкова (исторически достоверни и обследвани) детайли, че - ако читателят не захвърли книгата след шокиращите първи 150 страници - ще чете до откат до самия край. Паноптикум на всеки възможен участник от германска страна в Окончателното Решение. Лител забива здраво лопатата в натрупалото се из авгиевите обори на историята и на човешкото съзнание. И колкото повече задълбава, толкова по-непоносимо е изскочилото на повърхността, особено в края на романа. Но как иначе да се разчисти?

Вместо заключение ще дам думата на самия доктор Ауе, излязъл в спокойна пенсия нейде във Франция: ”Ако сте родени в страна или във време, където не само никой не идва да убие вашата жена, вашите деца, но и никой не иска от вас да убивате жените и децата на другите, то благодарете на Бога и си останете в мир.”

П. П. Хана Аренд споменава Вилхелм Копе, командвал айнзацгрупен, който през 60-те е бил директор на шоколадова фабрика. Случайност или прототип?…
Profile Image for Grazia.
503 reviews219 followers
September 20, 2017
Priorità

Quest'estate, durante le mie vacanze estive, mi sono trovata a visitare il memorial site di Dachau. Giornata torrida, il campo scarsamente visitato, il silenzio imperante , la voce della testimonianza dei sopravvissuti nelle orecchie, non ho potuto fare a meno di pensare, al di là di qualsiasi considerazione etica: "Ma se l'obiettivo principale della guerra è vincere la guerra, come hanno potuto disperdere così tante energie e risorse nello sterminio?"
Per comprendere come effettivamente può essere andata, l'unica è provare a mettersi nella testa di chi ha vissuto in quei tempi, mettersi nei panni di chi quello sterminio l'ha pensato, progettato ed applicato.

Littell descrive gli orrori del nazismo dall’ottica di un nazista. Compie una ricerca certosina sugli usi e costumi di Wermacht e SS, sulla campagna di Russia, sugli orrori dei campi di concentramento. Uno studio che impressiona, per la dovizia dei particolari. Littell lo fa con una padronanza che non è mai fine a sé stessa. Non impone al lettore la bravura, non lo istruisce ma lo documenta con l’arte della narrazione.

Provo a riassumere i punti cardine.

1) Il popolo (Volk) è sovrano. Il Führer rappresenta il volere del popolo. Occorre eseguire in maniera acritica il volere del Führer.
"ogni diritto deve poggiare su una base. Storicamente, tale base è sempre stata una creazione dell’immaginazione o un’astrazione, Dio, il Re o il Popolo. Il nostro grande progresso è stato quello di fondare il concetto giuridico della Nazione su qualcosa di concreto e di inalienabile: il Volk, la cui volontà collettiva si esprime attraverso il Führer che lo rappresenta. Quando lei dice Frei sein ist
Knecht sein, bisogna intendere che il primo vassallo è proprio il Führer, perché egli altro non è se non puro servizio. Noi non serviamo il Führer in quanto tale ma in quanto rappresentante del Volk, noi serviamo il Volk e dobbiamo servirlo come lo serve il Führer, con un’abnegazione totale. Ecco perché, di fronte a compiti dolorosi, bisogna inchinarsi, dominare i propri sentimenti, e compierli con determinazione"


2) La violenza è un mezzo lecito per la risoluzione dei problemi sociali. Ergo è lecito eliminare con la violenza quelli che sono i nemici del popolo. Ebrei, zingari, malati, asociali, tutte le categorie decise in maniera insindacabile da chi interpretava il bene della nazione.
"Niente di più logico, perciò, di arrivare a dirsi: be’, se è così, se è giusto sacrificare il meglio della Nazione, mandare a morire gli uomini più patriottici, più intelligenti, più generosi, più leali della nostra razza, e tutto ciò in nome della salvezza della Nazione - e se poi non serve a niente - e si sputa sul loro sacrificio - allora, che diritto alla vita possono avere gli elementi peggiori, i criminali, i pazzi, i ritardati, gli asociali, gli ebrei, senza parlare dei nostri nemici esterni? ... Dato che rispettare le regole della; cosiddetta umanità non ci è servito a niente, perché ostinarsi a mantenere quel rispetto di cui non ci sono nemmeno stati grati?"

3) Sdoganato il fatto che queste categorie socialivadano eliminate, ci si trova davanti al problema di come procedere alla loro eliminazione. Scartata la estradizione, chi uccide? Come si uccide? Dove si mettono i cadaveri? Come si eliminiamo i cadaveri? Ma soprattutto chi uccide donne e bambini può sopportarne il peso senza impazzire? Diversi i metodi sperimentati prima di arrivare ai campi.
"Sono giunto alla conclusione che la guardia delle ss non diventa violenta o sadica perché pensa che il detenuto non sia un essere umano; anzi, la sua rabbia aumenta e si trasforma in sadismo quando si accorge che il detenuto, lungi dall’essere una creatura inferiore come gli hanno insegnato, dopotutto è proprio un uomo, come lui in fondo, ed è questa resistenza,vede, che la guardia trova insopportabile, questa persistenza muta dell’altro, e quindi la guardia lo picchia per tentare di far scomparire la loro comune umanità. Ovviamente non funziona: più la guardia picchia, e più è costretta a constatare che il detenuto rifiuta di riconoscersi come non umano. Alla fine, non gli resta altra soluzione che ucciderlo, il che significa prendere definitivamente atto del proprio fallimento"

4) Una volta compreso che lo sforzo dell'eliminazione è troppo pesante e ostacola l'obiettivo primario, si capisce che anche le categorie sociali individuate come da eliminare, possono essere utili all'obiettivo primario, ovvero vincere la guerra. E si decide pertanto di cercare di ottenerne degli schiavi lavoratori. E qui difficile far cambiare idea a chi sui campi di sterminio aveva basatola sua "carriera" [cfr. Himmler]
"Lei non pensa che la priorità, per il Führer come per noi, sia di vincere la guerra?"Aue a Himmler

5) I prigionieri sono in guerra "merce di basso livello". Anche se utili alla causa, la loro sorte è comunque dipendente dalle risorse che possono essere utilizzate per la loro sopravvivenza. Pertanto anche nel momento in cui si decide di usarli come schiavi al servizio dell'industria bellica, si deve fare i conti col budget che si può spendere per la sopravvivenza di un condannato a morte.

6) Agghiacciante pensare come tutte le decisioni siano state prese in modo assolutamente banale. La distanza tra chi decideva e chi faceva. Ovvero decidere di uccidere se poi non sei tu che uccidi direttamente è lo stesso processo decisionale che si ritrova in una qualsiasi azienda strutturata. Chi decide cosa si fa, non è poi chi fa. Questo porta ad un cinismo e a un distacco tale, che qualunque decisione può essere sdoganata non essendo il decisore colui che poi sperimenta direttamente (sulla sua pelle) le decisioni prese.
"nella corrispondenza, e anche nei discorsi, predominavano le frasi costruite al passivo, «è stato deciso che…», «gli ebrei sono stati scortati alle misure speciali», «questo difficile compito è stato portato a termine», e così le cose si realizzavano da sole, nessuno faceva mai niente, nessuno agiva, erano azioni prive di agente, il che è sempre rassicurante, e in un certo senso non erano nemmeno azioni"

Max Aue è un burocrate. Non è una bella persona. Ma è coltissimo, melomane, un pensatore, un lettore.
Comprende le ragioni per cui deve agire in quel modo, ma vede criticamente che il tutto si appoggia su fondamenta sabbiose. Stupenda la parte in cui, lanciando una meravigliosa crociata contro la religione dell’identità Max Aue in una sorta di dialogo platonico discute con il professore di linguistica Voss cercando di venire a capo delle differenze culturali tra le varie popolazioni dell’Ucraina, scivolando via via che la conversazione va avanti nell’impossibilità di definire cos’è un ebreo, cosa un cosacco, cosa un russo, cosa un tedesco.
Ma purtroppo, nonostante comprenda, continua imperterrito ad eseguire gli ordini, anche perché nella Germania nazista non eseguire gli ordini non era materia di scelta: chi non eseguiva gli ordini veniva fucilato.

