"If only he had known as he slipped away, in the grip, perhaps, of some indeterminate ailment - a flu, pneumonia, a chill that went too far – that his name would live on for so much more than a hundred years. It would outlive his world itself."
Catullus’ Bedspread is a biography of one of the most famous and beloved Roman poets, Gaius Valerius Catullus, who is most known for his erotic love poems about a woman he loved that he referred to with the codename Lesbia. Using what little evidence we have of his life, mostly his own words, Daisy Dunn reconstructs what his life was and might’ve been while also offering the reader an insight into the turbulent political situation of Rome that influenced Catullus’ writing.
I love Catullus and his poetry. He has such a way with words and an uncanny ability to be utterly hilarious, devastatingly tragic, beautifully romantic and seethingly angry, often all at once within a single poem. I love how he uses history and mythology to convey his emotions and thoughts, and I am always amazed at how relevant and relatable he still seems, even after thousands of years. He writes, largely, about every-day stuff, things we still today deal with: love, jealousy, grief, anger and gossip. He writes both sensual erotic verse and complaints about a guy who stole his napkins at a party. He makes dick and poop jokes which are universally, throughout history, been funny to people. He wrote many a poem which referenced his fear of his words being forgotten and it is quite wonderful to read them and realize that he got what he wanted: he is immortal to us.
But as much as I love Catullus and his works, I did not know much about him as a man (other than what he reveals in his poems) or the world he lived in. I knew he lived during the rise of Caesar and died before Caesar became a dictator (a shame, really, I would’ve loved to have read his poems about all that chaos). I knew he fell in love with a woman he called Lesbia and was ruined by that love. I didn’t even know that he died at around 30 years of age. Reading this book taught me so much about the man himself and his world. I really liked how Daisy Dunn balanced the personal and the political in this biography. The focus was always on Catullus and what he was doing, but in order to truly understand his life, you must also understand what was happening around him. And, boy, a lot was happening around him. Catullus lived in one of the most turbulent times of the Roman Republic – its last decades. And even though Catullus was just a rich boy from Verona (a noveau riche boy, to be exact, so not as fancy as the rich of old families) who wrote smutty poems, his life was quite entangled with those of the political powerhouses of the time. His father was a friend of Caesar’s (which makes Catullus’s poems about Caesar’s sex life even more hilarious and awkward), his Lesbia aka Clodia Metelli was the sister of one of Caesar’s wives and Clodia’s brother, Clodius, was a chaotic figure in his own right who messed up Roman politics, ended up causing Cicero’s exile and much more. A slave his friend Cinna freed while the two of them were in Bithynia working with the Roman occupation ended up becoming a Greek tutor to Virgil. All these connections blew my mind!
But, I have to say, that at times the amount of names being thrown around and the amount we focused on the larger political structure started to be a bit tiring. I wanted, in those moments, to get back to Catullus and his life. The historical context is so important in every biography, but I think sometimes there was perhaps a bit too much focus on that. But this is a rather minor critique: the book was still very readable and enjoyable from start to finish.
It is rather fun how, due to the structure of the book and Dunn detailing both Catullus’ life and those of Caesar, Crassus, Pompey, Cicero and so on, the reader is presented with an image of all these incredible historical, monumental moments happening while Catullus is sitting somewhere, crying over how the woman he loved more than life itself, betrayed him. This spoke to something I think every ”regular person” everywhere can relate to: big political, economical and cultural things happen, but normal people have to keep living and they keep being normal people with feelings. I liked how Dunn approached Catullus and Clodia’s relationship, sympathizing with both of them. Catullus was clearly distraught over Clodia refusing to be with him, even after the death of her husband, but Dunn also makes a good point about how we do not know at all what Clodia felt, thought or said, because all we have is Catullus’ deeply subjective poems about her, and that it would’ve been near impossible for a woman of her status and name to marry a man like Catullus. Dunn also gives space for the reader to appreciate how clever, connected and smart Clodia was. She was from a powerful family that was often marred by scandal and gossip, but she was also an active player, a woman who spoke to politicians and so on. She was such a thorn in Cicero’s side that he referred to her, in court, as ”the Palatine Medea” and made crude jokes about her sexuality and personality, branding her a murderer and a liar. That stank of the age-old tactic of discrediting women who threaten a man’s status and masculinity with labels such as ”whore”. Speaking of Cicero, I have to say that every single thing I hear and learn about him makes me all the more convinced that he was one of the most boring spoilsports of all time. After their relationship fell apart, Catullus joined in this slander of Clodia and her family, writing poems about her having sex with hundreds of men – one of the lesser appealing sides of Catullus.
