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Combat Liberalism

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6 pages, Paperback

First published September 7, 1937

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Mao Zedong

711 books569 followers
Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung, and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, statesman and leader of the Chinese Revolution. He was the architect and founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held control over the nation until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism–Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of policies, are collectively known as Maoism.

Mao rose to power by commanding the Long March, forming a Second United Front with Kuomintang (KMT) during the Second Sino-Japanese War to repel a Japanese invasion, and later led the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's KMT in the Chinese Civil War. Mao established political and military control over most of the territory formerly contained within the Chinese Empire and launched a campaign to suppress counterrevolutionaries. He sent the Communist People's Liberation Army into Xinjiang and Tibet but was unable to oust the remnants of the Nationalist Party from Taiwan. He enacted sweeping land reform by using violence and terror to overthrow landlords before seizing their large estates and dividing the land into people's communes. The Communist Party's final victory came after decades of turmoil in China, which included the Great Depression, a brutal invasion by Japan and a protracted civil war. Mao's Communist Party ultimately achieved a measure of stability in China, though Mao's efforts to close China to trade and market commerce, and eradicate traditional Chinese culture, have been largely rejected by his successors.

Mao styled himself "The Great Helmsman" and supporters continue to contend that he was responsible for some positive changes which came to China during his three decade rule. These included doubling the school population, providing universal housing, abolishing unemployment and inflation, increasing health care access, and dramatically raising life expectancy. A cult of personality grew up around Mao, and community dissent was not permitted. His Communist Party still rules in mainland China, retains control of media and education there and officially celebrates his legacy. As a result, Mao is still officially held in high regard by many Chinese as a great political strategist, military mastermind, and savior of the nation. Maoists promote his role as a theorist, statesman, poet, and visionary, and anti-revisionists continue to defend most of his policies.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 96 reviews
Profile Image for Ari.
136 reviews18 followers
March 27, 2021
I was introduced to Combat Liberalism by an anarchist who said something to me like, "I'm an anarchist, but Combat Liberalism slaps." I don't have Twitter, but if I were to go onto Twitter after reading this, I'm sure I'd see rampant opportunism everywhere among self-identified leftists. We must remember that what we do (assuming we do it) is for (and with) the masses and for revolution, not for our own careerist individualist aspirations. So much of it is still so relevant. Nowhere, it seems, is there a more concise record of what liberal behavior is, than this. Name one pamphlet that slaps harder.
Profile Image for M.
75 reviews58 followers
December 29, 2021
Now as far as I know, Mao never read the legal theorist and unrepentant Nazi, Carl Schmitt. But Schmitt’s thoughts on state, executive, law, and liberalism were known and discussed in academic circles for several years before 1949, with him being cited often by legal theorists of various sympathies.* It isn’t difficult to imagine, therefore, a sort of general diffusion of his rhetoric and definitions over time. I say all this because Mao’s Combat Liberalism offers a blunt taxonomy of liberalism which feels quite Schmittian, one that sees liberalism not as a political-economic philosophy, but instead as the moral and intellectual pathology of “weaklings and illusionists”* who will not or cannot face the fundamental distinction of politics: that between friend and enemy.

So far, so “…sure.” But where Schmitt throughout his writings—but most notably in Concept of the Political—is able to explain and then maul the assumptions and delusions of liberal-neutralists,* Mao seems content to list “eleven types of liberalism”, declare them bad, and end the piece. (For the record, Mao actually only lists eight types of liberalism. Points 2 and 5 are the same. Points 3, 6 and 8 are the same. One could argue 9 and 10 are the same too, but let’s not get distracted throwing popcorn at the screen.) We don’t come away from this with a deeper understanding of why anyone would commit themselves to liberalism (other than to just have an easy life), or what stakes are involved either in its perpetuation or its collapse. After a decade of civil war, I’m sure Mao could have had more to say about it than “it’s bad”.

Since liberals aren’t taken to be psychologically interesting at all, we are left with the total negative of the communist revolutionary: “We must use Marxism, which is positive in spirit, to overcome liberalism, which is negative.” Indeed, there can be no noble or humane reasons whatsoever for deciding not to rat out a family member for making a counter-revolutionary remark: “Liberalism is a manifestation of opportunism—“ And only that! “—and conflicts fundamentally with Marxism.”