Un viaggio nell'inferno della banalità del male.

Un libro non per tutti. Un libro per chi vuol cercare di capire certi passaggi con mente aperta. Ma bisogna saper accettare di stare nella testa di un gerarca delle SS. E non è proprio una passeggiata di salute.

"Come la maggior parte della gente, non ho mai chiesto di diventare un assassino. Se avessi potuto, l’ho già detto, mi sarei occupato di letteratura."
Profile Image for Carmo.
726 reviews566 followers
August 15, 2017
Eu até tinha isto mais ou menos alinhavado na minha cabeça. Até chegar às últimas páginas e perder o chão e a pouca paz que ainda me restava.
Ao longo de mais de 800 páginas, em que Max Aue se atormentou e me atormentou, fui-lhe dando o benefício da dúvida; fui tentando justificar o seu comportamento pelo sofrimento que carregava desde a infância; pela dor atroz que um amor incestuoso, impossível, o condenou a viver. Subestimei as afirmações em que negava arrependimento ou remorsos, achei que o próprio se condenava mas logo se contradizia quando defendia melhorias no tratamento aos prisioneiros dos campos de concentração, quando denunciava a brutalidade dos guardas, quando vomitava as entranhas ao ver um crânio esmagado…
Na penúltima página as minhas ilusões caíram por terra: Maximilien Aue, oficial SS do regime nazi, um homem culto e inteligente, apreciador de boa literatura e boa música, afirmou-se indiscutivelmente como mais uma peça da hierarquia destrutiva convicta da sua superioridade racial, na qual se justificava e absolvia.

Através das suas memórias temos acesso detalhado ao funcionamento da máquina de guerra nazi até à derrocada final, aos meandros dos campos de concentração, às perversidades irracionais de quem decidiu erradicar outros seres humanos da face da terra, como “solução final” e contributo para a ascensão de um povo e de uma “raça superior”.

É um livro difícil de ler por várias razões:
-Pelos capítulos excessivamente longos - embora o autor tenha sido capaz de ir mudando de assunto de forma muito natural e fluída.
-Pelos termos em alemão – para quem não domina a língua, é cansativo estar sempre à procura de tradução. As explicações do glossário são tão extensas que desisti após as primeiras tentativas.
-Pelas explicações da enorme burocracia do regime, que nos cansam a paciência apesar de revelarem o quanto eram minuciosos e controladores, e as enormes rivalidades e traições existentes entre departamentos.
Apesar disso, apesar das descrições terríveis de grande violência, de mostrar como o homem se pode tornar monstruoso em nome de uma ideologia professada por um psicopata que arrastou multidões na sua loucura, apesar disto tudo e muito mais, é um livro que me ficará sempre na memória e que marcou um ponto de viragem nas minhas leituras sobre o holocausto.

A dada altura da narrativa diz Max Aue:
“ Não pedi para me tornar um assassino; se pudesse escolher, optaria pela literatura.”
Parece tão simples. Não teremos opção? Servirá de desculpa?
Profile Image for Francesco.
320 reviews
January 21, 2020
l'ultimo grande romanzo ambientato durante la seconda guerra mondiale... per me il più grande romanzo del xxi secolo... un romanzo durissimo, crudo, dettagliato (la sua pecca e il suo punto di forza allo stesso tempo)... diversissimo rispetto a "vita e destino" di Grossmann. nell'opera di grossmann c'era un po' di poesia, la battaglia di Stalingrado era raccontata in toni mitici epici. ma ne le benevole la battaglia di Stalingrado è narrata con toni meno altisonanti... ne le benevole non esiste il ripensamento e se c'è dura un attimo perché tutto ciò che viene ordinato, lo si fa per un bene supremo, per il Terzo Reich... non esiste la commozione, devi uccidere perché quelli sono gli ordini, devi pulire, anzi purificare il popolo, i nemici del Volks devono essere annientati. questo romanzo è il prezzo da pagare e il fatto che sia narrato in prima persona lo rende ancora più temibile "io ho fatto" "io ho visto" "io ho ucciso" ... se fosse stato narrato in terza persona singolare sarebbe rimasto un semplice romanzo ambientato durante la seconda guerra mondiale e nulla più... il fatto che venga narrato in prima persona singolare e che chi parla sia una SS lo rende veramente il più grande romanzo del XXI secolo
Profile Image for Diana Stoyanova.
608 reviews160 followers
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May 3, 2021

" Ако сте родени в страна или във време, където не само никой не идва да убие вашата жена, вашите деца, но и никой не иска от вас да убивате жените и децата на другите, то благодарете на Бога и си останете с мир. Но никога не забравяйте: може да сте имали повече късмет от мен, но не сте по-добри.  "

Много тежка и мъчителна книга...за зверствата по време на Втората световна война от гледната точка на човек, който е участвал в тях.
Някои хора са изпитвали истинско извратено удовлетворение от мъченията и издевателствата, но други просто са вярвали, било им е вменено, че това, което правят е за благото на света...
В " Доброжелателните" е показано и човешкото лице на хората, които са били просто оръдия в ръцете на Фюрера.

" Тези, които убиват, са хора, както и тези, които са убивани – това е ужасното. Не може да кажете: Никога не ще убия, невъзможно е, най-много може да кажете: Надявам се никога да не убия. Аз също се надявах, аз също исках да живея хубав и пълноценен живот, да бъда човек сред хората, равен на другите, аз също исках да дам своя принос в общото дело. Но очакванията ми бяха измамени и използваха моята чистосърдечност за осъществяването на дело, което се оказа лошо и гибелно, и аз „преминах тъмните брегове“, и цялото това зло навлезе в живота ми, и нищо не може да се поправи, никога. Думите също не служат за нищо, те изчезват като вода в
пясък, и този пясък изпълва устата ми. Живея, правя каквото е възможно, така е с всички, аз съм човек като другите, човек като вас. Така е, казвам ви го! "

Фокусът на книгата е насочен към щурмбанфюрер Максимилиан Ауе( измислен офицер, събирателен образ на много реални такива), който е част от страшната месомелачка на Райха и разказа е от първо лице, пречупен през неговата призма.
Личният микросвят на Ауе е не по- малко страшен от този, който го заобикаля. Интелигентен, образован, юрист, с множество интереси, но необратимо счупен отвътре, неспособен да изпитва сърдечни чувства. Той се превръща в Палач не по призвание, а по стечение на обстоятелствата, правил е това, което се е изисквало от него, и това го осакатява още повече. Ауе много ясно осъзнава, че е мъртъв отвътре, а за това спасение в живо тяло- няма. Всичко това го тласка към поредица от извращения, сякаш те са нещо, което да го накарат да се чувства жив. Да, но, не.
Вътрешният свят на Ауе е тъмен, лепкав, тягостен. Все едно си се натопил в мазут. Имаш чувство, че полепва по теб, навлиза в порите ти и те задушава. Тъжно е, наистина е тъжно. Да, душевната му болка не може да измие миналото му, но и той като всички пострадали, е жертва на една зловеща идеология.

