“You will see Coleridge—he who sits obscure
In the exceeding lustre and the pure
Intense irradiation of a mind,
Which, with its own internal lightning blind,
Flags wearily through darkness and despair—
A cloud-encircled meteor of the air,
A hooded eagle among blinking owls.—“
- Shelley
Reputation – 4/5
Samuel Taylor Coleridge is always mentioned in tandem with his more boring but more successful friend, William Wordsworth. Their joint publication of Lyrical Ballads launched the English Romantic movement in 1798. Following Lyrical Ballads, Coleridge essentially gave up poetry, and spent most of his life as an itinerant preacher and lecturer. He went on to write some influential criticism on Shakespeare, but today he is still remembered primarily as a poet who wrote very little poetry.
Coleridge’s entire poetic reputation rests on three poems: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Christabel, and Kubla Khan. Only the first of these three is finished, and even that one, just barely. These three, along with basically all the poetry Coleridge ever wrote are included in this slim volume of less than 80 pages. No English poet’s reputation rests on such a small body of work.
Point – 4/5
Eugene Delacroix once gave a very astute review of Jean-Dominique Ingres in a single sentence:
“His art is the complete expression of incomplete intelligence.”
I would venture that Coleridge’s poetry is the exact opposite of that: The incomplete expression of complete intelligence.
Coleridge had one of the greatest minds of his age. In his mid-twenties he went to Germany with William Wordsworth, mastered the German language and began to read and translate Kant. He took the precepts of German Idealism back with him to England and spent a few years trying to make the new metaphysics fit into a cohesive poetic system. The task proved too much for him and instead he became a drug addict.
If Coleridge were alive today, he would be a pain pill junkie. But in the early 19th Century, laudanum was the available form of opium and Coleridge was addicted to drinking it mixed with alcohol for basically his entire adult life. He was fully aware of how his “habit” was harming him, but in his day, there was no science of addiction and those who became slaves to a substance were thought to be either possessed by evil spirits or lacking in will power. All his life Coleridge dreaded that he was either cursed by God or possessed by the devil.
Probably as a consequence of this tortured and anxious life, very little of Coleridge’s poetry makes any rational sense. Yet somehow, through the sheer power of his language it communicates something to us. It’s hard to say exactly what that is. The effect is truly Strange, in the sense of the word when used to speak about Edgar Allen Poe or H.P. Lovecraft. Just the fragment of Kubla Khan is so alien and mysterious that it could be a piece of mythological religious writing. And even though it means absolutely nothing, we are drawn to it by the gravity of its language.
We know from Coleridge’s criticism that he believed in the power of poetry to communicate something imaginative completely outside the realm of the rational mind. This faith in comprehension contra reason and the fact that it is largely successful – The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, is, after all, one of the most famous poems in English – seems to me a proof of Coleridge’s profound intellect and poetic power.
Still, Coleridge has his detractors, and the argument against him being a great poet is strong. He barely wrote 100 pages of poetry, and what he did write is confusing, dense, and mostly unfinished. Plenty of his shorter poems are pointless beyond a few nice phrases, and, like William Blake, he can easily be overrated by people who just want to align themselves with the mystical and misunderstood in an attempt to be thought cool or deep. Finally, he threw away his talents, and, in the words of William Hazlitt,
“… ended in swallowing doses of oblivion and in writing paragraphs in the Courier. – Such, and so little is the mind of man!”
But there is a strong argument in favor of Coleridge’s place in the canon of English Poetry. In the little that he did write flashes lightning of such brilliance it really is impossible to say the man was not a genius. And as much as Coleridge’s unfinished work may have bothered him, we don’t seem to mind unfinished work if it is infused with perplexing depth. Leonardo da Vinci, after all, only finished a few paintings, and several of his best works are either unfinished or in a poor state of decay, yet they contain such profound artistry and inspiration that we consider them either finished or unfinishable. Coleridge’s work survives in the same way – by the incomplete expression of complete intelligence.
Recommendation – 4/5
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is an extraordinary poem – one that I think everyone should read. And once you’ve read that, you’re basically halfway through this book, so you might as well finish it, especially if you have a tendency towards Gothic or Strange literature.
Coleridge has a strong rhythmic sense - his poetry is best read out loud - and there are several fine recordings of his best poems on youtube. I would recommend listening to as much of his poetry as you can.
Finally, Percy Shelley once had a panic attack after listening to Lord Byron recite Christabel. I think that’s just about as good a recommendation you can get.
Personal – 5/5
Coleridge has one of my favorite voices in English literature. Everything he wrote is loaded with rare sharpness, even when it makes little sense. The prose he wrote in his personal journals is more poetic than most poetry and his denominated poetry reaches a realm of the uncanny that I don’t think any other writer in English has ever achieved. For me, he blows the shit out of Edgar Allen Poe and H.P. Lovecraft and anyone else you can name for being bizarre. Coleridge is just much more intelligent and a much more skillful with English than those other writers.
And Coleridge has another side. There are moments in his poetry where we see him as a fragile human being. When we remember that he spent most of his life as a miserable drug addict, these intimate moments are even more touching. In “Frost at Midnight” we see him meditating on his own afflicted life and wishing for something better for his infant son. It is the most tender, most heartfelt expression of fatherhood in English poetry:
”Dear Babe, that sleepest cradled by my side,
Whose gentle breathings, heard in this deep calm,
Fill up the interspersed vacancies
And momentary pauses of the thought!
My babe so beautiful! it thrills my heart
With tender gladness, thus to look at thee,
And think that thou shalt learn far other lore,
And in far other scenes! For I was reared
In the great city, pent ’mid cloisters dim,
And saw nought lovely but the sky and stars.
But thou, my babe! shalt wander like a breeze
By lakes and sandy shores, beneath the crags
Of ancient mountain, and beneath the clouds,
Which image in their bulk both lakes and shores
And mountain crags: so shalt thou see and hear
The lovely shapes and sounds intelligible
Of that eternal language, which thy God
Utters, who from eternity doth teach
Himself in all, and all things in himself.
Great universal Teacher! he shall mould
Thy spirit, and by giving make it ask.
Therefore all seasons shall be sweet to thee,
Whether the summer clothe the general earth
With greenness, or the redbreast sit and sing
Betwixt the tufts of snow on the bare branch
Of mossy apple-tree, while the nigh thatch
Smokes in the sun-thaw; whether the eave-drops fall
Heard only in the trances of the blast,
Or if the secret ministry of frost
Shall hang them up in silent icicles,
Quietly shining to the quiet Moon.”