Suffragettes is not an historical account of the women’s movement written by Joyce Marlow, which in a way is a pity. Marlow is the historian most sympathetic towards movements from below to support the rights of oppressed groups. Her books on Peterloo and the Tolpuddle Martyrs were especially moving. If anyone could write a sensitive and interesting book about the suffragette movement, it is Marlow.
Instead Marlow acts as editor to an anthology of short written pieces penned by the suffragettes themselves. There are brief interruptions by Marlow, where she provides us with the historical background, but these are often just a paragraph or two. She also includes newspaper articles, and written accounts by anti-suffragists and other unsympathetic people.
Marlow has her own biases of course. She is less enthusiastic about the radical Pankhursts, and leans towards the gentler approach of Millicent Garrett Fawcett. This does not prevent Marlow from quoting the Pankhursts, or including extracts from suffragists who were sympathetic towards them.
In a similar way, Marlow presents the accounts of suffragists who suffered at the hands of the police or prison officers, but also produces the defence of their behaviour provided by senior figures. The reader is allowed to make up their own mind who they believe.
Who was right? The more extreme suffragettes such as the Pankhursts, who participated in destruction of property and disruption of public events? Or constitutionalists such as Fawcett, who wished to demonstrate the essential reasonableness of women, and their fitness to be allowed the vote?
In a way, the movement perhaps needed a little bit of both. The difficulty for moderates is that their pleasant, intelligent speeches are easily dismissed by patronising males and ignored in the Press. The more violent suffragettes may use controversial means that offend many, but they got the cause noticed. Perhaps it needed this more vigorous campaign before the milder suffragists stepped in again and allowed a peaceful resolution that would not have been possible with only the extreme suffragettes.
While the book is a series of personal accounts and newspaper articles, it somehow manages to tell the entire history of the suffragette movement, but mostly in their own words. We see the early suffragists fighting to be heard, and mostly being ignored.
We see the move towards more forcible tactics, the arrests and imprisonments, and the controversy surrounding this. We see the reaction against the suffragists, with anti-suffragist movements beginning, often comprising a largely female membership. We see the constant defeats in the attempts to get female suffrage included in parliamentary bills, and the splits in the movment. Finally we see the changes that led to some, and finally all women receiving the vote, and not having to wait until they were in their 30s to be given the chance.
It is part of the power of the more radical end of the suffragette movement that the cause is mostly remembered for its excesses – ballot papers and mail were destroyed, public meetings were disturbed, fires and bombs were employed, and arrested women went on hunger strike.
Less well-known, and probably deserving to be better-known, is the fate of many of those suffragettes who campaigned vigorously. They were frequently abused. They were physically and sexually assaulted by the crowds and by the police (if accounts are to be believed, and I believe them). It was not uncommon for suffragettes to leave meetings covered in bruises. No wonder some of the women hit back with more violent methods, though not against people.
Then there is the forcible feeding that was used against hunger striking suffragette prisoners, one of the darkest elements of the whole story. Unsanitary equipment was used, and the force with which the food was pushed into the women’s systems caused them to have serious health problems.
The government’s solution was to release them, but a Cat and Mouse Act added a new cruelty. Women were released when forcible feeding made them too ill, but had to return to prison to finish their sentence when they recovered – which meant more forcible feeding.
Perhaps the image some people have of suffragette activists is of shrieking harpies planning vicious attacks on public property. As their own accounts make clear, the truth was rather different. Often the perpetrators were nervous young women rushing into a building and expecting to be stopped at any minute. This was an amateur movement, and not some well-oiled terrorist organisation.
There is much to admire about the patience and courage of the suffragist movement – the large number of women (and a fair number of men) who turned out to fight for the cause despite numerous setbacks and constant dreary weather. It must have seemed as if even the British climate did not want women to have the vote.
The achievement was done in spite of, rather than because of the political establishment. Even the most radical politicians of the day such as Lloyd George proved to be unreliable allies. The Labour Party supported the cause, but gave it a lower priority. Perhaps understandably politicians were reluctant to tack female suffrage onto existing parliamentary bills for fear of losing the entire bill.
Yet when the decision to grant limited female suffrage finally came (still disenfranchising younger and working-class women), it is remarkable how quickly public and political opinion changed on the issue. Women MPs began to appear. The first female cabinet minister was accepted with little demur.
After ten years, Stanley Baldwin’s Conservative Party made female suffrage equal to that of men, open to everyone over the age of 21. In just ten years, that extension of women’s voting rights was passed by a right-wing party with hardly any opposition at all. The idea of women having a say in politics was now just as much a part of the norm as excluding women had been a short time before.
This is a fascinating book, and Marlow chooses her extracts very well. They tell much of the story and offer different perspectives on what happened. As Marlow perceptively realised, the story of how women gained their voting rights can be told perfectly by presenting what the contemporary women said about it, and what better way can there be of editing a book about female empowerment?