" От войната излязох като празен човек, единствено с горчивина и продължителен, като скърцащ между зъбите пясък, срам."

И така до финалът, който е отчайващо- смазващ с усещането за убийствена обреченост, която създава...

Историята е мрачна и през нея се преминава трудно, като през отрупано с гробове поле. Книгата е безпощадна, хладнокръвна, и изобразява чудовищния нацистки механизъм за разчистване, както и какво причинява всичко това на "пионките" , изпълняващи поръченията. Това е част от историята и дори да искаме да си затворим очите пред нея, няма как да я изтрием. Остава само да се опитаме да разберем, колкото и да е трудно.
Това, което провокира Лител да се разрови и да напише романът е една снимка на обесена жена( Зоя Космодемянская, 1941г) която той намира( през 1989г). Няма да показвам снимката, защото никой не би искал да бъде запомнен в най- уязвимия момент от своя път. Който желае може да я намери в интернет пространството.

Книгата се гради на факти, много тъжни факти, отвъд човешкия разум. Може би обаче тази книга иска да покаже, че във всеки човек дреме по един звяр, който не се знае кога и как може да бъде събуден. Но събуди ли се, става страшно.

" Доброжелателните" е плод на чутовен труд и огромна сила на духа на автора да се изправи срещу нецензурираните и натуралистични факти.
Profile Image for Viktor Stoyanov.
Author 1 book202 followers
December 11, 2020
Добрите, лошите и злите губят лице пред лицето на войната. Или пък на яве излиза истинското им лице?

Това е въпрос, който ме е мъчил и до момента и продължава своето лутане в различни отговори. Тази книга не обещава отговори, но обещава да покаже истинското лице. Макар образът на главния герой да е фикция, той сигирно и да е по-реален от редица "мемоари" излезли от преживелите WWII.

Една снимка казвала повече от 1000 думи и за да спестя 1000 думи ревю, ще ви онагледя какво ще представлява за вас книгата:

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Представете си, че някой ви пуска през горния отвор, мелите се 900 стр. с дребен шрифт и после излизате от предния край.

2 са основните линии, през които разказвачът ще ни преведе:
- служебната, обществената, философията на нацистка Германия, методичното чиновническо изпълнение на службата;
- личното, фантазията, счупената душевност.

По едно време си мислех, че това са две различни книги и се чудех какво правят заедно. Завършил последната страница, знам, че авторът е показал гениалност именно в обединението им. Може би, поотделно не бих възприел нито една от двете ... особено за личния му живот, този случващ се в главата, вътрешностите и щенията на героя. Някъде бях чел ревюта, че те са лошо изпъление на военно порно, обаче аз предпочетох да ги възприема по друг начин. За мен те са метафора на каквото Германия направи сама със себе си и с околните. С целия свят. Както и останалият свят не се оказа по-добър. Това ни разказват безумните му блянове, инцести и дефекации - това е метафора на WWII.

Дългите философски отклонения и разсъжденията като цяло за природата на геноцида са важни по няколко причини. Но най-вече да се опитаме да си обясним необяснимото и то никога повече да не се повтаря. Без вникване, няма разбиране, няма обяснение, няма противодействие.

"Значи това направиха от мен. Човек, който не може да погледне гората, без да си представи масови гробове"

Лител умишлено е искал да ни смели. Освен, че самата война е месомелачка за съдби и характери, тя е и трансформираща сила. Катарзисът, с който балансът се бори през цялото време. Отвежда ни от едно състояние в друго. Физически, но и най-вече метафизически. Книгата е построена така, че да ни погълне като чудовище в търбуха си и да ни изплюе през дебелото черво. Тя няма да ни даде почивка, няма да има пауза, няма да има време за размисъл извън размисълът паралелен с този на героите. Това ще ни осигури храната за душевно дъвчене много след прочита.

В този смисъл, дори има един геймификейшън елемент, който да пристрасти читателя. Следенето и логистиката на ресурсите, решенията свързани с тях, докладите, срещите с висшия ешалон и с обърканите души на фронта. Концлагерите и лагеристите в тях, разглеждани като ресурс, който да е обект на дебат между SS-освците. Детайлното описание на обстановката помага, но и ни вкарва по-надълболо в трапа на тези исторически моменти. Като кладенец, в който сме паднали, а той става все по-дълбок.

Да видим лицето на войната, да го презрем и запаметим в строго охранявано кътче на съзнанието. Не мога да чета директно мислите на автора, но струва ми се, това е искал да постигне със своя огромен труд - огромен като обем, като замисъл и сигурен съм твърде къртовски многогодишен труд по изпълнението. Вероятно самият автор не е бил същият след написването ѝ.

Тази книга не е за неподготвен читател. Не бива да ви е първата на военна тематика. Тя е за очи на читатели, които вече са се срещали с ужасите, причинени от човешката глупост и търсят още една гледна точка. Тя е за смелите, за търсещите. Не е за търсещи комфорта. Тя е като трон от тръни, към които се пристрастяваш и вече меката мебел ти изглежда гладко скучна. Тя е обратното на "доброжелателна", тя е изследователски труд над злото.

Накратко - точният избор за тихите коледни празници на година като 2020.

P.S.
Не съм бил на повечето места описани в книгата, но познавам много добре историческите места в Берлин, включително тези свързани с превземането му. Да ги видя през очите на разказвача как оживяват, за да бъдат погубени, си беше покъртително преживяване. Имената на улиците, сградите и кварталите ... пренасят те там. Последните акорди са разрушенията в зоологическата градина - картината в движение е зловещо живописна.
Profile Image for Andrew.
718 reviews4 followers
March 22, 2009
Most of what has been said in criticism of this book has deeply misrepresented it: yes, there is horrible brutality well beyond simple war narration (which you will find in almost every post-WWI novel or non-fiction book). This brutality will disturb every reader (or should). Yes, some of the main character's sexual obsessions will make most readers squirm a bit even if they aren't exactly squeamish. But to read these elements as the basic character and most memorable aspects of the book is cherry-picking--it's not a question of poor interpretation but just poor representation of the actual experience of reading this book. The representation of bureaucracy and the rather Mann-like dialogues peppering the book are, I feel, much closer to the heart of the experience of reading the novel--this is what drives the book forward and this is what really finds a home in the reader.

I'm certainly not saying that everyone will find this book engaging, and I certainly dislike the attitude of some critics who are using this book to separate the wheat from the chaff, as it were. Asking anyone to read nearly a 1000 pages is a little presumptuous, and 1000 pages that contains maybe 75-100 extremely brutal and/or scatological pages even more so. I think the book justifies its inclusion of those 100 or so pages, and I think those 100 pages are critical to an understanding of the book, but I do not think they are, as they have been made out to be, the whole book, nor do they saturate the book. If you have merely been put off by the negative reviews, but were originally intending to read this book, please do.
Profile Image for Кремена Михайлова.
630 reviews208 followers
August 31, 2014
В началото се чудех има ли смисъл да я чета след толкова книги/филми за Втората световна война, за Холокоста… Но бързо стана ясно, че това няма да е книга за 1-5-20 милиона жертви – руснаци, поляци, евреи или германци. Тук става въпрос за нещо по-глобално – човечеството; и същевременно за отделната човешка личност. Всъщност не съм човек, който се интересува особено от политика и история. Тук и аз по-скоро изследвам Човека (или човека?). В крайна сметка всичко това е сторено от хора, не от извънземни…

Не бях чела/гледала достатъчно за гледната точка на нацистки офицери, по-често срещаме книги/филми от гледна точка на пострадалите (само наскоро ми се беше мернал един детайл в друга книга – как „работещият“ в концлагер германски офицер също е човек, който сутрин целува жена си и детето си, преди да тръгне за „работа“).