What a fascinating insight.

See, Mao’s liberal is ultimately just someone who doesn’t really care about politics, or is only in it for a bit of clout or an excuse to gossip. I know a couple people like that, and they’ve never done me any harm. Perhaps the main issue I have with this pamphlet is in the way it encourages no curiosity about understanding the enemy whatsoever, or really understanding anything at all.

Go read the Concept of the Political instead if you can stomach reading a fascist. It’s much better.

- - - - -
NOTES:

[1] See: Ryan Mitchell, “Chinese Receptions of Carl Schmitt Since 1929” (2020)

[2] See: Carl Schmitt, “The Theory of the Partisan” (1963)

[3] “Just as liberalism discusses and negotiates every political detail, so it also wants to dissolve metaphysical truth in a discussion. The essence of liberalism is negotiation, a cautious half measure, in the hope that the definitive dispute, the decisive bloody battle, can be transformed into a parliamentary debate and permit the decision to be suspended forever in an everlasting discussion.” Carl Schmitt, “Political Theology” (2005)
Profile Image for Kevin.
10 reviews3 followers
March 11, 2023
Read it once, read it 3 times.

This piece is a Rosetta stone for working with others who are trying to unlearn and avoid bad habits found within Liberal organizational spaces and in society.

I could be convinced this piece was written in direct response to the Canadian condition. Passive aggressiveness, cliqués, leaving things unsaid for the sake of temporary peace.
Profile Image for s ☭.
164 reviews114 followers
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May 3, 2022
something about reviewers crying about how they want to live happy, peaceful, moderate lives instead of engaging in this "totalitarian" practice is just so funny to me like a) what does that even mean and b) what exactly were you expecting to find in an pamphlet titled "combat liberalism"
Profile Image for Sylvia Joyce.
Author 1 book9 followers
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January 30, 2023
Fascinating little read. Talks about the well intentions of liberal ideology, but the lack of commitment to action in the face of loss or discomfort. Definitely memorable.

"People who are liberals look upon the principles of Marxism as abstract dogma. They approve of Marxism, but are not prepared to practice it or to practice it in full; they are not prepared to replace their liberalism by Marxism. These people have their Marxism, but they have their liberalism as well--they talk Marxism but practice liberalism; they apply Marxism to others but liberalism to themselves. They keep both kinds of goods in stock and find a use for each. This is how the minds of certain people work."
Profile Image for Adrian.
102 reviews10 followers
December 25, 2019
Chairman Mao’s words in Combat Liberalism are poetic and refined. His eleven forms of liberalism are well said and really drive home the different ways it can infect the communards mind. This is a great text that I’ll revisit pretty often because it’s a good reminder text on how to be a good Marxist, principled, unwavering, and tight in beliefs. Not letting fascism, liberalism, incorrect ideology slide stands true as being something all Marxist should constantly adhere to in order to call themselves communists.
Profile Image for João Nunes.
42 reviews35 followers
May 1, 2023
Just brilliant, back in the day was the "Liberal attitude" inside the PCC. Incredible how that attitude defines a nowadays liberal.
Mao was seriously ahead of his time
Profile Image for Firas.
1 review
June 25, 2025
This is a core and critical text to all socialists and communists, especially to those organizing. I think that while this is a very disciplined approach towards, there are major obstacles to combatting liberalism in today’s society.

Mao defines liberalism as a rejection of ideological struggle which stands for unprincipled peace. Our modern capitalist bourgeois class society embeds liberalism into our behavior from the day we are born. Some of these types of liberalism listed in the text are second nature to many people and thus pose a challenge to the coming generation of communist and socialist leaders. Ideological struggle will not be a perfect process today as there are many influences to behavior that come through socialization, but surely it is worth every effort to commit to.

This is one of my first communist text reads, I’m sure I’ll be back in the future with a deeper analysis.
12 reviews
December 16, 2021
Basically saying you're a lib if you're not actively engaging in revolution.
Profile Image for B. Lança.
10 reviews4 followers
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May 19, 2025
A short but intense political essay in which Mao Zedong criticizes attitudes and behaviors that, in his view, weaken revolutionary discipline and unity within the Communist Party. Mao defines "liberalism" not in the Western political sense, but as a form of selfishness, laziness, or moral weakness that puts personal comfort or relationships above the interests of the revolution.

