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Psychologia
Made Simple covers the development of psychology over the years and the basic psychological knowledge. The book describes the scientific approach to the study of the human nature, the physiological aspects of psychology, perception, and the processes of learning. The text also discusses John Dewey’s analysis of reasoning; creativity, logic, critical thinking, and divergent and convergent thinking; the nature of thinking; and the relationship between thinking and language. The process of remembering; intelligence and aptitudes and tests used to measure both; the basis of individual differences; and the psychology of infancy, childhood, and adolescence are also considered. The book tackles the theories of emotions and personality development, the role of motivation in personality development; personality adjustment and maladjustment; and the neurotic and abnormal personalities. Issues in social psychology are considered as well. Students taking psychology, social sciences and education will find the book invaluable.
- GenresPsychologyNonfiction
394 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1957
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Displaying 1 - 9 of 9 reviews
April 24, 2022
Wiedza Psychologiczna w pigułce. Skrótowo i wstępnie przedstawiono istotniejszejsze zagadnienia. Idealna na poziom między szkołą średnią, a początkiem studiów, związanych z psychologią
July 1, 2022
jak na ksiazke naukowa to nawet sie nie zanudzilam, polecam czytac w celach doswiadczenia, ja tak zrobilam i duzo zapamietalam z niej
przejrzalam ja i damn człowiek jest tak skomplikowana lecz zarazem intrygujaca jednostka w społeczeństwie😭😭
przejrzalam ja i damn człowiek jest tak skomplikowana lecz zarazem intrygujaca jednostka w społeczeństwie😭😭
May 23, 2015
Supposedly true
2 As the twig is bent, so the tree's inclined.
3 Forbidden fruit is sweetest.
4 Misfortunes make us wise.
5 Necessity is the mother of invention.
7 Once bitten, twice shy.
11 The fairer the paper, the fouler the blot.
12 The fairest apple hangs on the highest bough.
13 The master's eye makes the horse fat.
14 The watched pot is slow to boil.
16 What soberness conceals, drunkenness reveals.
17 What the heart thinks, the pulse betrays.
19 When the fox preaches, beware of your geese.
samples.sainsburysebooks.co.uk/978148...
"inescapable limit to the amount of experience, insight and intelligence that any one person can have."
Quotes
------
Generally speaking...can't be hypnotized against own will.
post-hypnotic suggestion (later)
A hypnotized subject wakes and takes a flower-pot from the window, wrap it in a cloth, put it on the sofa, and bow to it three times. When asked for his reasons he answers, 'You know, when I woke and saw the flower-pot there I thought that as it was rather cold the flower-pot had better be warmed a little, or else the plant would die. So I wrapped it in the cloth, and then I thought that as the sofa was near the fire I would put the flowerpot on it; and I bowed because I was pleased with myself for having such a bright idea.'
--rationalization
saccadic eye movements (speed reading) fixations; regression
sense of balance - semicircular canals
A photo is a scene as we receive it; a painting depicts as the artist perceives it. Pure sensation in our experiences is rare. You immediately associate unusual sounds, faces, etc (unconsciously a facet of the past).
personification of animals = anthropomorphism
Learning
A. discover or invent: Did you learn how to take the puzzle apart?
B. memorize (or all simultaneously)
C. become efficient: Did you learn how to drive a car? (or forming a habit)
AHA! Experience, Archimedes discovering principle of specific gravity while in bath..."EUREKA! I've found it...so delighted with the solution...unaware of his undignified nudity.
Trial-&-Error, Insight, & Reasoning
Tom, Dick, & Harry: bit.ly/1FGQ1VZ
incubation - seeming inactivity (2nd part of creative process starting with preparation)
laws of learning - intensity stimulus situation), organization (meaningful relationships), contiguity (t), exercise (repeated), effect (reinforcement), facilitation, interference
Money has value attached to it through indirect conditioning.
Distributed practice is more effective than massed practice. Two 20 mins of math are distinctly better to on 40 min session. Subjects requiring warm-up, however, study periods should be so short that too great a time is spent in the preliminary warming up.
Whole learning is usually better than part learning (beginning to end at each period). The other, part method, separating material in divisions, then mastering each before the next is not as fast as using the whole method. Only works when dividing the material into logical divisions. Meaningful material is 9 times as easy to learn as rote, or meaningless, material.
most economical method seemed to be the comb of 6 readings with 15 recitations
derived motives - sometimes make the original motive lose importance
How to beat a habit:
1. Make the involuntary habit voluntary; typists type "hte" for "the" by consciously practicing "hte."
2. Substitute in a new response; smokers replace response chain with gum (i.e., take, light, smoke => take, unwrap, chew)
Maintain resistance by publicly admitting/announcing it. Permit no return to old habit. And exercise new habit often.