Забелязах, че първата глава се нарича Токата, погледнах по-нататък и видях, че и другите глави имат наименования на части на сюита – Сарабанда, Менует, Жига… Позабравила съм особеностите на тези музикални форми, но със сигурност подчертават и афинитета на въпросния есесовец към музиката, изобщо към изкуствата. Във филми и книги сме виждали, че повечето нацисти много харесват класическата музика. Защо съм си представяла погрешно, че тя е запазени за „възвишени“ хора извън тази идеология?! А нацисткият офицер в книгата се интересува от музика, литература, философия.

Особено интересно (противно) е „обосноваването“ на войната и Холокоста, това обосноваване е още по-отчайващо за мен. Чудовищност без мозък или чудовищност с мозък. Кое е за предпочитане? Ако изобщо... И наистина всичко звучи почти интелектуално, в никакъв случай първично-животинско. „Заедно с Томас и д-р Фрай, бивш служител на SD, преминал като Томас в Staatspolizei, бях започнал да разисквам интелектуалните корени на националсоциализма.“

В началото на книгата вниманието ми привличаха отделни думички: „ненужни еврейски жени и техните деца“??! Също така: „изкуство“, “играчка“, „елегантно“. Какви хубави любими думи. А ето как са използвани: „…военното изкуство“; „Газът, обясни той, е по-елегантно средство.“; „Затвореният херметически камион използваше собствените си отработени газове, за да задуши намиращите се вътре хора; действително, на това решение не му липсваше нито елегантност, нито икономичност.“; за въпросния газов камион: „Блобел бе въодушевен: новата играчка му харесваше, нямаше търпение да я изпита.“ Още: „специална обработка“ (умъртвяването, т.е. убийствата на евреите) – и не мисля, че този израз се използва, защото това е било голяма тайна, просто така наричат това деяние на НС бюрократичен език… За нова разновидност на газ за убийствата се казва „Много добре работи.“ Обектите на тези деяния се наричат с думите „осъдени“ и „пациенти“. И двете са абсурдни!

Дори офицер Ауе забелязва, че чрез bürokratisches Amtsdeutsch се избягва личната отговорност – използва се пасивна форма, не е ясно кой е извършителят: „бе решено“, „евреите бяха подложени на специални мерки“…

Интересно ми беше и решението много „специализирани“ думи от езика на нацистката бюрокрация да се оставят на немски, макар че се зачудих постига ли се желаният ефект при тези, които не знаят немски. Според мен определено допринасят за усещане на духа на националсоциализма и цялата му организация. Ето някои от „творенията“ на нацистката идеология – Rasenschande (расово oмърсяване), Entdeutschung (дегерманизация), Endlösung (окончателно решение) и т.н.

На немалко места в първите части има описания на природата, местното население, села, гари – навсякъде из необятните Полша, Украйна, Кавказ. Още един важен елемент - през 50-100 стр. има спомени за детството. Офицер Ауе се връща към тях от време на време наред с разностранните си разсъждения. Ненавистта към майката и анти-животът сигурно са оттогава: „сега мислите ми бяха от друг порядък, горчиви, изпълнени с омраза, с отсенки на срам. Кога бе започнало всичко това? Още от раждането ми? Възможно ли е никога да не бях успял да й простя моето раждане – това безумно арогантно право, което си бе присвоила?“ (Според мен не е случайно, че спомените за детството не са отделени в нов параграф – както разсъждава за нещо от войната Ауе, така изведнъж се връща в детството, а после пак внезапно без нов параграф се завръща във времето и мястото на Втората световна война).

Диалозите - много достоверно ми звучаха. Добре отразяват маниера на общуване в структурите на националсоциализма (но като книга-мемоар няма обичайната пряка реч, разказвачът ги предава в кавички, също няма и много нови абзаци и глави, доста монотонен текст – дори чисто визуално.)

Уникално изграден образ на главния герой - Максимилиан Ауе. Много е начетен и интелигентен, много исторически, лингвистични и идеологически изследвания са представени чрез него или чрез други герои. Но нервите му са доста нестабилни. Когато е на война, когато не е на война; заради детството си, заради раждането си (“Трябва да се радваш, че си жив. - Да се радвам, че съм жив? Струваше ми се толкова неуместно, както че съм се родил.“) А странната му и упорита „любов“ – чудех се дали про��то означава, че Макс се счита за неспособен да обича или да бъде обичан от друг, стига му да си има гарантираната любов на тази жена, макар че всичко това остава само в неговата глава…

Oсвен масовото изтребване често се показват предсмъртните страдания на единични „случайни“ хора – Макс Ауе попада на тях и му е тежко, не търпи да гледа… Струва ми се, че това не се дължи на дълбока хуманност - просто си е гнуслив човекът, има си някакви разбирания за справедливост и човечност, макар че иначе също е способен на най-гнусни мисли и действия.

Запомнящ се е пространственият разговор между нацисткия офицер и комунистическия „политрук“. Нацизъм ≈ комунизъм?!

Новото за мен в тази книга (въпреки смразяващите ужаси в нея - едва ли има нещо, което да не сме чели/гледали (или предполагали), че се е случвало по време на войната и в концентрационните лагери) - тук всичко е „обосновано“. Сигурно има доста чисто исторически книги с подобни опити за разкриване на причините, сигурно и на самите процеси срещу военнопрестъпниците след 1945 г. са чувани подобни обяснения. Но аз за първи път се срещам с тях. Чувала съм само, че обвиняемите на тези процеси искрено са недоумявали с какво са прегрешили (както и по-късно при войните в бивша Югославия).

Ето например частичка от пъзела на „обосновката“: И т.н. и т.н. подобни разсъждения от по много страници на различни теми, включително и конкретно за антисемитизма (а и за руснаците – единствените „равностойни“; само за поляците не ми стана много ясно – освен може би заради неудобното съседство и голяма численост, защо са считани за „ненужни“). Има размисли и за Бог, за Добро и Зло, анализи на религии, нации, преглед на различни философии… Много удобно прехвърляне на пълната отговорност върху Закона. Всичко това може да звучи убедително в някои аспекти, но за мен в крайна сметка всичко се свежда до едно: може да си „тираничен“, стиснат, егоистичен, суетен - каквото и да е, уж „лошо“ - но това не се приравнява на отнемането на човешки живот… в каквито и да е мащаби…

Не съм склонна да деля хората на мъже и жени (като Уилиам Уортън искам да мисля за тях като за близнаци) и не се включвам в популярното „ мъжете са такива…“, „жените са онакива…“. Сега с тази книга за войната не мога да не си мисля гневно за мъжете (може да има контратеза – къде са били жените, никаква роля ли са нямали). Тъкмо си задавах въпроса за „обикновените“ германци (примерно жените и другите, които не участват пряко във войната) – къде са били, какво са мислели, имат ли пръст в цялата работа – и Лител засегна и тази тема. Сам Ауе също го казва „ за да различи мъжете от жените, Бог е дал на мъжете простатата и войната“ (за простатата – във връзка с хомосексуализма). И докато за хомосексуалистите никога не ми е идвало отвътре да използвам онези обидни думички и изобщо да изпитвам и капка неприязън, за войната бих казала „Хей, момчета – с малките и големите войни!!!“ Чувала съм и нещо от рода, че войните били заради жени. Обаче в близките векове този „романтизъм“ на древността май липсва.

