The European global expansion of the 15th century marked the beginning of a destructive and oppressive tide of colonization that lasted for centuries. From Africa to India to North and South America, white European travelers claimed land and people that were different from themselves, displaying incomprehensible hubris. In his home country of South Africa, Nelson Mandela was a freedom fighter who dedicated his life to breaking the chains of oppression.
Raised to be an advisor to the local African chief in his native Transkei region, Mandela had the privilege of education from a young age. He was the only black student studying law at the University of Witwatersrand at the age of 25 when he joined the African National Congress (ANC). The ANC was opposed to the government's policies of apartheid, which codified laws and regulations that had kept Africans in an inferior position to whites for centuries. The ANC's goal was to desegregate the country and grant equal voting rights to all citizens, ending the government's racist and oppressive laws and practices.
Mandela and his colleague Oliver Tambo opened the first black-owned and operated law firm in Johannesburg, which was immediately swamped with clients looking to challenge the white government's unfair treatment of black people. His years spent arguing cases on behalf of his clients exposed the realities of the system, which was not as just as he had believed. The law was a tool used by the ruling class to shape society in a way favorable to itself. In 1960, the government declared the ANC illegal, and Mandela was forced to live underground as an outlaw in his own country. He was eventually caught and sentenced to life in prison in 1963.
Mandela served only 27 of his life sentence, with 18 of those years spent in a small cell on Robben Island. Despite being imprisoned, the struggle continued, and Mandela fought for better prison conditions while advising freedom fighters on the outside. During his imprisonment, the world began to take notice of the South African struggle, with sanctions and political pressure mounting. In 1990, Mandela was set free, and within a few years, the ANC and other organizations successfully campaigned for a new constitution and system of democracy for the people. Mandela became the first democratically elected president of South Africa in 1994, officially ending three and a half centuries of European colonialism and oppression.
While Mandela's struggle for freedom is inspiring, it is sadly not unique. Many countries achieved independence from their oppressors, such as Angola gaining independence from Portugal in 1975 and Venezuela declaring independence from Spain in 1811. As Mandela wrote, "Freedom is indivisible, the chains on any one of my people were the chains on all of them, the chains on all of my people were the chains on me."