تاریخ مختصر زبانشناسی

by R.H. Robins, علی محمد حق شناس (Translator)

This complete revision and updating of Professor Robins' classic text offers a comprehensive account of the history of linguistic thought from its European origins some 2500 years ago to the present day. It examines the independent development of linguistic science in China and Medieval Islam, and especially in India, which was to have a profound effect on European and American linguistics from the end of the eighteenth century. Readable and authoritative, Professor Robins' introduction provides a clear and up-to-date overview of all the major issues in the light of contemporary scholarly debate, and will be essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students of linguistics alike.

Genres: Linguistics, History, Language, Nonfiction, History Of Science, School, Academia

593 pages, Unknown Binding

First published January 1, 1968

Reviews

[Chadi Raheb · Rating 2 out of 5]

اگه دانشجوی زبان‌شناسی هستین و میخواین تاریخش رو بخونین، بدونین که رابینز آش دهن‌سوزی نیست چندان و اکثرا خوندن کتاب سورن رو که جامع‌تر هم هست توصیه میکنن.

اگه رشته‌تون زبان‌شناسی چه باشه چه نباشه و نخواین اون همه سورن بخونین و دنبال خوندن یه چیز جمع و جور و به گفته خود کتاب مختصر (ششصد صفحه!) هستین، و به خوندن متون علمی با لحن قرن چهارم هجری علاقه ندارین، از هزارکیلومتری این ترجمه رد نشین که حتی تلفظ یه سری اسم‌ها رو به اشتباه یاد خواهید گرفت و موجبات شادی و افزایش روحیه همکلاسیا و زبانشناسان رو فراهم خواهید کرد :))
اصل بخونین. چه کاریه خب.

سه تفنگدار و ژوزف بالسامو رو ولی ترجمه بخونین. ربطش هم اینه که تازه امتحان مکاتبم با سبک نوشتاری قرن چهارم تموم شده و دیگه نمیفهمم چی میگم و چی فکر میکنم :)))))

اوریجینال باشید خلاصه.
جواباتونم از بقیه کپی نکنین و پین این د اس نباشین.
بدرود

[محمد حسين ضاحي · Rating 4 out of 5]

كتاب لطيف مفيد، وترجمة رائقة للمبدع الدكتور أحمد عوض

بدأته الجمعة ۱ ذو القعدة ۱٤٤۲ هـ، وأنهيته ۱۹ ذو الحجة ۱٤٤۲ هـ

يستعرض الكتاب- بمعرفة تبهرني كطالب في مجال علم اللغة وحاصل على درجة الماجستير في اللغويات المقارنة بين العربية والإنجليزية- موضوعات متعلقة بالتأريخ للدراسات اللغوية بدءاً بالملاحظات اللغوية والنكات الطريفة التي يكتبها المهتمون باللغة المتعجبون من طريقتها وطرافتها، مروراً بسعي لوضع وصف للغة، يصلح فيما بعد معيارا لتعلمها وللكتابات الأدبية العالية. ويستعرض تاريخ اللهند في ذلك من خلال وصف بانيني الرائع المتقدم علمياً للغة السنسكريتية. ويذكر أعمال اليونان والرومان ثم ما آل إليه الحال في العصور الوسطى، ثم عصر النهضة والعصور التالية لها، حتى وصل إلى القرن العشرين. وقد اقتصر كما يوضح العنوان المترجم على أوروبا والغرب، وحتى في ذكره لبانيني وهو من الهند في الشرق، فيعد هذا مثالاً لما كان يجب أن تصل إليه الدراسات اللغوية ولا يخلو من تحيز للغات الهندوأوربية. ومع ذلك لا يفتأ يذكر العرب ويشير إلى جهودهم وإلى وصفهم للغتهم. ويشير إلى تأثير الدراسات الحديثة في العالم كله وخاصة تشومسكي، وكيف أنهم لا ينقطعون عن تاريخهم الأوروبي المتمثل في الحضارة اليونانية والرومانية، ولعل هذا درس لأهل العربية. ولعل لي قرراءة أخرى في هذا الموضوع الذي ينتمي للغويات التاريخية، وفي الوقت نفسه ققراءة أخرى مكثفة للكتاب نفسه.

[خالد الديحاني · Rating 4 out of 5]

كتاب جميل يتحدث بشكل تسلسلي عن تاريخ اللغة بدايةً من الحضارة اليونانية ثم الرومانية ثم العصور الوسطى مع ذكر دور اللغة العربية وتأثيرها ثم عصر النهضة ثم العصر الحديث

ينقسم عرض الكتاب بشكل عام الى جزئين الاول تخصصي ممل وصعب نوعاً ما ولكن قليل اما الجزء الثاني وهو السرد التاريخي فهو جميل وممتع

[Roland · Rating 2 out of 5]

Great history, TERRIBLE presentation. Very dry.