Относно “reductio ad absurdum“ на живота в Аушвиц – това сякаш изобщо е философията на самия Ауе за живота - ненужност. При тази негова изначална ненавист към живота и хората се запитах каква е „мотивацията“ на хора като него и откъде той намираше воля да драпа напред. За колегите му с по-голяма „жизненост“ (поне привидна) ми беше по-обяснимо как действат с ентусиазъм и устременост.

След известно прекъсване на книгата (за да не я нося на екскурзия) първите страници ме треснаха с цифри – сякаш се броеше и „селекционираше“ стока, а не човешки същества. Бройки, проценти – това са хората от лагерите. Производителност – това е висшата цел. С огромно усърдие извършват „работата“ си отговорните за лагерите офицери.

Любопитно беше заместването на масовите екзекуции с лагери (с „чистите“ газови камери) – освен икономическата цел, важно е било психичното здраве на преките извършители на масовите разстрели (озверяват все повече, срещат се садистични изблици, сексуални смущения и т.н.), затова са се погрижили за тях…
Садизмът на индивидуално ниво се обсъжда, но цялостното избиване на евреите („Endlösung”) не разглеждат от гледна точка на хуманността есесовците (единствено в по-стратегическо отношение е имало различни мнения по този въпрос, но не заради самите евреи като хора, а отново изцяло във връзка с интереса на Третия Райх).

Освен разсъжденията на главния герой мислите на офицери от обкръжението му също ми бяха любопитни – така се получава още по-цялостна картина на обясненията на нацизма и изобщо действията на Германия по време на войната. Разбрах, че е било необходимо да познавам и Първата световна война, преди да се опитвам да сглобя цялостната картина на Втората. И ако можах да си представя „основанията“ и вярванията на висшия ешалон на нацистката идеология, все още ми е трудно да проумея мащаба на вълната от последователи.

Друг „герой“ (групенфюрер Мюлер) разсъждава глобално и с перспектива. Самият Ауе дори убедено заявява (за свой колега във връзка с евакуирането на евреите): „Той не беше единствен, всички бяха като него, и аз бях като него, и вие също, на негово място щяхте да сте като него.“ Дори обяснява, че има други виждания по въпроса за евреите - човек на мисълта е той, не е някой безумен последовател (но това не пречи на пълната му лоялност и следване на политиката на Фюрера).

Смазващо ми подейства, че дори изпитва съжаление към „осъдените“ евреи (но наистина това никак не влияе на действията му) или би по-скоро към себе си?!. Може би по-лесна е била досегашната ми представа за есесовците като абсолютни зверове?!

Когато наближи краят на войната, в мен не настъпи облекчение – тогава се вижда най-добре цялата разруха - материално и духовно опустошение, изумително безсмислие – за всички. Ужасяващо би било в този момент (края на войната) човек да си зададе въпроса – „Защо беше всичко това?!“

На фона на целия ужас сълзи рядко имаше, реагирах по-скоро на оскъдната проява на добро – когато при отстъплението си нацистите извеждаха евреите от лагерите (не от хуманизъм, а за да запазят работна ръка за заводите), по селата местните се опитваха да им подадат хляб (разбира се опитите биваха грубо пресичани).

Които са чели книгата и си спомнят стр. 777 (до към 780), сигурно ще се съгласят, че това е един от най-потресаващите моменти (бандата на момчето Адам). Ако не в цялата книга, то тук със сигурност се чудех как с този „ресурс“ Европа след това все пак е станала горе-долу нормална… За втори път ми се случва (след „Майките“) да оправдая използването на крайна агресия (деца?!) като предупреждение. При сцените след 777 си позволих абсурдния въпрос „Нужна ли е била Втората световна война“ и абсурдния отговор – може би е било нужно да се стигне до подобни крайности, за да бъде след това Европа друга – дори и с това поколение, което беше описано (Адам & co). Докато цялата книга ми се струваше реалистична, тези страници си бяха направо сюрреалистични (подобно усещане имаше и в „Среднощни деца“ и „Правек и други времена – пак във връзка с войни).

Няма как да кажа обичайното „хареса ми много“ тази книга. Понякога за книги дори „само“ от 600 стр. съм казвала, че би било добре да са примерно 300-400. За този роман от около (реално – заради дребния шрифт) 1000 стр. нямах чувството, че нещо е излишно, макар че някои моменти наистина минавах по-бързо. Изобилното присъствие на всякакви физиологични нужди според мен не е самоцелно или просто за да изглежда по-гадно всичко, може би основна метафора.

По-гнусна книга не съм чела, всъщност не чета просто гнусни книги, но тук това има друг смисъл. Сигурно няма друга подобна книга, която бих прочела – друг вкус имам, друга чувствителност. Но ми беше необходима. Почти не съм имала колебания дали да я оставя. Все пак не я четох с напълно отворено съзнание, реших да „пусна завесата“ малко и да не се вживявам толкова в жестокостите, извращенията.

Авторът ми се стори изненадващо млад за толкова грандиозно произведение. Сякаш Лител е присъствал, бил е пряк свидетел. Може би просто е „голяма глава“? :) (съответно трудът на преводача е къртовски). Възприемам книгата не както „обикновената“ художествена литература, а като информативно-аналитична творба. За мен важна думичка от тази книга беше „безсилие“. Но изненадващо не се отчаях от същността на човешкия род и перспективата за неговото бъдеще. Може би благодарение не на книгата, а на следващите десетилетия в Европа, макар и не съвсем безоблачни…
Profile Image for Sarah.
Author 11 books370 followers
December 26, 2009
Reading “The Kindly Ones” is like roaming around a dilapidated mansion – it begs you to explore; it is both fascinating and repulsive. The book is very ambitious, and it’s a pleasure to read literature that takes on a serious if uncomfortable subject, and literature that takes itself seriously. I would have given this five stars, and I do find it largely successful, but there are some snags in the subplot that don’t quite work.

The overarching historical plot works well. The protagonist, Maximilien Aue, visits the WWII hot spots: Babi Yar, Stalingrad, Auschwitz, and Berlin as it falls. I found the perspective gripping. And rather than finding his interaction with actual notorious Nazis ridiculous - Himmler, Speer, Eichmann, Höss, Mengele, Hitler and Bormann, his mustache brush - I found the approach better than fictionalizing the bigwigs with aliases we’d have to guess at. Mostly, I appreciated the point of view – I’ve read other WWII novels but few if any in which we’re escorted through by a perpetrator of the Holocaust. It’s a privileged if disgusting view. While there is obscene crime in the book, no need to get all righteous about it and refuse to read on. (If your stomach is weak, don’t even try this book.) The protagonist would tell you that everything that happened in WWII was caused by human beings, not monsters or genetic mutants. Aue himself doesn’t seem designed to represent some horrid beast. For the most part, he appears to be a cultivated, educated but otherwise ordinary man sucked into the infernal machine.