Since I cannot speak or read Latin, I always knew there must’ve been tons of little nuances I missed whenever reading a translation of Catullus. This turned out to, naturally, be the case. I was fascinated to learn that Catullus mixed the language of learned, rich folks with the language and dialect of ”regular people”, creating poetry that was mixed, complex and very bold for his time. His own dialect (he was from Verona and considered himself part Etruscan and part Gaul) also influenced his word choices, as his way of speaking affected how, for example, vowels sounded like. In a time when everyone aspired to be the best Roman man ever in order to be respected and get ahead in life, Catullus held on to his roots admirably stubbornly. He also refused to censor himself and wrote openly about not just himself but his friends and the political figures of the time. He was a bit of a rebel, which I think is also one of the reasons we still love him. He and his poet pals, including Calvus who would go on to become a lawyer and Cinna, whom I mentioned before, were referred to, by scandalized people like Cicero, as ”new poets” due to their earthly subject matters, their raunchiness, their straightforwardness and their new styles. Catullus’ poetry is full of puns and double meanings one can only really appreciate in Latin which makes me, once again, consider enrolling myself in a Latin class.
At the center of this book is Catullus’ magnum opus, his Poem 64 which Dunn refers to as the Bedspread Poem. It is truly a masterful piece of art, a multifaceted story within a story that explores mythological stories such as the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, the doomed romance of Theseus and Ariadne, and Ariadne’s rescue by Bacchus, while also brimming with commentary on the world Catullus himself lived in. He speaks of the five Ages of mythology and of the brutal Iron Age the ancients believed they lived in, and he also imbues his poem with such raw emotion that one cannot help but wonder if he is writing of his own pain over Lesbia when describing Ariadne’s anguish over Theseus’ betrayal (an example of the gender-play Catullus seemed to enjoy – in one of his wedding hymns, he writes very emotionally from a bride’s point of view, seemingly relating more to her than to the men of the poem). He goes against typical, Homeric depictions of heroes, detailing Theseus’ cruelty and Achilles’ brutal violence – where authors typically saw glory, Catullus saw something much darker. The Bedspread Poem is, I learned, also glorious for the way Catullus plays with meter and genre: he writes in an epic way while focusing on topics that were considered decidedly un-epic, such as love, weddings and so on.
Here are some random facts I learned:
- Caesar and Cicero had the same rhetoric tutor: Apollonius Molon.
- Catullus’ poetry was lost for centuries until it was discovered in Verona – the first printing of his collection was published in 1472, in Venice.
- One of Catullus’ good friends, Cinna the poet, was slaughtered by people who thought he was one of Caesar’s killers, another man named Cinna.
- Baiae was a resort with a scandalous reputation where the rich and the powerful (including Clodia Metelli) went to bathe and relax – by the times of Emperors Caligula and Nero, it was known as the ”inn of vice”.
- Clodia Metelli changed her name from Claudia to Clodia because she wanted to appeal to the ”regular people” with a name less aristocratic and fancy.
- Clodia Metelli’s brother Clodius had epic beef with Cicero and ended up causing Cicero’s exile – throughout his life he was also notorious for his political maneuvering, for getting himself adopted by a Plebeian family in order to be appointed a Tribune (essentially, he transferred himself from the upper class to the lower) and for infiltrating a female-only religious event dressed in drag. Please, someone make a movie of this wild dude.
- Catullus wrote really rude poems about Caesar when he began truly believing that Caesar’s power-hunger was dangerous but, after Catullus apologized, Caesar forgave him, even though Catullus had insulted him in the worst possible way for a Roman man: by calling him a bottom.
- Catullus was Rome's first lyric poet.
- Throughout history, people have censored his poetry or even omitted certain poems from collections due to their raunchiness – I have a feeling his infamous Poem 16 has been one of the most censored ones.
- Catullus' literary idols included figures such as Sappho and Apollonius of Rhodes.
I would recommend this book to anyone interested in Catullus himself or in this period of Roman history in general. For anyone who has read Catullus’ poems and wanted to know more about the man behind those passionate words, Daisy Dunn has got you covered. I quarantee you finish the book with a whole new level of appreciation for this guy – even if he was, truly, a melodramatic asshole most of the time. He is my problematic fave of the Roman Empire.