“Liberalism stems from petty-bourgeois selfishness, it places personal interests first and the interests of the revolution second.”

The essay lists eleven types of "liberal" behavior, such as avoiding criticism to keep the peace, gossiping instead of addressing problems directly, ignoring wrongdoing, or working passively without commitment.

“To let things slide for the sake of peace and friendship when a person has clearly gone wrong... The result is that both the organization and the individual are harmed.”

Mao sees all of these as signs of petty bourgeois thinking attitudes that harm the Party, disconnect it from the masses, and slow down the revolutionary cause.

Mao’s message is clear: a true Communist must be principled, disciplined, and always ready to confront mistakes both in others and in themselves.

“Only thus can he be considered a Communist.”

He calls for total dedication to the revolution, even if that means being harsh with friends or uncomfortable in conflict.

While the essay promotes unity and responsibility, it also reflects the authoritarian mindset that allows little room for dissent, individuality, or human imperfection, making even small acts of hesitation seem like betrayals.

“People... talk Marxism but practice liberalism; they apply Marxism to others but liberalism to themselves.”

In short, Combat Liberalism is a forceful call for ideological purity and collective discipline but one that risks turning moral rigor into intolerance and fear. Its historical importance is undeniable, but its harsh tone and rigid expectations must be viewed with critical care.

Note: Rating a deeply political and ideological document like Combat Liberalism with a star system can feel reductive or inappropriate, especially given its serious historical context and its role in shaping rigid Party discipline. it’s more insightful to treat it as a primary source for understanding Maoist thought and revolutionary behavior, particularly the dangers of enforcing ideological unity through suppression of individuality or criticism.
36 reviews
May 22, 2023
ty mao hero to all my autistic friends
Profile Image for ikki.
82 reviews5 followers
December 18, 2024
Very fascinating read, i definitely need to re study ideology.
Profile Image for Anthony.
387 reviews3 followers
December 3, 2022
Mao be speaking facts here. A powerful pamphlet highlighting that silence can’t be allowed. Speak up and speak out without fear of shame. The movement is all of us and everyone must do their part instead of passive apathy only when it’s appealing for us.

“Liberalism stems from petty-bourgeois selfishness, it places personal interests first and the interests of the revolution second, and this gives rise to ideological, political and or- ganizational liberalism.”

“People who are liberals look upon the principles of Marxism as abstract dogma. They approve of Marxism, but are not prepared to practise it or to practise it in full; they are not prepared to replace their liberalism by Marx- ism. These people have their Marxism, but they have their liberalism as well - they talk Marxism but practise liberal- ism; they apply Marxism to others but liberalism to them- selves. They keep both kinds of goods in stock and find
a use for each. This is how the minds of certain people work.”

A short accessible text that will sit with me for a while. To be a real revolutionary, you have to be actively engaging with it at every step, not simply when it’s beneficial for you.

Time to argue with family members about politics at get togethers I say.

Profile Image for Adrián.
76 reviews9 followers
January 14, 2021
No sé qué decir sobre este documento sin sentirme ignorante. Es mi primer acercamiento a Mao, cualquier cosa que escriba aquí no será fundada sino bajo mi subjetividad y desconocimiento histórico y teórico.

Mao coloca por encima de todo el carácter colectivista —desde el plano ideológico-subjetivo-individual— de una organización/partido comunista, queriendo extirpar de ella el liberalismo y sus vicios —hipocresía, condescendencia, apatía, egoísmo, indisciplina, complejos, personalismos, etc.—, y así, de este modo, definir mejor los trazos para la acción revolucionaria.

Creo que el punto a favor que tiene este pequeño texto está poner en evidencia, y resaltar con mucho énfasis, la necesidad de trabajar en las condiciones subjetivas para la realización de la revolución socialista. Por otro lado, me parece exagerado en algunos puntos, pero, decirlo así sin más, sería caer en lo burdo y desconsiderado, pues estaría ignorando los contextos inmersos.
Profile Image for Sperera7.
12 reviews
May 11, 2015
Mao Zedong was attempting to make China a Socialist republic. But there were some forces in the country that were trying to undermine that. One of those forces was Liberalism. So Mao released this work as a warning on how Liberalism can manifest itself and why it is harmful to the revolution. The themes of this book are Revolution, struggle and anger
Profile Image for Maxwell.
83 reviews3 followers
January 6, 2022
okay he literally goes off??
Profile Image for r..
137 reviews21 followers
April 18, 2025
Liberalism is extremely harmful in a revolutionary collective. It is a corrosive which eats away unity, undermines cohesion, causes apathy and creates dissension. It robs the revolutionary ranks of compact organization and strict discipline, prevents policies from being carried through and alienates the Party organizations from the masses which the Party leads. It is an extremely bad tendency.