And yet – and here comes my problem with the subplot – he’s not some ordinary man. He is one fucked-up cookie with some heavy issues, mostly being obsessively in love with his twin sister, with whom he longs to be one. And he unfairly despises his French mother, whom he feels betrayed his German father, thus setting up psychologically Aue’s allegiance to the Fatherland. And he is not just compelled to murder as a consequence of war, but he’s also an out-and-out murderer. Aue would also have preferred to be a woman. No sin there, but definitely not some ordinary guy tricked into doing the devil’s business. His sexual perversions don’t stop at desiring his sister. He also gets it on with a specially whittled tree branch at the tail-end of an excessive and prolonged masturbatory orgy. The fantasies! Ugh. I was both surprised and not surprised that “The Kindly Ones” won the “Bad Sex Award” for fiction in 2009. Not for sex that takes place – rather a wet dream. Oy.

At the end, Aue is pursued both by oncoming Russians but also by “the kindly ones,” aka the Furies, for his personal crimes. I both enjoyed this mix of main plot/subplot and found it distracting. And in all cases, Aue knows he is guilty and yet doesn’t seem to regret anything, for various reasons.

On the downside, the author does tend to go off on tangents that can be worse than tedious – they’re sometimes hard to follow. Many deal with bureaucratic issues, but for me the most exasperating was the long monologue on Caucasian linguistics by Aue’s friend Voss. I suppose the point about the difficulty and/or futility of being able to identify a language’s/people’s true origins was clear, still the author really begged the reader’s patience. I can only imagine that such passages are intended to play up the contrast of how tedium exists alongside horror. Nevertheless, whereas I would have given up on other books, this was too interesting to put down. Once the dull spots were slogged through, it was easy to get caught up again.

My favorite parts of the book were the hallucinatory segments. When Aue’s arm frees itself from his body of its own accord and goes off shooting wildly, disconnected from him. When he is shot in Stalingrad and suddenly he’s swimming the Volga, then floating about in a dirigible with a mad scientist type. When the masturbatory episode exhausts itself and Aue imagines a dead figure in the snow.

Finally, I liked the figure of Helene. It was important to me that she was part of the book. The scene where Aue tells her what the deal out east really is brings it home for me. She says the German people will have to pay for their crimes, and Aue responds, yes, if they lose, their enemies will be pitiless. But Helene says even if the Germans win they are going to pay. So true! I found her a sobering anchor-point in this sprawling book. Unfortunately, Helene has to be abandoned, because Aue is guilty and condemned and although human, he must be divorced from human comfort.
Profile Image for SAM.
279 reviews5 followers
September 11, 2019
Max Aue made it to the big time in the higher echelons of the Nazi regime and years later he’s decided to write his biography in an attempt to cleanse his soul and set the record straight.

I’m going to review and score each chapter:

1. Toccata – Max lays down his intentions to tell his story. A good opening chapter that immediately lures you in and makes you pay attention. 4/5

2. Allemande 1 & 2 – Max is in Ukraine as an officer in the extermination squads who are systematically executing Jews, Communists and Soviets; thousands are nonchalantly disposed of. What’s so disturbing isn’t the act of killing or the number of deaths but the blase language the officers use to plan the most effective method. There is a sizable chunk written about language origin, which went on way too long but otherwise a strong chapter which sets the tone for the rest of the book. 4/5

3. Courante – Max is re-assigned to Stalingrad just before the Germans capitulate. He is witness to the deplorable conditions and poor decision making that ultimately leads to their defeat. The prose is superb as the author paints a hauntingly bleak picture of one of the pivotal battles of WW2. 5/5

4. Sarabande – Max is recovering in Berlin after the brutality of Stalingrad. He decides to visit his Mother for the first time in many years. We learn more about his family past and his ‘special’ relationship with his sister. This chapter is a kind of interlude which temporarily shifts focus away from the War. 5/5

5. Menuet en Rondeaux – Max is now working for Himmler and is sent on a supervisor/investigatory mission to the famous concentration camps. He tries to improve the camps conditions with a better diet and less hostile treatment from the guards, which would ultimately increase productivity but he soon realises that murdering the Jews is more important than manufacturing for the war. The longest and probably the standout part of the book as it provides an insight into ‘The Jewish Question’ that goes beyond the well documented death toll. 5/5

6. Air – Berlin is falling so Max takes refuge in his Sisters empty house. He temporarily loses his mind and has several sexually degrading visions of his sister. This went on too long and seemed to be the author indulging in his warped, pornographic fantasies. It’s relevant to Max’s character but becomes repetitive. 2/5

7. Gigue – The inevitable fall of Berlin as Max describes the utter chaos and destruction of his beloved city. It’s a fitting and worthy ending to a brilliant book. 4/5

This book is unbelievably dense with only seven chapters spanning 975 pages. The text is small and fills each page like a relentless black wave with no let up but at no stage was i tempted or driven to the point of giving up even though the task of reading this mammoth novel seemed endless. I read this over a two week period whilst reading something else concurrently as i realised from page 1 that time and patience were required. This isn’t a book you can just burn through; it requires your full attention.

One of the main feelings i have taken away from The Kindly Ones is the utter futility of the majority of our actions. Even when it becomes apparent that Germany will be on the losing side Max is still required to write and file his reports with the powers that be. Surely fictional Max would look back on those six years of WW2 and cry in horror at the hours he wasted writing reports that ultimately burned to ash. But this resonates in every job i’ve ever had. I sit at my desk filling in sales spreadsheets and processing orders that nobody will care about in five years. It’s insane!
Profile Image for Dagio_maya .
1,107 reviews350 followers
September 12, 2021
"Vi ricordo che «Führerworte haben Gesetzeskraft»,
la parola del Führer ha forza di Legge.
Dovete resistere alla tentazione di essere umani"



Dentro l'Uomo c'è la Bestia o dentro la Bestia c’è l’Uomo?
Questo ci si chiede leggendo “Le benevole” quest’opera mastodontica che potrebbe essere un saggio di storia per tanta minuzia c’è nella descrizione di manovre, armi e strategie di guerra.
Potrebbe essere un trattato etnografico con pagine che snocciolano la storia dei popoli caucasici. Potrebbe essere tanto altro se non ci fosse l’ufficiale SS, omosessuale, Maximilien Aue, il cui corpo invade prepotentemente le pagine.
.
«Fratelli umani, lasciate che vi racconti com’è andata.»


Così Max Aue comincia a raccontare.
In fondo è solo una questione di Weltanschauung?
Una concezione del mondo con occhi diversi?

Dopo aver letto pagine e pagine in cui i sopravvissuti dell’Olocausto condividevano quegli atroci ricordi questo salto della barricata non è facile da digerire.
Le memorie sono quelle di uomo che fa carriera nell'apparato burocratico nazista.
Un uomo colto, appassionato di musica e letteratura.

Dalla tormentata Europa dagli anni’30 al termine della guerra, lo scrittore franco-americano Jonathan Littell ci fa attraversare le frontiere della Francia (il luogo dei ricordi e della colpa primordiale), della Germania (dove ha luogo la formazione nazionalsocialista) e allungandosi ad Est, lo scenario dove inizia il Regno della Morte.
Dalla Polonia al Caucaso.
Dal Caucaso a Stalingrado.
Una striscia di sangue che si allarga e imputridisce

"L’odore era immondo; e quell’odore, lo sapevo, era l’inizio e la fine di tutto, il significato stesso della nostra esistenza."

Tenebre.
Male allo stato puro.
Vendetta.
Pazzia.

Tutto già annunciato dal titolo:
le Benevole altro non sono che le terribili mitologiche Erinni; così chiamate per ingraziarsele ed attenuare la loro furia.

Chiudo il libro con una leggera nausea che, a dire il vero, è stata costante durante questa lettura.