Very rapid forgetting in the first few hours about atrophy theory (metabolism) and interference theory (behavior). Most everyday forgetting probably caused by interference and confusion of old/new. This learning confusion is called retroactive inhibition.
Mental maturity, ability to answer test Qs no longer improve, between 14-18. The generally accepted figure is 15.
Anger is a natural reaction to frustration.
Envy and jealousy are forms of possessiveness.
Affection nor desire can be aroused during fear or anger.
Emotion not only raises strength to its max, it also prolongs the time.
Guidelines for controlling emotion: First, face the emotion. Second reinterpret the situation. If too urgent, try seeing it with humor, detached realism. Unjustified laughter will help relieve tension. Third, engage in activity. Go walk a little ways, anything, just work off that steam.
distinguish between personality and temperament
Motive to kill - premeditate a murder, pub brawl death, officer of the law shoots one dead--each killed with intent--but judgment hinges direly on motive: death sentence, 10 years prison, (could be) commended
three types of sleep theories: blood-circulation theories, chemistry-of-body-tissue theories, sleep-center-in-the-brain (or nervous-system) theories
origin is not connected with the blood stream as two boys from Moscow (Galya & Ira)
To be free; to be in control?
Furnish own drive << habits acting as motives. Sailor, on leave, rowing in a park. Airline pilot spending vacation flying a private plane.
Social facilitation - esprit de corps
Higher motives & conscience - altruistic motives to sacrifice, dedication to ideals of truth, and the honor motive to behave morally even when no one sees
conscience - feelings associated with particular acts
Which motives are stronger? << Which movies win in a conflict?
THE CHOICE
Assuming subsistence motives satisfied, what factors besides bodily needs will determine preferences?
Intelligence, aptitude, fallacies about willpower, voluntary effort & will (power)
Note - when reserve is consumed, exhausted, means no further voluntary efforts (e.g., studying)
Anki
----
Gestalt concept of perception (1) similarity (2) proximity (3) continuity (4) closure.
24 pics/s = phi-phenomenon
20 000 cycles (sound frequency) max human range
2 X chromosomes = male; x & y chromosome = female
unvarying number of chromosomes: 48
12 000 minimum pairs of genes
David Whitney made list of dominant & recessive inheritance traits in humans (brown over blue or gray eyed) shortness is dominant over tallness (think: Mendel's flowers)
Ignace Paderewski - famous piano player often spent 8 hours/day practicing one page; Sonja Henie frequently practiced figure skating for 7 hours/day
--no greatness without industriousness~~unusual amount of application--sheer hard work
diminutive (nickname) Jr.
Constitution no one can be convicted only on his own evidence
sympathetic nerves - runs the body on an emergency (extreme cold, continuous pain, violent exercise or effort, and during fear or rage
parasympathetic nerves - keeps it running normally
James-Lange Theory - overt responses and bodily changes precede conscious feelings (e.g., feelings precede the other aspects of emotion)
old brain has sensations & controls automatic body & behavior responses; new brain experiences meaning & oversees deliberate behavior (and can override the old brain)
> Thematic Apperception test - asked write narrative on each of a series of pictures
> "Draw a person" test - sex, age, posture, emphasis, omission, etc assuming that the subject drew their idea of themself
Rorschach 10 inkblots (conclusions on pg 133)\
> free word association test - first that springs into mind after those read from a standard list: auriol.free.fr/parapsychologie/champi...
halo effect - rating them near the top/bottom on every trait based just on a few
error of generosity - rating people you know higher than strangers
extroversion-introversion describes three not one trait; combines three separate dimensions in one
high-end personality profile - psychograph
endomorph fatness, mesomorph muscular & ectomorph
endocrinology - study of hormone secretion (go too far saying that glands regulate personality)
cortex or bark
medulla produces adrenaline & cortex cortin
Thyroid Gland
base of the neck, in front of the windpipe
normally weighing less than an ounce
>> speeds up chemical activity, esp oxidation
hormone called thyroxin
>> when thyroxin low, chemical activity, or metabolism
falls so that the victim loses former vigor/alertness
>>> sinking to sluggish condition (myxedema) skin puffs, muscles/brain become inert, unable to concentrate nor think/act effectively
>>>> cure myxedema by eating the thyroid glands of sheep (or the glands extract, thyroid extract)
>>> excess of thyroxin causes restlessness, being tense, unstable & worried
>> embedded in the thyroid gland are 4 tiny parathyroid glands
gonads = sex glands
pituitary = master gland
pituitary sex hormone & pituitary growth hormone are antagonistic (excessive growth usually accompanied by sexual immaturity, while sexual precocity ~ stunted growth)
Most fundamental motives stem from you body physiology & chemistry (e.g., basic drive for a hungry baby)
Started by a drive, ended by an adjustment (which satisfies the motive)
Thwarting a drive causes it to become attached to many substitute stimuli and to many substitute responses