Liberalism stems from petty-bourgeois selfishness, it places personal interests first and the interests of the revolution second, and this gives rise to ideological, political and organizational liberalism.

People who are liberals look upon the principles of Marxism as abstract dogma. They approve of Marxism, but are not prepared to practice it or to practice it in full; they are not prepared to replace their liberalism by Marxism. These people have their Marxism, but they have their liberalism as well--they talk Marxism but practice liberalism; they apply Marxism to others but liberalism to themselves. They keep both kinds of goods in stock and find a use for each. This is how the minds of certain people work.
9 reviews
August 13, 2024
“Liberalism rejects the ideological struggle and stands for unprincipled peace, thus giving rise to a decadent, philistine attitude and bringing about political degeneration in certain units and individuals in the Party and the revolutionary organizations.” —> “All loyal, active and upright communists must unite to oppose the liberal tendencies shown by certain people among us, and set them on the right path. This is one of the tasks on our ideological front.”
Profile Image for maggie.
71 reviews
January 23, 2025
go off!

it’s a pamphlet so it’s quite literally like 3 pages long but he is very much correct abt everything he says! def works better as a guide for organizing (which is the context in which it is written) rather than like. living life in the US
Profile Image for Cristian.
3 reviews
September 4, 2025
"Pero el liberalismo rechaza la lucha ideológica y defiende la paz sin principios, lo que da lugar a una actitud decadente y filistea, y provoca la degeneración política en ciertas unidades e individuos del Partido y las organizaciones revolucionarias".
Profile Image for Nidda (Bücherkarawane).
61 reviews3 followers
February 2, 2025
Eines der Dinge, die ich an Mao liebe ist, seine einfache Art Dinge zu schildern und nicht in tausend Nebensätzen, die sich über mehrere Seiten fassen.
21 reviews5 followers
February 26, 2023
Brief and only bangers contained within

“Liberalism stems from petty-bourgeois selfishness, it places personal interests first and the interests of the revolution second, and this gives rise to ideological, political and organizational liberalism.”
Profile Image for Angelo.
54 reviews72 followers
March 13, 2022
I found this by coincidence, and because it's only a few pages long, I read it.
If you want to learn something about liberalism, there are plenty of better books out there. But it does give a good insight into the totalitarian way of thinking.
The world view behind this wish-wash boils down to "everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state". Society is viewed as a machine, and people as nothing more than cogs in said machine. Friendship, joy, peace, love, moderation, and everything that makes life worth living are seen as worthless, societal malfunctions that slow down the machine.
Do this. Do that. Everyone is a potential enemy of the people. If that's your kink, you'll enjoy 'Combat Liberalism'. But, as you have probably already guessed, I'm not the kind of guy who wants to be kept in his place in the name of some fictional "greater good". Especially if this "greater good" makes life worse for everyone, as totalitarian ideologies of any colour always, and inevitably do.
I would still recommend that all, especially if they consider themselves part of the liberal left, read this short booklet, and seriously think about it. If this isn't enough to make you realize that totalitarian ideologues (of whatever political tribe) aren't, and never will be your friends, and in fact most likely consider you an enemy, I don't know what will.
Profile Image for finlay.
10 reviews
July 22, 2021
wow, you mean some of the thinkers i enjoy reading long memes about but have no intention of reading a whole one of their books sometimes drop short essays? looks like it.

while obviously written for people in an active warzone, yer man's pretty much right about killing not just the cop in your head, but all that binds us to liberalism and the old ways of doing things. also can see how the neitzchian hypermaoism links in with the deleuze bits anaw but honestly am jsut brain soup atm
Profile Image for Anu.
5 reviews
February 2, 2022
a couple of minutes read and certainly A must-read piece for all communists.
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
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