Non un girone infernale ma un viaggio in tutto il regno di Lucifero.


«Allora, qual è la cosa piú atroce che ha visto?» Sventolò una mano: «L’uomo, ovviamente!»

[Lo consiglio?
Ni.
Dipende da chi mi sta facendo la domanda...]
Profile Image for Michel.
402 reviews139 followers
March 17, 2009
The English translation of les Bienveillantes is a travesti. All the sardonic irony and the disgust of the author for his protagonist is lost; imagine taking seriously the Blagojevich defence (I am being punished for doing the right thing for the people who voted for me)!
It starts with the double-entendres (the word 'bienveillant' means 'kind' of course, but it can also denote watchfulness, or paternalism or 'meaning well', depending on the context) when ambiguity is the book's medium; then it misses the nuances of mode, tense and syntax.
There is indeed something "pointlessly depraved" and "deeply wrong" about this book: its subject matter, those ordinary people who could kiss their children goodnight and go to sleep with a clear conscience after spending each day doing hundreds of acts of degradation, terrorizing, torture and abject murder (each one of these acts would have landed them in jail had they done it to an animal). By eradicating Jews, homosexuals, insane, homeless, communists and handicapped, they were just improving the gene pool.
What this book does is make it impossible for us to dismiss the nazis as inhuman monsters we have nothing in common with. The torturers are all too human and that's why this book is so uncomfortably ambiguous. And their lack of remorse is echoed in our society too, not just by the KKK and their lynchings, or by those who set to cure homosexuality with a baseball bat, but also by those who advocate punishing the poor for their misfortune, or segregate people for their sexual orientation: the act itself is of course less despicable, but the selfrighteousness is the same.
If you can't stand to look at that, then indeed you have the power of "closing the book and throwing it in the trash". The rest of us are left with the gnawing uncertainty: how much of a hatemonger am I? It's only a matter of degree, not a difference in nature.
Profile Image for Roberto.
627 reviews1 follower
January 3, 2018
In tempo di guerra il cittadino perde il diritto di non uccidere

La curiosità personale mi ha portato nel corso degli anni a leggere, tra le altre cose, molti libri sulla seconda guerra mondiale, sul nazismo e sull'olocausto. Ho purtroppo trovato la maggior parte di questi incompleti, perché si limitavano alla descrizione dell'effetto senza addentrarsi nella comprensione delle cause. Forse solo "Le origini culturali del Terzo Reich" di Mosse ha soddisfatto parzialmente la mia curiosità di capire le ragioni per cui un popolo eccezionalmente colto come quello tedesco abbia potuto fare ciò che ha fatto.

In particolare mi hanno sempre abbastanza infastidito gli stereotipi tipici da film americano, il tedesco spietato che uccide per pura cattiveria, i campi di concentramento nati apposta per sterminare persone, l'organizzazione nazista un cumulo di psicopatici spietati e assetati di sangue, tutti gli altri buoni, eroici, innocenti e senza macchia.

Ho sempre avuto l'impressione che per capire ciò che sia veramente successo sia necessario avere uno sguardo distaccato, evitando di dare giudizi affrettati ed entrando nel merito, anche se ciò è difficile e doloroso.

Sguardo che in questo libro ho trovato finalmente; lo sguardo, come dicevo prima, di colui che cerca di capire, senza necessariamente giustificare.

Littell sceglie di usare la forma romanzo, nonostante l'approfondimento storico sia encomiabile, forse perché un saggio sarebbe stato probabilmente meno efficace e interessante.
Quale punto di osservazione migliore se non quello di un giovane ufficiale delle Schutzstaffel (SS)? Perfetto, ignorante, e cattivissimo? Nooo, coltissimo, ariano e musicofilo, anche se un tantino depravato. Un uomo che in un determinato momento della sua vita si trova obbligato a eseguire degli ordini, obbligato a uccidere.

"Essere libero significa essere vassallo, come dice il vecchio proverbio tedesco"

Da lui impariamo a conoscere l'organizzazione nazista, implacabile sì ma anche piena dei tipici difetti burocratici delle grandi organizzazioni. Ma incredibilmente con una catena di comando cortissima, visto che quasi tutti gli ordini venivano da un ristretto numero di ufficiali di alto rango il cui dire era indiscutibile. Alla fine si trattava di una sorta di oligarchia.

La Germania nazista era una macchina. Una macchina di propaganda (efficacissima), una macchina di guerra (efficientissima), una macchina di controllo dei singoli (implacabile), una macchina di gestione del sistema stato (ingegneristicamente funzionale, anche se inevitabilmente troppo burocratica).

Per i tedeschi il volere del singolo è subordinato al bene del popolo (Volk) e quindi ogni cosa deve andare nella direzione del miglioramento delle condizioni di tutti (grande differenza, nel bene e nel male, con la nostra mentalità!). L'uomo ideale deve essere onesto, leale, disinteressato, eroico (nel senso che si spende per il bene collettivo), non deve ammettere il compromesso, il sotterfugio e l'approfittarsi dell'altrui onestà (letteratura e musica tedesca sono lì a mostrarci eroi a modello). E l'ebreo era la rappresentazione dell'altra mentalità, ossia quella del singolo che per il proprio tornaconto si approfitta del prossimo "onesto".

"La più alta moralità consiste nel superare le inibizioni tradizionali per ricercare il bene del Volk."

In merito agli ebrei c'erano due scuole di pensiero diverse nel Reich, una politica e una funzionale. Quella politica riteneva che gli ebrei dovessero essere espulsi/eliminati insieme a quegli elementi imperfetti che non soddisfacevano i criteri dell'individuo ideale. Quella funzionale prevedeva invece l'utilizzo di queste persone per il lavoro, fondamentale per la sopravvivenza dello stato in tempo di guerra.

Questo dualismo di visione e la burocrazia esistente di fatto incepparono la macchina. Da una parte i prigionieri venivano spostati con criteri meramente logistici nei luoghi dove potessero lavorare, dall'altra nessuno se ne curava e quindi morivano di fame e di stenti o venivano eliminati. Qui Littell in sostanza dice che i prigionieri dei campi di concentramento erano uno strumento di lavoro di cui però i tedeschi si servirono in modo imperfetto tanto da ucciderne la maggior parte, facendo alla fine un clamoroso autogol. E che la morte di donne vecchi e bambini fu dovuta a carenza di risorse (da un certo punto in poi i tedeschi non riuscivano ad alimentare sufficientemente nemmeno i propri soldati), più che a una volontà di eliminazione.

Un punto abbastanza importante è questo: i prigionieri in tempo di guerra interessano ben poco, anzi costano sforzi per la loro gestione. Da qui l'imperativo di trovare un modo per trattarli in modo efficiente. Alcuni usarono la deportazione in campi (tedeschi, russi), altri l'eliminazione diretta. In ogni caso nessuno usò i guanti di velluto (stupri, uccisioni, impiccagioni, fosse comuni, marce forzate fino alla morte etc).

"La guerra totale è anche questo: il civile non esiste più, e tra il bambino ebreo gasato o fucilato e il bambino tedesco morto sotto le bombe incendiarie c’è soltanto una differenza di strumenti; quelle due morti erano altrettanto inutili, nessuna delle due ha abbreviato la guerra, neppure di un secondo; ma in entrambi i casi l’uomo o gli uomini che li hanno uccisi credevano che fosse giusto e necessario"

Tutto ciò è ben documentato nel libro con dovizia di particolari. Alla fine, la violenza è tanta da causare una sorta di assuefazione, come quella del medico che dopo un po' che opera tende a spersonalizzare il paziente per poter continuare a vivere.