2 As the twig is bent, so the tree's inclined.
3 Forbidden fruit is sweetest.
4 Misfortunes make us wise.
5 Necessity is the mother of invention.
7 Once bitten, twice shy.
11 The fairer the paper, the fouler the blot.
12 The fairest apple hangs on the highest bough.
13 The master's eye makes the horse fat.
14 The watched pot is slow to boil.
16 What soberness conceals, drunkenness reveals.
17 What the heart thinks, the pulse betrays.
19 When the fox preaches, beware of your geese.
samples.sainsburysebooks.co.uk/978148...
"inescapable limit to the amount of experience, insight and intelligence that any one person can have."
Quotes
------
Generally speaking...can't be hypnotized against own will.
post-hypnotic suggestion (later)
A hypnotized subject wakes and takes a flower-pot from the window, wrap it in a cloth, put it on the sofa, and bow to it three times. When asked for his reasons he answers, 'You know, when I woke and saw the flower-pot there I thought that as it was rather cold the flower-pot had better be warmed a little, or else the plant would die. So I wrapped it in the cloth, and then I thought that as the sofa was near the fire I would put the flowerpot on it; and I bowed because I was pleased with myself for having such a bright idea.'
--rationalization
saccadic eye movements (speed reading) fixations; regression
sense of balance - semicircular canals
A photo is a scene as we receive it; a painting depicts as the artist perceives it. Pure sensation in our experiences is rare. You immediately associate unusual sounds, faces, etc (unconsciously a facet of the past).
personification of animals = anthropomorphism
Learning
A. discover or invent: Did you learn how to take the puzzle apart?
B. memorize (or all simultaneously)
C. become efficient: Did you learn how to drive a car? (or forming a habit)
AHA! Experience, Archimedes discovering principle of specific gravity while in bath..."EUREKA! I've found it...so delighted with the solution...unaware of his undignified nudity.
Trial-&-Error, Insight, & Reasoning
Tom, Dick, & Harry: bit.ly/1FGQ1VZ
incubation - seeming inactivity (2nd part of creative process starting with preparation)
laws of learning - intensity stimulus situation), organization (meaningful relationships), contiguity (t), exercise (repeated), effect (reinforcement), facilitation, interference
Money has value attached to it through indirect conditioning.
Distributed practice is more effective than massed practice. Two 20 mins of math are distinctly better to on 40 min session. Subjects requiring warm-up, however, study periods should be so short that too great a time is spent in the preliminary warming up.
Whole learning is usually better than part learning (beginning to end at each period). The other, part method, separating material in divisions, then mastering each before the next is not as fast as using the whole method. Only works when dividing the material into logical divisions. Meaningful material is 9 times as easy to learn as rote, or meaningless, material.
most economical method seemed to be the comb of 6 readings with 15 recitations
derived motives - sometimes make the original motive lose importance
How to beat a habit:
1. Make the involuntary habit voluntary; typists type "hte" for "the" by consciously practicing "hte."
2. Substitute in a new response; smokers replace response chain with gum (i.e., take, light, smoke => take, unwrap, chew)
Maintain resistance by publicly admitting/announcing it. Permit no return to old habit. And exercise new habit often.
Very rapid forgetting in the first few hours about atrophy theory (metabolism) and interference theory (behavior). Most everyday forgetting probably caused by interference and confusion of old/new. This learning confusion is called retroactive inhibition.
Mental maturity, ability to answer test Qs no longer improve, between 14-18. The generally accepted figure is 15.
Anger is a natural reaction to frustration.
Envy and jealousy are forms of possessiveness.
Affection nor desire can be aroused during fear or anger.
Emotion not only raises strength to its max, it also prolongs the time.
Guidelines for controlling emotion: First, face the emotion. Second reinterpret the situation. If too urgent, try seeing it with humor, detached realism. Unjustified laughter will help relieve tension. Third, engage in activity. Go walk a little ways, anything, just work off that steam.
distinguish between personality and temperament
Motive to kill - premeditate a murder, pub brawl death, officer of the law shoots one dead--each killed with intent--but judgment hinges direly on motive: death sentence, 10 years prison, (could be) commended
three types of sleep theories: blood-circulation theories, chemistry-of-body-tissue theories, sleep-center-in-the-brain (or nervous-system) theories
origin is not connected with the blood stream as two boys from Moscow (Galya & Ira)
To be free; to be in control?
Furnish own drive << habits acting as motives. Sailor, on leave, rowing in a park. Airline pilot spending vacation flying a private plane.