[Kevin · Rating 2 out of 5]

Relatively lifeless enumeration of linguistic historical facts. Difficult prose style - overly academic even when use of technical terminology was not required.

[Miguel Costa · Rating 3 out of 5]

yo no sé pa que me lo leo entero soy un pringao de cojones, pero muy bonito sí

[Sinbad · Rating 5 out of 5]

R.H. Robins presents in "A Short History of Linguistics" a detailed account of the evolution of the field across the space-time fabric of knowledge. Before presenting a summary of the structure of the book and a list of the main figures in the field of linguistics, I would like to thank R. H. Robins for presenting a complete overview of this field of work of millenary tradition: linguistics.

The book is structured in three main periods:

Part I: The Ancient World (i.e. the Greeks and the Romans) and the Middle Ages:
- The Greeks: Discusses the early Greek philosophers' contributions to linguistic thought, including the debate between "nature" (physis) and "convention" (nomos) regarding language origin. It also covers the development of grammatical analysis, particularly by the Stoics, and their influence on later linguistic traditions.
- The Romans: Examines the Romans' adaptation and transmission of Greek grammatical theories, focusing on their contributions to the standardization of Latin and the development of rhetorical theory.
-The Middle Ages: Explores the continuation of grammatical studies in the medieval period, with a focus on the influence of Latin and the development of philosophical grammar, including speculation about the nature of language and its relationship to thought.


Part II: The Renaissance and the 17th and 18th Centuries: Discusses the rise of universal grammar, with philosophers like Descartes and Leibniz exploring the underlying principles of language. The chapter also examines the development of comparative philology and the beginnings of historical linguistics.


Part III: The 19th and 20th Centuries:
- 19th century: the Neogrammarians, the development of phonetics and phonology, the study of language acquisition and language typology.
- 20th century: the rise of structuralism in linguistics, particularly the work of Ferdinand de Saussure and his influence on the development of linguistics as a modern science. Prague School, American structuralism (Bloomfield, etc.).
- The interdisciplinary nature of linguistics and its connections to other fields like psychology (psycholinguistics), sociology (sociolinguistics), and anthropology.

The book references the main contributors in the area of linguistics, listed here chronologically:

Ancient Times & Classical Period:

Panini (c. 4th century BCE): An ancient Indian grammarian, known for his highly precise and systematic analysis of Sanskrit grammar.

Plato (c. 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BCE): Greek philosopher who explored the nature of language and its relationship to thought.

Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Greek philosopher who also made contributions to the understanding of language, particularly in the areas of rhetoric and logic.

Apollonius Dyscolus (2nd century CE): Greek grammarian who wrote extensively on syntax.

Medieval Period:

Medieval Arab grammarians (e.g., Sibawayh, Ibn Jinni): These scholars made significant contributions to the study of Arabic grammar, building upon and expanding the work of earlier Greek and Indian linguists.

19th Century & Early 20th Century:

Franz Bopp (1791-1867): Considered the founder of comparative linguistics, was born in Mainz, Germany and was one of the founders of the field of Indo-European linguistics, known for his comparative studies of languages.

Jacob Grimm (1785-1863): German folklorist, linguist, and philologist. Another key figure in Indo-European linguistics, famous for “Grimm's Law”, also known as the “First Germanic Sound Shift”, describes a systematic set of sound changes that occurred as Proto-Indo-European (PIE) consonants evolved into Proto-Germanic (PGmc) consonants. Essentially, it explains why many Germanic words have different consonants than their related words in other Indo-European languages. The law outlines three main shifts: PIE voiceless stops became Germanic voiceless fricatives, PIE voiced stops became Germanic voiceless stops, and PIE voiced aspirated stops became Germanic voiced stops or fricatives.

PIE voiceless stops (p, t, k) became Proto-Germanic voiceless fricatives (f, þ/th, h) . For example, the Latin "pater" (father) became the English "father".
PIE voiced stops (b, d, g) became Proto-Germanic voiceless stops (p, t, k) . For example, the Latin "duo" (two) became the English "two".
PIE voiced aspirated stops (bh, dh, gh) became Proto-Germanic voiced stops (b, d, g) . For example, the Sanskrit "bhrātar" (brother) became the English "brother".

August Schleicher (1821-1868): German linguist, a proponent of the "family tree" model of language relationships.

