Published in 1908, Afäwärq Gäbrä Iyäsus's Tobia is widely considered the first Amharic novel. Originally titled Lib Wäläd Tarik (Fictional Story), the Ministry of Education and Fine Arts modernized the language and republished it in 1965/6, changing the title to Tobia after the protagonist. (Research indicates that Täklä Maryam Fantayé, a staff at the Ministry at the time, oversaw these revisions, including the title change.) The novel's original title may have contributed to the later adoption of "Lib Wäläd/Liboläd" (Novel) as a genre term for fictional narratives in Amharic.
Tobia depicts two antagonistic groups—Christians and those labeled "barbarians"—whose starkly contrasting lifestyles and beliefs fuel intense conflict. The narrative uses symbolic descriptions of their physical appearances to emphasize their perceived opposition, employing compelling narrative techniques such as vivid imagery or contrasting parallel scenes to heighten the tension. However, the narrative ultimately transcends this conflict, envisioning a unified society under a single religion and king.
Tobia remains a subject of ongoing scholarly debate and interpretation, sparking considerable discussion and analysis within Amharic literary studies. It has received both critical acclaim and criticism.