Social facilitation - esprit de corps
Higher motives & conscience - altruistic motives to sacrifice, dedication to ideals of truth, and the honor motive to behave morally even when no one sees
conscience - feelings associated with particular acts
Which motives are stronger? << Which movies win in a conflict?
THE CHOICE
Assuming subsistence motives satisfied, what factors besides bodily needs will determine preferences?
Intelligence, aptitude, fallacies about willpower, voluntary effort & will (power)
Note - when reserve is consumed, exhausted, means no further voluntary efforts (e.g., studying)
Anki
----
Gestalt concept of perception (1) similarity (2) proximity (3) continuity (4) closure.
24 pics/s = phi-phenomenon
20 000 cycles (sound frequency) max human range
2 X chromosomes = male; x & y chromosome = female
unvarying number of chromosomes: 48
12 000 minimum pairs of genes
David Whitney made list of dominant & recessive inheritance traits in humans (brown over blue or gray eyed) shortness is dominant over tallness (think: Mendel's flowers)
Ignace Paderewski - famous piano player often spent 8 hours/day practicing one page; Sonja Henie frequently practiced figure skating for 7 hours/day
--no greatness without industriousness~~unusual amount of application--sheer hard work
diminutive (nickname) Jr.
Constitution no one can be convicted only on his own evidence
sympathetic nerves - runs the body on an emergency (extreme cold, continuous pain, violent exercise or effort, and during fear or rage
parasympathetic nerves - keeps it running normally
James-Lange Theory - overt responses and bodily changes precede conscious feelings (e.g., feelings precede the other aspects of emotion)
old brain has sensations & controls automatic body & behavior responses; new brain experiences meaning & oversees deliberate behavior (and can override the old brain)
> Thematic Apperception test - asked write narrative on each of a series of pictures
> "Draw a person" test - sex, age, posture, emphasis, omission, etc assuming that the subject drew their idea of themself
Rorschach 10 inkblots (conclusions on pg 133)\
> free word association test - first that springs into mind after those read from a standard list: auriol.free.fr/parapsychologie/champi...
halo effect - rating them near the top/bottom on every trait based just on a few
error of generosity - rating people you know higher than strangers
extroversion-introversion describes three not one trait; combines three separate dimensions in one
high-end personality profile - psychograph
endomorph fatness, mesomorph muscular & ectomorph
endocrinology - study of hormone secretion (go too far saying that glands regulate personality)
cortex or bark
medulla produces adrenaline & cortex cortin
Thyroid Gland
base of the neck, in front of the windpipe
normally weighing less than an ounce
>> speeds up chemical activity, esp oxidation
hormone called thyroxin
>> when thyroxin low, chemical activity, or metabolism
falls so that the victim loses former vigor/alertness
>>> sinking to sluggish condition (myxedema) skin puffs, muscles/brain become inert, unable to concentrate nor think/act effectively
>>>> cure myxedema by eating the thyroid glands of sheep (or the glands extract, thyroid extract)
>>> excess of thyroxin causes restlessness, being tense, unstable & worried
>> embedded in the thyroid gland are 4 tiny parathyroid glands
gonads = sex glands
pituitary = master gland
pituitary sex hormone & pituitary growth hormone are antagonistic (excessive growth usually accompanied by sexual immaturity, while sexual precocity ~ stunted growth)
Most fundamental motives stem from you body physiology & chemistry (e.g., basic drive for a hungry baby)
Started by a drive, ended by an adjustment (which satisfies the motive)
Thwarting a drive causes it to become attached to many substitute stimuli and to many substitute responses
October 14, 2020
There are certainly topics which are a bit dated, but as an introduction to the basic theories of psychology, this book still works.
I loved William Sheldon's division of people into three personalities: cerebrotonic, somatotonic, and viscerotonic. I'm probably a cerebrotonic. :)
I loved William Sheldon's division of people into three personalities: cerebrotonic, somatotonic, and viscerotonic. I'm probably a cerebrotonic. :)
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November 23, 2023Dawno tak długo nie zajęło mi czytanie książki. Od sierpnia miałam z nią różne momenty. Raz czytałam przez tydzień po parę stron, a później miałam miesięczna przerwę. Przynajmniej upewniłam się jaki kierunek psychologii mnie najbardziej interesuje. Bo wlsnsie o tym rozdziały najlepiej mi wchodziły.
December 18, 2024
A simple, at times simplistic introduction to basic concepts of psychology and its systems, decent as a high level view of some of its subjects. The Wikipedia entry equivalent of the 50s, now dated but not wholly uninformative, and more engaging as it goes on.
October 13, 2013
Bardzo przyjemna, wprowadzająca w całokształt psychologii. Widzę, że przydatna wiedza, już po pierwszym tygodniu studiowania.
November 2, 2024
Almost completely outdated, even from the perspective of a layperson
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