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913): A Swiss linguist considered the father of modern linguistics, his work laid the foundation for structuralism and semiology, emphasizing the systematic nature of language and the importance of studying language as a structure. His ideas revolutionized the field.

Edward Sapir (1884-1939): A prominent American anthropologist and linguist, known for his work on Indigenous languages of North America and his contributions to linguistic theory. Sapir is known for his work on the relationship between language and culture, particularly his contributions to linguistic relativity, the idea that language influences thought. He passed away at the age of 55 in New Haven, Connecticut.

Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949): A prominent figure in American structuralism. Bloomfield advocated for a rigorous, empirical approach to studying language, focusing on observable data and formal procedures for analysis. He believed that linguistics should be a scientific discipline, aiming for objectivity and replicability in its methods. His emphasis on formal procedures for analyzing linguistic data influenced subsequent generations of linguists.

John Rupert Firth (1890-1960): was a prominent British linguist known for his unique approach to language study, emphasizing its social and contextual nature. He is best known for his concepts of "context of situation" and "collocational meaning," and his work on prosodic analysis. His ideas helped shape the field of linguistics, particularly in the areas of semantics and phonology. Firth's ideas significantly influenced the development of systemic functional linguistics, particularly through his student Michael Halliday. His work on context and meaning continues to be relevant in contemporary linguistics, especially in areas like discourse analysis and sociolinguistics.
His emphasis on the social and contextual dimensions of language has contributed to a more holistic understanding of how language functions in human life. He was Professor of English at the University of the Punjab in Lahore from 1920 to 1928.


Mid-20th Century and Beyond:

Roman Jakobson (1896-1982): Moscow born American linguist and literary theorist, Jakobson was a major figure in structuralism, particularly in phonology, and also contributed to the study of literary language and language acquisition.

William Labov (1927-2024): American linguist, Labov is a pioneer in sociolinguistics, studying the relationship between language and social factors, including dialectology and language variation.

Dell Hymes (1927-2009): Developed the SPEAKING model for analyzing speech events, according to a presentation.

Noam Chomsky (born 1928): American author, philosopher, political activist and linguist, son of jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe (his mother emigrated from Belarus, and his father from Ukraine). Chomsky's theories revolutionized linguistics by introducing the concept of universal grammar, suggesting an innate capacity for language acquisition in humans and focusing on the generative aspects of language.

[Zainab Al-Mintfj · Rating 5 out of 5]

باعتباري مبتدئة في علم اللغة اجد هذا الكتاب قد حفزني للبحث عن كتب اخرى تتحدث عن هذا العلم.
لذى يستحق 5 نجوم

[Justpassingby]

Woven around the chronology of linguistics in Europe, this history acknowledges the advances made by Chinese and Indian linguists long before their European colleagues - in the case of India contributing insights directly, in a curious but by no means unique reversal of colonial patterns of assimilation.

After an introductory chapter on language and linguistics the author follows a straight timeline over 7 chapters, ending with the success of the generative/transformative grammarians of the Chomsky school. The exposition is neutral and links the insights of each epoch (or the lack thereof) to the general intellectual climate. Thus the attempts at universal grammar during the High Middle Ages are linked to scholasticism as well as to the divine origin of language; the American interest in descriptive methods in the first half of the 20th century stems from the analysis of Native languages, where the scientist has to learn the basics of the language at the same time as advancing her description of it.

Generally recurring themes are: the benefit of the shock from encountering a new foreign language (which more often than not invalidates a significant part of prevailing theories); and the contrast between a priori knowledge and empirism, sometimes artificially enhanced by academic rivalry.

This is not a popular history book. The reader will look in vain for juicy anecdotes or even spectacular historic failures. It is a balanced analysis of some of the major streams of thought that attempted to bring us closer to the first Delphic maxim.

[Hansm]

Interesante introducción a la materia de la historia del estudio lingüístico. No obstante, ha de considerarse lo dificultoso del estilo de escritura, la excesiva enumeración de ejemplos, y las explicaciones inconexas de asuntos lingüísticos. Más allá de estos "defectos", resulta un útil recurso bibliográfico.

[Madeline Wayne · Rating 4 out of 5]

I was really captivated by the Greek and Latin chapters, skimmed some in the middle, and found renewed interest in the modern era chapters. A reminder that I like history and sociolinguistics but not really the philosophy of morphology and other incredibly niche areas of linguistics.

[Can · Rating 5 out of 5]

A corner stone for linguistics.

[Sara Millan · Rating 1 out of 5]

1,5

[Faridfakhr · Rating 3 out of 5]

برخلاف اسمش که مختصر هست زیاد هم مختصر نیست و توضیحاتش کافی هست برای حد مقبول آشنایی