"Si è usato molto, dopo la guerra, il termine «disumano», per tentare di spiegare ciò che era accaduto. Ma il disumano non esiste. Che cos’altro è un ufficiale tedesco se non un buon padre di famiglia che voleva dar da mangiare ai suoi figli, e che ubbidiva al suo governo, anche se in coscienza non era del tutto d’accordo? Se fosse nato in Francia o in America, sarebbe stato definito un pilastro della sua comunità e un patriota; ma è nato in Germania, e quindi è un criminale. La necessità è una dea non soltanto cieca, ma anche crudele. Per un tedesco essere un buon tedesco significa obbedire alle leggi e quindi al Führer: di moralità non ce ne può essere altra, perché non c’è niente che potrebbe costituirne le basi. Se quindi si vogliono giudicare criminali le azioni tedesche durante questa guerra, è a tutta la Germania che bisogna chiederne conto e non ai singoli.

Ogni domanda nel libro ottiene una risposta, in modo diretto o indiretto. Mille pagine, pochissime delle quali ho trovato superflue (forse quelle più specificatamente dedicate al protagonista, personaggio d'invenzione, e alle sue perversioni sessuali direi quantomeno monotone). Mille pagine in cui la mia attenzione è stata massima, senza mai un calo di interesse.

Come dicevo, il libro non tenta di giustificare ciò che successe, ma solo di comprenderne le dinamiche. Forse alla fine ciò che emerge chiaro è che non esistono crimini di guerra. Esiste solo la criminalità della guerra.

Per me un libro cardine sull'argomento.
Profile Image for piperitapitta.
1,050 reviews464 followers
September 17, 2017
Un esorcismo lungo novecentoquarantatré pagine

durante il quale Max Aube, ufficiale delle SS, omosessuale, incestuoso, coprofilo, disturbato psichicamente, ma sorprendentemente psichicamente glaciale, ci prende per mano e come un novello Virgilio ci accompagna lungo un terrificante giro all'Inferno, dove li incontreremo proprio tutti i dannati: dagli ignavi agli accidiosi, dagli eretici ai violenti contro il prossimo e contro se stessi, dai bestemmiatori ai sodomiti, dai ladri ai traditori per la patria, dai lussuriosi ai golosi.
Ci immergeremo nel fango, cammineremo nella neve (come ebbe già modo di scrivere @Paolodel VentosoEst nella sua prima recensione) ci copriremo di sangue come lui, al quale, con agghiacciante cinismo, alla fine non resterà altro da fare che cambiarsi d'abito e, immacolato, uscire finalmente a riveder le stelle.
Profile Image for Teresa.
1,492 reviews
April 26, 2017
"...que triste é isto que encontro!
Se não te interpretasse bem estaria surdo e cego,
E embora entenda o que dizes ensombra-me o pensamento."

Robert Browning, "A Toccata of Galuppi's"

1. Toccata
Jonathan Littell escreve um romance monumental sobre a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Embora seja filho de judeus, fá-lo sobre o ponto de vista dos nazis o que torna esta obra uma peça original e fascinante, quer pelo conteúdo histórico e humano, quer por abalar a consciência do leitor, obrigando-o a questionar-se sobre o que faria nas mesmas circunstâncias.
"Os filósofos políticos têm feito notar muitas vezes que em tempo de guerra o cidadão, do sexo masculino pelo menos, perde um dos seus direitos mais elementares, o de viver (...) Mas raramente notaram que o mesmo cidadão perde ao mesmo tempo um outro direito, igualmente elementar e talvez ainda mais vital, no que diz respeito à ideia que faz de si próprio enquanto homem civilizado: o direito de não matar."
2. Allemandes
O livro está estruturado em sete capítulos, cada um tendo como título um tema musical, ao longo dos quais o narrador, qual bailarino do inferno, subjuga o leitor perante uma dança de morte, representada pela guerra e pelos demónios que ela gera nos homens.

3. Courante
As Benevolentes, ou Erínias, são as deusas da vingança que têm como missão castigar os homens pelos seus crimes (a leitura do mito de Orestes, e a sua associação a Aue, ajuda a compreender e tirar conclusões acerca de algumas situações deixadas em aberto por Littell).

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William-Adolphe Bouguereau, The Remorse of Orestes

4. Sarabanda
Maximilien Aue é um jurista que durante a guerra integra as SS, tendo como missão garantir a eficiência dos campos de concentração explorando, pelo trabalho, os mais fortes e eliminando os inúteis. Essencialmente, o seu trabalho consiste em acompanhar e vigiar os "técnicos" e os "executores" e elaborar relatórios para os seus superiores. Não toma, voluntariamente, acção nas tarefas de morte, nem se questiona muito sobre o que faz e vê, pois entende que tem de fazer o que lhe mandam. Vive atormentado de paixão pela única pessoa que amou, e pelos seus fantasmas e demónios que exorciza através do sexo. Dirigindo-se ao leitor faz uma confissão de quem foi, do que fez e no que se tornou. Não é o alemão cruel, mas também não o alemão bonzinho, ou seja, não é carrasco nem é vítima; é apenas um ser humano que se preocupa apenas consigo próprio e que faz tudo pela sua sobrevivência. Um ser, aparentemente, abominável, mas que esta leitora, a quem ele mostrou a sua alma, não consegue odiar...
"Os que me lêem nunca poderão dizer: Não matarei, é impossível; poderão dizer quando muito: Espero não matar."
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Edvard Munch, Self-Portrait in Hell

5. Minuete
Hitler, Himmler, Mengele, Eichmann, Höss, Goebbels são alguns dos bem conhecidos burocratas responsáveis pela perda de milhões de vidas - na sua maioria russos e alemães - e pelo genocídio de cerca de seis milhões de judeus, cujos planos de "solução final" eram discutidos e fundamentados como se tratassem de insectos a exterminar por forma a preservar a sobrevivência do povo alemão.

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Jose Clemente Orozco, The Clowns of War Arguing in Hell

6. Air
Nas minhas opiniões sobre um livro tenho tendência a sintetizar o meu pensamento e elaborar opiniões curtas, mas em relação a As Benevolentes, cuja leitura foi extremamente perturbadora, os pensamentos e sentimentos atropelam-se-me e sinto alguma dificuldade em calar a mente; seria capaz de estar horas e dias a falar sobre este livro, particularmente sobre Aue que considero uma das personagens mais complexas, profundas, terríveis e fascinantes da literatura. Sem dúvida, que este é um dos livros mais marcantes que já li e, certamente, sempre que ler ou ouvir falar sobre nazismo lembrar-me-ei de Maximilien Aue.

7. Giga
Recomendo este livro mas apenas a leitores corajosos. As descrições das atrocidades, sofridas pelas vítimas e por alguns carrascos, são de uma crueza arrepiante que nos obrigam a interromper a leitura, tentando-nos a abandonar definitivamente o livro; também certas reacções fisiológicas de Aue podem tornar-se repugnantes para um leitor mais sensível; assim como a descrição das suas experiências sexuais, fora do comum, podem provocar alguma repulsa.
"Se nasceram num país ou numa época em que não só ninguém aparece para matar as vossas mulheres, os vossos filhos, mas em que ninguém aparece também para vos dizer que matem as mulheres e os filhos dos outros, dêem graças a Deus e vão em paz."
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